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First Revision No. 27-NFPA 502-2023 [ Chapter 2 ]

Chapter 2 Referenced Publications

2.1 General.
The documents or portions thereof listed in this chapter are referenced within this standard
and shall be considered part of the requirements of this document.

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2.2 NFPA Publications.

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National Fire Protection Association, 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02169-7471.

NFPA 1, Fire Code, 2021 2024 edition.
NFPA 3, Standard for Commissioning of Fire Protection and Life Safety Systems, 2021 2024
edition.
NFPA 4, Standard for Integrated Fire Protection and Life Safety System Testing, 2021 2024
edition.
NFPA 10, Standard for Portable Fire Extinguishers, 2022 2026 edition.
NFPA 11, Standard for Low-, Medium-, and High-Expansion Foam, 2021 2024 edition.
NFPA 13, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems, 2022 2025 edition.
NFPA 14, Standard for the Installation of Standpipe and Hose Systems, 2019 2024 edition.
NFPA 15, Standard for Water Spray Fixed Systems for Fire Protection, 2022 edition.
NFPA 16, Standard for the Installation of Foam-Water Sprinkler and Foam-Water Spray
Systems, 2019 edition.
NFPA 18, Standard on Wetting Agents, 2021 edition.
NFPA 18A, Standard on Water Additives for Fire Control and Vapor Mitigation, 2022
edition.
NFPA 20, Standard for the Installation of Stationary Pumps for Fire Protection, 2022 2025
edition.
NFPA 22, Standard for Water Tanks for Private Fire Protection, 2018 2023 edition.
NFPA 24, Standard for the Installation of Private Fire Service Mains and Their Appurtenances,
2022 2025 edition.
NFPA 25, Standard for the Inspection, Testing, and Maintenance of Water-Based Fire
Protection Systems, 2023 2026 edition.

NFPA 70®, National Electrical Code®, 2023 2026 edition.

NFPA 72®, National Fire Alarm and Signaling Code®, 2022 2025 edition.
NFPA 80, Standard for Fire Doors and Other Opening Protectives, 2022 2025 edition.
NFPA 92, Standard for Smoke Control Systems, 2021 2024 edition.

NFPA 101®, Life Safety Code®, 2021 2024 edition.

NFPA 110, Standard for Emergency and Standby Power Systems, 2022 2025 edition.
NFPA 111, Standard on Stored Electrical Energy Emergency and Standby Power Systems,
2022 2025 edition.
NFPA 241, Standard for Safeguarding Construction, Alteration, and Demolition Operations,
2022 edition.
NFPA 262, Standard Method of Test for Flame Travel and Smoke of Wires and Cables for Use
in Air-Handling Spaces, 2019 2023 edition.
NFPA 350, Guide for Safe Confined Space Entry and Work, 2022 edition.
NFPA 750, Standard on Water Mist Fire Protection Systems, 2023 edition.
NFPA 820, Standard for Fire Protection in Wastewater Treatment and Collection Facilities,
2020 2024 edition.
NFPA 1561, Standard on Emergency Services Incident Management System and Command
Safety, 2020 edition.
NFPA 1670, Standard on Operations and Training for Technical Search and Rescue
Incidents, 2017 edition.
NFPA 1963, Standard for Fire Hose Connections, 2019 edition.

