COMPARATIVE

MODELS IN
POLICING
BRIEF HISTORY
OF POLICING
IN THE
PHILIPPINES
 ANCIENT ROOTS
 The forerunner of the contemporary police
system was the practice of barangay chieftains
to select able-bodied young men to protect their
barangay during the night and were not required
to work in the fields during daytime. Among the
duties of those selected were to protect the
properties of the people in the barangay and
protect their (barangay’s) crops and livestock
from wild animals.
SPANISH PERIOD

Carabineros de Seguridad
Publica
organized in 1712 for the purpose of
carrying the regulations of the
Department of State. This was
armed and considered as the
mounted police. Years after, this
kind of police organization
discharged the duties of a port,
harbor and river police.
SPANISH PERIOD

Guardrilleros
 - this was a body of rural
police organized in each town
and established by the Royal
Decree of 18 January 1836.
This decree provided that 5%
of the able-bodied male
inhabitants of each province
were to be enlisted in this
police organization for three
years.
SPANISH PERIOD

Guardia Civil
- this was created by a Royal
Decree issued by the Crown
on 12 February 1852 to
partially relieve the Spanish
Peninsular Troops of their work
in policing towns. It consisted
of a body of Filipino policemen
organized originally in each of
the provincial capitals of the
central provinces of Luzon
under the Alcalde Mayor.
 AMERICAN PERIOD

 The Americans established the

United States Philippine Commission
headed by Gen. Howard Taft as its
first governor-general. On January 9,
1901, the Metropolitan Police Force
of Manila was organized pursuant to
Act No 70 of the Taft Commission.
This has become the basis for the
celebration of the Anniversary of the
Manila’s Finest every January 9th.
 Act No 175 - entitled “An Act Providing for
the Organization and Government of an Insular
Police Force, passed on 18 July 1901.

 Act No 255 - the act that renamed the Insular

Constabulary into Philippine Constabulary,
passed on 3 October 1901

 Executive Order 389 - ordered that the PC

be one of the four services of the Armed Forces
of the Philippines, dated 23 December 1940
Captain Henry T. Allen

 of the 6th U.S. Cavalry, a Kentucky-

born graduate of West Point (Class
1882), was named as the chief of
the force, and was later dubbed as
the "Father of the Philippine
Constabulary".
CAPT GEORGE CURRY,
 the first chief of police of the
Manila Police Department in
1901

 ACT NO 183 - created the

Manila Police
Department, enacted on
July 31, 1901
 Executive Order 389 – ordered
that the Philippine Constabulary be
one of the four services of the
Armed Forces of the Philippines,
enacted on December 23, 1940
 ARMED FORCES OF THE
PHILIPPINES

Executive Order 389

JAPANESE PERIOD

KEMPETAI
the Japanese military police)
the Makapili (Filipinos
fighting for the Japanese).
 POST AMERICAN PERIOD

 RA 4864 - otherwise known as the Police

Professionalization Act of 1966, dated 8
September 1966; created the Police Commission
(POLCOM) as a supervisory agency to oversee the
training and professionalization of the local police
forces under the Office of the President. Later
POLCOM was renamed National Police Commission
(NAPOLCOM)
 under this Act, the City/Municipal police forces and
its personnel were under the administrative and
operational control and supervision of the Office of
the President through the NAPOLCOM
 OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT

POLICE COMMISSION

PHILIPPINE CONSTABULARY
Proclamation No. 1081

 on September 21, 1972, placing

the Philippines under Martial Law
 MARTIAL LAW REGIME

 PD 765 - otherwise known as the “Integration Act of

1975”, dated 8 August 1975; established and constituted
the Integrated National Police (INP) composed of the
Philippine Constabulary (PC) as the nucleus and the integrated
local police forces as components, under the Ministry of
National Defense
 transferred the NAPOLCOM from the Office of the President to
the Ministry of National Defense
 also transferred to the INP the following powers and functions
of the NAPOLCOM: training of policemen, establishment of the
Police Integrated Communications System, grant of police
subsidy and temporary disability benefits, among others
MINISTRY OF NATIONAL
DEFENSE

NAPOLCOM

INTEGRATED NATIONAL
POLICE
PHILIPPINE
CONSTITUTION
 is the constitution or supreme
law of the Republic of
the Philippines.
 The 1899 Malolos Constitution (1899-1901)
 The 1935 Constitution (1935-1943, 1945-1973)
 The 1943 Constitution (1943-1945)
 The 1973 Constitution (1973-1986)
 The 1987 Constitution (1987-present)
PROCLAMATION NO. 2045

