:Literary criticism

literary criticism is the study ,evaluation ,and interpretation of

literature .Modern literary criticism is often influenced by literary
theory ,which is often the philosophical discussion of literature's goals
and methods . though the two activities are closely related , literary
. critics are not always, and have not always been theorists

Whether or not literary criticism should be considered a separate field

of inquiry from literary theory , or conversely from book reviewing .
some critics consider literary criticism a practical application of literary
theory , because criticism always deals directly with particular literary
. works , while theory may be more general or abstract

Literary criticism '' refers to the act of interpreting and studying ''
literature . A '' literary critic '' is someone who argues on behalf of an
interpretation or understanding of the particular meaning of literary
texts . the task of a literary critic is to explain and attempt to reach a
critical understanding of what literary texts mean in terms of their
. aesthetic

Literary critic seeks to reach a logical and reasonable understanding of

not only what a text's author intends for it to mean but also , what
. different cultures and ideologies render it capable of meaning

: Plato
Plato was an Athenian philosopher during the Classical period in
Ancient Greece , founder of the Platonist school of thought , and the
. Academy , the first institution of higher learning in the Western world

He is widely considered the pivotal figure in the history of Ancient

Greek and Western philosophy , along with his teacher , Socrates , and
his most famous student , Aristotle .Plato has also often been cited as
.one of the founders of western religion and spirituality
Plato was the innovator of the written dialogue and dialectic forms on
philosophy . his most famous contribution is the theory of Forms
Known by Pure reason , in which Plato presents a solution to the
problem of universals known as platonic .He is also the namesake of
. platonic love and the platonic solids

: Aristotle
Aristotle was a Greek philosopher and a polymath during the classical
period in ancient Greece . he was founder of the Lyceum and
Peripatetic school of philosophy and Aristotelian tradition .Along with
his teacher Plato , he has been called the '' father of western
'' philosophy

Little is known about his life . Aristotle was born in the city of Stagira in
North Greece . his father died when Aristotle was a child , and he was
brought up by guardian . At seventeen or eighteen years of age , he
was joined PLATO'S Academy in Athens and remained there until the
. age of thirty-seven .Shortly after Plato died , Aristotle left Athens

: Poetics (Aristotle)
Aristotle's poetics is the earliest surviving work of dramatic theory and
first extant philosophical treatise to focus on literary theory . In it ,
Aristotle offers an account of what he calls ''poetry''( a term that
derives from a classical Greek term , that mean '' poet ;author ;maker ''
and in this context includes verse drama – comedy , tragedy , and the
. satyr play – as well as lyric poetry and epic poetry

: Plot
Is the arrangement or sequence of events in a story , and it is a planned
. logical series of events with a beginning , middle and end
: It is composed of

1- Introduction .
2- Rising action.
3- Climax.
4- Falling action.
5- A resolution .

Character :
Character is the moral of the agents . it is revealed when the agent
makes moral choice . in a perfect tragedy , the character will support
the plot , which means personal motivations and traits will somehow
connect parts of the cause – and- effect chain of actions producing pity
and fear .

Main character should be:

Good : Aristotle explains that audience do not like , for example ,
villains '' making fortune from misery ''in the end . it might happen
though and might make the play interesting .

Appropriate : if a character is supposed to be wise , it is unlikely he is

young ( supposing wisdom is gained with age ) .

Consistent : If a person is a soldier , he is unlikely to be scared of blood

( if this soldier is scared of blood it must be explained and play a some
role in the story to avoid confusing the audience ).

Tragedy :
Is a form of drama based on human suffering . tragedy has been used
as to make genre distinctions , whether at the scale of poetry in
general (where the tragic divides against epic and lyric ) or at the scale
of the drama ( where tragedy is opposed to comedy ) . in the modern
era tragedy has also been defined against drama , melodrama , the
tragicomic and epic theatre .
Tragic hero :
A tragic hero is the protagonist of a tragedy in drama as in poetics ,
Aristotle records the descriptions of the tragic hero to the playwright
and strictly defines the place that the tragic hero must play and the
kind of man must be . Many of the most famous instances of tragic
heroes appear in Greek literature , most notably the works of
Sophocles and Euripides .

Comedy :
In a modern sense , comedy is a genre of fiction that refers to any
discourse or work generally intended to be humorous by inducing
laughter , especially in theatre , T.V ,film , stand –up comedy , or any
other medium of entertainment .

The forms of comedy include screwball comedy , which derives its

humor largely from bizarre , surprising and improbable situations or
characters , and black comedy , which is characterized by a form of
humor that includes darker aspects of human behavior or human
nature .

Imitation :
Imitation is an advanced behavior whereby an individual observes and
replicates another's behavior . Imitation is also a form of social learning
that leads to the ''development of traditions , and ultimately our
culture .the term generally refers to conscious behavior ; subconscious
imitation is termed mirroring .
Catharsis :
Meaning ''purification '' or '' cleansing '' or '' clarification '' refers to the
purification and purgation of emotions – particularly pity and fear –
through art or many extreme change in emotion that results in renewal
and restoration .