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NFPA 2500, Standard for Operations and Training for Technical Search and Rescue Incidents
and Life Safety Rope and Equipment for Emergency Services, 2022 edition.
2.3 Other Publications.
2.3.1 ASTM Publications.
ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, P.O. Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA
19428-2959.
ASTM E84, Standard Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials,
2021a 2023b .
ASTM E119, Standard Test Methods for Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials ,
2020.
ASTM E136, Standard Test Method for Assessing Combustibility of Materials Using a Vertical
Tube Furnace, at 750°C, 2019a 2022 .
ASTM E2652, Standard Test Method for Assessing Combustibility of Materials Using a Tube
Furnace with a Cone-shaped Airflow Stabilizer, at 750°C, 2018 2022 .
ASTM E3134, Standard Specification for Transportation Tunnel Structural Components and
Passive Fire Protection Systems, 2020.
2.3.2 BSI Publications.
BSI British Standards, 12110 Sunset Hills Road, Suite 200, Reston, VA 20190-5902.
BS 476-4, Fire tests on building materials and structures — Part 4: Non-combustibility test
for materials , 1970, corrigendum, 2012 .
2.3.2 CSA Publications.
CSA Group, 178 Rexdale Blvd., Toronto, ON, M9W 1R3, Canada.
CSA C22.2 No. 0.3, Test Methods for Electrical Wires and Cables, 2009, reaffirmed 2019.
2.3.3 FHWA Publications.
Federal Highway Administration, 1200 New Jersey Avenue, SE, Washington, DC 20590.
Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD), 2012.
2.3.4 IEEE Publications.
IEEE, 3 Park Avenue, 17th Floor, New York, NY 10016-5997 Operations Center, 445 Hoes
Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854-4141 .
IEEE 1202, Standard for Flame-Propagation Testing of Wire and Cable, 2006, Corrigendum 1,
2012 .
IEEE 2412, Standard Test Procedure for Determining Circuit Integrity Performance of Fire
Resistive Cable Systems in Passenger Rail and Road Tunnels , 2023.
2.3.5 ISO Publications.
International Organization for Standardization, ISO Central Secretariat, BIBC II, Chemin de
Blandonnet 8, CP 401, 1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland.
ISO 1182, Reaction to fire tests for products — Non-combustibility test, 2020.
ISO 1716, Reaction to fire tests for products — Determination of the gross heat of combustion
(calorific value), 2018.
2.3.6 Military Specifications.
Department of Defense Single Stock Point, Document Automation and Production Service,
Building 4/D, 700 Robbins Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094 Defense Standardization
Program Office, 8725 John J Kingman Road, Stop 5100, Fort Belvoir, VA 22060-6220 .
MIL-DTL-24643C, Detail Specification: Cables, Electric, Low Smoke Halogen-Free, for
Shipboard Use, Revision C.

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2.3.7 OSHA Publications.

Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 200 Constitution Avenue, NW, Washington,
DC 20210.
Title 29, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 1910.146, “Permit-Required Confined Spaces.”
2.3.8 UL Publications.
Underwriters Laboratories Inc., 333 Pfingsten Road, Northbrook, IL 60062-2096.
UL 723, Test for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials, 2018, revised 2023 .
UL 1685, Vertical-Tray Fire-Propagation and Smoke-Release Test for Electrical and Optical-
Fiber Cables , 2015.
UL 1724, Outline of Investigation for Fire Tests for Electrical Circuit Protective Systems, 2006.
UL 2196, Fire Test for Circuit Integrity of Fire-Resistive Power, Instrumentation, Control, and
Data Cables, 2017, revised 2020 .
UL 2556, Wire and Cable Test Methods , 2021.
2.3.9 Other Publications.
Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary, 11th edition, Merriam-Webster, Inc., Springfield, MA,
2003 2020 .
BS EN 13501-1, Fire classification of construction products and building elements — Part 1:
Classification using data from reaction to fire tests,2019.
IEC 61508, Standard for Functional Safety of Electrical/Electronic/Programmable Electronic
Safety-Related Systems, 2010.
2.4 References for Extracts in Mandatory Sections.
NFPA 3, Standard for Commissioning of Fire Protection and Life Safety Systems, 2021 2024
edition.
NFPA 10, Standard for Portable Fire Extinguishers, 2021 2022 edition.

NFPA 70®, National Electrical Code®, 2020 2023 edition.