 PROCLAIMING THE
TERMINATION OF THE STATE OF
MARTIAL LAW THROUGHOUT
THE PHILIPPINES
What year Cory Aquino became
president?
 Aquino flew back to Manila to prepare
for the takeover of the government, and
after three days of peaceful mass
protests, was sworn in as the eleventh
President of the Philippines on 25
February 1986.
April 1986

 President Corazon Aquino created –

through Proclamation No. 9 – the 1986
Constitutional Commission (ConCom),
which was responsible for drafting a
replacement for the 1973 Constitution.
When was the 1987 Philippine
Constitution ratified?
 Approved by the 1986 Constitutional
Commission on October 12, 1986, the 1987
Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines
was presented to President Corazon C. Aquino
on October 15, 1986. It was ratified
on February 2, 1987 by a plebiscite. It was
proclaimed in force on February 11, 1987
 POST MARTIAL LAW REGIME

 Executive Order No 1012 - transferred to

the city and municipal government the
operational supervision and direction over all
INP units assigned within their locality

 Executive Order No 1040 - transferred the

administrative control and supervision of the
INP from Ministry of National Defense to the
National Police Commission
 RA 6975 - otherwise known as the “Department
of the Interior and Local Government Act of
1990”, enacted on 13 December 1990
 reorganized the DILG and established the Philippine
National Police, Bureau of Fire Protection, Bureau of
Jail Management and the Philippine Public Safety
College

 RA 8551 – otherwise known as the Philippine

National Police Reform and Reorganization
Act of 1998, enacted on 1998
 amended certain provisions of RA 6975
 CONSTITUTIONAL BASIS OF RA
6975
“Section 6, Art. XVI of the 1987 Philippine
Constitution expressly provides that the State
shall establish and maintain one police force,
which is national in scope and civilian in character
to be administered by a national police
commission.”
DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR
AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT
 Ang Kagawaran ng Interyor at Pamahalaang
Lokal ng Pilipinas pangunahing
tagapagpaganap ng pamahalaan ng Pilipinas
na responsable para sa pagpapaigting ng
kapayapaan at kaayusan, pagpapanatili ng
seguridad ng mamamayan, at pagpapalawig
ng kapabilidad ng mga lokal na yunit ng
pamahalaan.
 DEPARTMENT
PROPER
 Office of the Secretary. — The office of the Secretary
shall consist of the Secretary and his immediate staff;
and
 Office of the Undersecretaries and Assistant
Secretaries. — The Secretary shall be assisted by two
(2) UnderSECretaries, one (1) for LOCAL
GOVERNMENT and the other for PEACE AND
ORDER, at least one (1) of whom must belong to the
career executive service, and three (3) career
Assistant SECretaries.
 Power and Functions
• Assist the President in the exercise of general supervision over local
governments;
• Advise the President in the promulgation of policies, rules,
regulations and other issuances on the general supervision over
local governments and on public order and safety;
• Establish and prescribe rules, regulations and other issuances
implementing laws on public order and safety, the general
supervision over local governments and the promotion of local
autonomy and community empowerment and monitor compliance
thereof;
 Power and Functions
• Provide assistance towards legislation regarding local governments, law
enforcement and public safety;
Establish and prescribe plans, policies, programs and projects to promote peace
and order, ensure public safety and further strengthen the administrative,
technical and fiscal capabilities of local government offices and personnel;
• Formulate plans, policies and programs which will meet local emergencies arising
from natural and man-made disasters;
Establish a system of coordination and cooperation among the citizenry, local
executives and the Department, to ensure effective and efficient delivery of basic
services to the public;
• Organize, train and equip primarily for the performance of police functions, a
police force that is national in scope and civilian in character.
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT
renamed and reorganized the Department of Local Government
into the Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG)
the Department shall consist of:
Department Proper
existing bureaus and offices under the Department of Local
Government
National Police Commission
Philippine Public Safety College
Philippine National Police
Bureau of Fire Protection
Bureau of Jail Management and Penology
 RA 6975

PNP BJMP BFP NAPOLCOM PPSC

TRI-
ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE
 NATIONAL POLICE COMMISSION