Classical unities :
The classical unities represent a prescriptive theory of dramatic tragedy
that was introduced in Italy in the 16th century :

Unity of action: a tragedy should have one principal action .

Unity of time : the action in a tragedy should occur over a period of no

more than 24 hours .

Unity of place : a tragedy should exist in a single physical location .

Literary terms:
Alliteration
, words that begin with the same sound are placed close together.
Although alliteration often involves repetition of letters, most
importantly, it is a repetition of sounds .

Assonance
Assonance is the repetition of the same or similar vowel sounds
within words, phrases, or Sentences.

Character
A character is a person, animal, being creature, or thing story. Writers
use characters to perform the actions and speak dialogue, moving the
story along a plot line. A story can ha only one character (protagonist)
and still be a complete story
Climax
Climax is the highest point of tension or drama in a narrative's plot.
Often, climax is also when the main problem of the story is faced and
solved by the main character or protagonist.

Comedy
Comedy Is a broad genre or Film, television, and literature in which the
goal is to make an audience laugh. It exists in every culture on earth
(though the specifics of comedy can be very different from one culture
to another), and has always been an extremely popular genre of
storytelling.

Denotation
Denotation is a word' or thing's "dictionary definition, literal meaning

Synonym
A synonym is a word that has the same or nearly the same meaning as
another word. When words or phrases have the same meaning. we say
that they are synonymous of each other.

Theme
Theme is the central idea, topic, or point of a story, essay, or narrative.

Thesis
A thesis is the main argument or point of view of an essay, . nonfiction
piece or narrative-not just the topic of the writing but the main claim
that the author is making about that topic.

Tone
Tone refers to the "feel of a piece of writing. It's any or all of the
stylistic qualities of the writing, such as formality, dialect,and
atmosphere.
Setting
Setting is the time and place (or when and where) of the story may
also include the environment of the story,which can be made up of the
physical location, climate, weather, or social and cultural
surroundings.

Simile
A simile is a literary term where you use "like" or "as" to compare two
different things, implying that they have some [Link] common.

Sonnet
A Sonnet is a fourteen line poem with a fixed rhyme scheme. Often,
sonnets use iambic pentameter: five sets of unstressed syllables
followed by stressed syllables for a ten-syllable line.

Style.
Style is the way in which an author writes and/or tells, a story it's
what sets One .author apart from another and creates the voice that
audiences hear when they read

Symbol
A symbol is as is any image or thing that stands for something else .it
could be as simple as a letter which is a symbol for a given sound (or
set of sounds )

Personification
Personification is a kind of metaphor in which you describe an
inanimate object, abstract thing, or non-human animal in human terms

Plot
In a narrative or creative writing, a plot is the sequence of events that
make up a story, whether it's told, written, filmed, or Sung The plot is
the story, and more specifically, how the story develops, unfolds, and
moves in time.
Poetry
Poetry is a type of literature based on the interplay of words and
rhythm . it often employs rhyme and meter (a set of rules governing
the number and arrangement of syllables in each line). In poetry,
words are strung together to form sounds, images, and ideas that
might be too complex or abstract to describe directly.

Prose
Prose is Just non-verse writing Pretty much anything other than poetry
counts as prose.

Metaphor
A metaphor is a common figure of speech that makes a comparison by
directly relating one thing to another unrelated thing (though these
things may share some similarities). Unlike Similes, metaphors do not
use words such as like or "as to make comparisons.

Monologue
A monologue is a speech given by a single character in a story.

Motif
A motif is a symbolic image or idea that appears frequently in a story.
Motifs can be symbols, sounds, actions, ideas, or words..

Paradox
A paradox is a statement that contradicts itself, or that must be both
true and untrue at the same time.

Paraphrase
A paraphrase is a restatement or rewording of text in order to borrow,
clarity, or expand on information without plagiarizing Dice

Diction
Diction refers to word choice and phrasing in any written or spoken
text . many authors can be said to have their own ''diction'' , because
they tend to use certain words more than others or phrase things in a
unique way .

Drama
Drama has two very different meanings. In modern pop culture, t
means a genre of film or television that deals with serious, often
negative, emotions . it's the opposite of comedy, which is just for
laughs. Drama refers only to film and television, not novels or Other
purely written art forms

Farce
farce is a comedy in which everything is absolutely absurd. This usually
involves some kind of deception or miscommunication.

Genre
A genre is a category of literature identified by form, content, and
style. Genres allow literary critics and students to classify compositions
within the larger canon of literature‫ز‬

Horror
In literature, horror is a genre of fiction whose purpose is to create
feelings of fear, dread, repulsion, and terror in the audience in other
words, it develops an atmosphere of horror.

irony
irony is when there are two contradicting meanings of the same
situation , event, image, sentence, phrase, or story. In many cases this
refers to the difference between expectations and reality.