NFPA 402, Guide for Aircraft Rescue and Fire-Fighting Operations, 2019 edition.
NFPA 440, Guide for Aircraft Rescue and Firefighting Operations and Airport/Community
Emergency Planning, 2024 edition.
NFPA 470, Hazardous Materials/Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) Standard for
Responders, 2022 edition.
NFPA 921, Guide for Fire and Explosion Investigations, 2021 edition.
NFPA 1142, Standard on Water Supplies for Suburban and Rural Firefighting, 2022 edition.
NFPA 1900, Standard for Aircraft Rescue and Firefighting Vehicles, Automotive Fire
Apparatus, Wildland Fire Apparatus, and Automotive Ambulances, 2024 edition.
NFPA 1901, Standard for Automotive Fire Apparatus, 2016 edition.

NFPA 5000®, Building Construction and Safety Code®, 2021 2024 edition.

Supplemental Information

File Name Description Approved

Attached Word Document with Track Changes
502_A2025_FDM_Ch2.doc.docx
contains various updates to this Chapter.

Submitter Information Verification

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Committee: ROA-AAA
Submittal Date: Fri Sep 29 06:26:50 EDT 2023

Committee Statement

Committee Updated references to the most current edition. Incorporated reference changes due to
Statement: NFPA Emergency Response and Responder Safety (ERRS) Consolidation Project.
Updates to addresses for various Publications. Incorporated reference as per various
First Revisions. Attached word document with track changes shows all the updates.
Response FR-27-NFPA 502-2023
Message:
Public Input No. 6-NFPA 502-2023 [Section No. 2.3.1]
Public Input No. 9-NFPA 502-2023 [Section No. 2.3.2]
Public Input No. 23-NFPA 502-2023 [Section No. 2.3.9]

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First Revision No. 17-NFPA 502-2023 [ Section No. 3.3.9 ]

3.3.9 Cable Tray System.

A unit or assembly of units or sections and associated fittings forming a structural system used
to securely fasten or support cables and raceways. [70: , 392.2 2023 ]

Submitter Information Verification

Committee: ROA-AAA
Submittal Date: Thu Sep 28 11:37:26 EDT 2023

Committee Statement

Committee Reorganization of NFPA 70, moved definitions to Article 100. Extract tags were
Statement: updated accordingly.
Response FR-17-NFPA 502-2023
Message:

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First Revision No. 18-NFPA 502-2023 [ Section No. 3.3.11 ]

3.3.11 Command Post (CP).

The location at the scene of an emergency where the incident commander is located and
where command, coordination, control, and communications are centralized.
[402 440 ,2019 2024 ]

Submitter Information Verification

Committee: ROA-AAA
Submittal Date: Thu Sep 28 11:38:53 EDT 2023

Committee Statement

Committee NFPA’s Emergency Response and Responder Safety Consolidation (ERRS) Project
Statement: consolidated NFPA 402 into NFPA 440. Extract tag was updated to reflect change.
Response FR-18-NFPA 502-2023
Message:

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First Revision No. 19-NFPA 502-2023 [ Section No. 3.3.28 ]

3.3.28 Fire Apparatus.

A vehicle designed to be used under emergency conditions to transport personnel and
equipment or to support the suppression of fires or mitigation of other hazardous situations.
[1901 1900 ,2016 2024 ]

Submitter Information Verification

Committee: ROA-AAA
Submittal Date: Thu Sep 28 11:40:51 EDT 2023

Committee Statement

Committee NFPA’s Emergency Response and Responder Safety Consolidation (ERRS) Project
Statement: consolidated NFPA 1901 into NFPA 1900. Extract tag was updated to reflect change.
Text was also revised to match source document.
Response FR-19-NFPA 502-2023
Message:

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First Revision No. 25-NFPA 502-2023 [ New Section after 4.2.1.1 ]

4.3 Confined Spaces.

During confined space entry and work, the provisions of NFPA 350 shall apply.