 The National Police Commission is

the agency mandated by the 1987
Constitution and the Major Police
Reform Laws, Republic Act Nos.
6975 and 8551 to Administer and
Control the Philippine National
Police.
 NATIONAL POLICE COMMISSION
 Under R.A. 8551, otherwise known as the "PNP
REFORM AND ORGANIZATION ACT OF 1998"
the Commission's authority over the PNP were
strengthened and expanded to include
administration of police entrance examinations,
the conduct of pre-charge investigation of
police anomalies and irregularities, and
summary dismissal of erring police officers.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PNP

The PNP as created and established by RA 6975 pursuant to the

provisions of the 1987 Constitution (Section 6, Article XVI) was
organized and has the following characteristics:
Single police force;
Civilian in character;
National in scope and;
Supervised and controlled by a National Police Commission.
ORGANIZATION AND
COMPOSITION OF THE PNP
 CHIEF – highest position in the PNP, with the rank of DIRECTOR GENERAL

 DEPUTY CHIEF FOR ADMINISTRATION – the second-in command, with the rank of DEPUTY
DIRECTOR GENERAL

 DEPUTY CHIEF FOR OPERATIONS – the third-in-command, with the rank of DEPUTY
DIRECTOR GENERAL

 NCR DIRECTOR – with the rank of DIRECTOR

 REGIONAL DIRECTOR - with the rank of CHIEF SUPERINTENDENT

REGION IV-A (CALABARZON) REGION IV-B (MIMAROPA)
 PROVINCIAL DIRECTOR - with the rank of SENIOR SUPERINTENDENT
REGION IV-A CAVITE
 NCR DISTRICT DIRECTOR - with the rank of CHIEF SUPERINTENDENT
 Manila Police District (formerly Western Police District) - Manila
 Eastern Police District (EPD) – San Juan, Mandaluyong, Pasig
 Northern Police District (NPD) – Caloocan, Malabon, Valenzuela
 Central Police District (CPD) – Quezon City
 Southern Police District (SPD) – Pasay and Makati

 CHIEF OF POLICE – with the rank of CHIEF INSPECTOR

 City of Dasmarinas Cavite
 General Qualifications for Appointment. — No
person shall be appointed as officer or member of the
PNP unless he or she possesses the following minimum
qualifications:
a) A citizen of the Philippines;
b) A person of good moral conduct;
c) Must have passed the psychiatric/ psychological, drug and
physical tests to be administered by the PNP or by any
NAPOLCOM accredited government hospital for the purpose of
determining physical and mental health;
d) Must possess a formal baccalaureate degree from a
recognized institution of learning;
e) Must be eligible in accordance with the standards set by
the Commission;
 Physical Agility Test

(b.1) 1 Minute Push-up with passing score of 35 repetition for male and 25
repetition for female (bench push-up);
 Physical Agility Test

(b.2) 1 Minute Sit-ups (35 reps for male and 25 reps for
female); and
 Physical Agility Test

(b.3) 3- Kilometer run (19 mins for male and 21 mins for
female).
 General Qualifications for Appointment. — No
person shall be appointed as officer or member of the
PNP unless he or she possesses the following minimum
qualifications:
f) Must not have been dishonorably
discharged from military employment or
dismissed for cause from any civilian position
in the Government;
g) Must not have been convicted by final
judgment of an offense or crime involving
moral turpitude;
 General Qualifications for Appointment. — No
person shall be appointed as officer or member of the
PNP unless he or she possesses the following minimum
qualifications:
h) Must be at least one meter and sixty-two
centimeters (1.62 m.) in height for male and one
meter and fifty-seven centimeters (1.57 m.) for
female;
i) Must weigh not more or less than five kilograms (5
kgs.) from the standard weight corresponding to his
or her height, age, and sex; and
j) For a new applicant, must not be less than twenty-
one (21) nor more than thirty (30) years of age:
 NEW POLICY ON LATERAL ENTRY
(NAPOLCOM M.C. 2008-006)
 A person with highly technical qualifications such as:
1. Dentist
2. Optometrist
3. Nurse
4. Engineer
5. Graduate of Forensic Science
 NEW POLICY ON LATERAL ENTRY
(NAPOLCOM M.C. 2008-006)
 A person with highly technical qualifications such as:
6. Doctor of Medicine
7. Member of the Philippine Bar
8. Chaplain
9. Information Technologist
10. Pilot
11. Psychologist
 Graduate of PNPA
 Licensed Criminologist
 TYPES OF POLICE TRAINING
PROGRAM
 Basic Recruit Training
 Field Training Program
 All uniformed members of the PNP shall undergo a Field
Training Program for twelve (12) months involving actual
experience and assignment in patrol, traffic, and
investigation as a requirement for permanency of their
appointment.