Submitter Information Verification

Committee: ROA-AAA
Submittal Date: Thu Sep 28 14:49:47 EDT 2023

Committee Statement

Committee NFPA 350 - Guide for Safe Confined Space Entry and Work needs to be followed
Statement: while performing work in confined spaces for the safety of the workers. Subsequent
sections should be renumbered.
Response FR-25-NFPA 502-2023
Message:

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First Revision No. 2-NFPA 502-2023 [ New Section after 4.4.1.1 ]

4.4.2*
The local responding fire department(s) and other emergency response agencies, which
might be expected to respond to fires or other emergency incidents, shall be given
opportunities to provide input on the project design and operational intent during the design
and planning phases to ensure the emergency response will be effective and feasible.

A.4.4.2

Historically, where the project design and operational intent have progressed without
responder input, beyond the point where the essential changes are readily possible,
responders and AHJs have required changes which could have been resolved with earlier
responder input with less impact to the project schedule and additional costs.

Submitter Information Verification

Committee: ROA-AAA
Submittal Date: Wed Sep 27 13:59:35 EDT 2023

Committee Statement

Committee Although emergency response agencies may comment on emergency plans, and may,
Statement: at the owner/designer discretion be invited to comment on design and operational intent,
there is no requirement for this to occur. This language makes this a requirement. In
some cases, lack of early input results in final design being completed without responder
agencies input. Lacking early input, the design and response plans may not allow
effective responder actions. This lack of input has resulted in responder or local AHJ
requiring changes to design with resultant unnecessary delays and additional costs.
Subsequent sections to be renumbered.

Response FR-2-NFPA 502-2023

Message:
Public Input No. 36-NFPA 502-2023 [New Section after A.4.4.1]
Public Input No. 35-NFPA 502-2023 [New Section after 4.4.1]

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First Revision No. 11-NFPA 502-2023 [ Section No. 4.8 ]

4.9* Noncombustible Material.

A material that complies with any one of the following shall be considered a noncombustible
material:
(1) The material, in the form in which it is used and under the conditions anticipated, will not
ignite, burn, support combustion, or release flammable vapors, when subjected to fire or
heat.
(2) The material is reported as passing ASTM E136, Standard Test Method for Assessing
Combustibility of Materials Using a Vertical Tube Furnace, at 750°C.
(3) The material is reported as complying with the pass/fail criteria of ASTM E136 when
tested in accordance with the test method and procedure in ASTM E2652, Standard Test
Method for Assessing Combustibility of Materials Using a Tube Furnace with a Cone-
shaped Airflow Stabilizer, at 750°C.
(4)* The material is reported as complying with the pass/fail criteria for Class A1 of either of
the following: BS EN 13501-1, Fire classification of construction products and building
elements — Part 1: Classification using data from reaction to fire tests, in relation to ISO
1182, Reaction to fire tests for products — Non-combustibility test, and ISO 1716,
Reaction to fire tests for products — Determination of the gross heat of combustion
(calorific value).
EN 13501-1, Fire classification of construction products and building elements —
Part 1: Classification using data from reaction to fire tests , in relation to ISO 1182,
Reaction to fire tests for products — Non-combustibility test , and ISO 1716,
Reaction to fire tests for products — Determination of the gross heat of combustion
(calorific value)
BS 476-4, Fire tests on building materials and structures — Part 4: Non-
combustibility test for materials

A.4.9

The provisions of Section 4.9 do not require inherently noncombustible materials to be

tested in order to be classified as noncombustible materials. Examples of such materials
include steel, concrete, masonry, and glass.
ASTM E136 and ASTM E2652, which are referenced in Section 4.9, are not the only
standards used for assessing the combustibility of materials. ISO 1182 (most recently
updated in 2020) and BS 476-4 are also used for the purpose of assessing whether a
material is combustible. BS 476-4 contains acceptance criteria, but it is not in common use
and has not been updated since 1970. ASTM E2652 uses the same test equipment as older
editions of ISO 1182, but the 2020 edition of ISO 1182 revised the test equipment. Neither
ASTM E2652 nor ISO 1182 contain acceptance criteria. The European Union scheme for
classification of materials based on reaction-to-fire tests (BS EN 13501-1) uses ISO 1182
and ISO 1716 for determining whether a material is noncombustible and includes its own
acceptance criteria. BS EN 13501-1 contains two sets of acceptance criteria based on ISO
1182 and ISO 1716 for Class A1 and Class A2 materials (the Class A1 acceptance criteria
are more stringent). ASTM E136 allows for the use of the ASTM E2652 test apparatus but
requires the same set of acceptance criteria irrespective of the test apparatus used.

Supplemental Information

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File Name Description Approved

PI_25_Text.docx Word file with Track Changes showing updates

Submitter Information Verification

Committee: ROA-AAA
Submittal Date: Thu Sep 28 09:53:16 EDT 2023

Committee Statement

Committee BS 476-4 is superseded by BS EN ISO 1182 (ISO 1182 is referenced in EN 13501-1)

Statement: and as a consequence should not be applied. Application of BS 476-4 cannot lead to
an A1 classification.

Editorial change to update correct reference for Annex from (3) to (4).
Response FR-11-NFPA 502-2023
Message:
Public Input No. 25-NFPA 502-2023 [Section No. 4.8]

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First Revision No. 7-NFPA 502-2023 [ Section No. 5.4.1 ]

5.4.1
Acceptable means shall be included within the design of the limited access highway to protect
structures in accordance with this standard to achieve the following:
(1) Support firefighter accessibility operations
(2) Mitigate structural damage from fire to prevent progressive structural collapse
(3) Minimize economic impact

Submitter Information Verification

Committee: ROA-AAA
Submittal Date: Thu Sep 28 08:17:05 EDT 2023

Committee Statement

Committee Accessibility is limited to "entering" the facility or structure. The terminology was
Statement: modified to "operations" instead of "activities" since operations encompasses the entire
emergency response. The intent of the change (from accessibility to operations) is to
draw attention also to safe operations as well as departure of fire fighters after finishing
their operations (in other words: the entire period of time the fire fighters are active in the
facility or structure).

Response FR-7-NFPA 502-2023

Message:
Public Input No. 16-NFPA 502-2023 [Section No. 5.4.1]

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First Revision No. 8-NFPA 502-2023 [ Section No. 6.3.1.1 ]

6.3.1.1
Primary structural elements shall be protected in accordance with this standard in order to
achieve the following functional requirements:
(1) Support firefighter accessibility operations
(2) Minimize economic impact
(3) Mitigate structural damage

Submitter Information Verification

Committee: ROA-AAA
Submittal Date: Thu Sep 28 08:24:06 EDT 2023

Committee Statement

Committee Accessibility is limited to "entering" the facility or structure. "Operations" encompasses

Statement: the entire emergency response.

The intent of the change (from accessibility to operations) is to draw attention also to
safe operations as well as departure of fire fighters after finishing their operations (in
other words: the entire period of time the fire fighters are active in the facility or
structure).
Response FR-8-NFPA 502-2023
Message:

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First Revision No. 20-NFPA 502-2023 [ Section No. 6.9 ]

6.9 Hazardous Locations.

Confined spaces meeting the definition of NFPA 1670 NFPA 2500 shall be labeled in
accordance with 29 CFR 1910.146.

Submitter Information Verification

Committee: ROA-AAA
Submittal Date: Thu Sep 28 11:44:09 EDT 2023

Committee Statement

Committee NFPA’s Emergency Response and Responder Safety Consolidation (ERRS) Project
Statement: consolidated NFPA 1670 into NFPA 2500. Reference was updated to new standard.
Response FR-20-NFPA 502-2023
Message:

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First Revision No. 14-NFPA 502-2023 [ Section No. 7.2.1 ]

7.2.1*
Where a roadway or portion of a roadway is not fully enclosed on both sides, is not fully
enclosed on top, or any combination thereof, the decision by the authority having jurisdiction
(AHJ) to consider the roadway, or parts thereof, as a road tunnel shall be made after an
engineering analysis is performed in accordance with 4.4.1.

Submitter Information Verification

Committee: ROA-AAA
Submittal Date: Thu Sep 28 10:43:19 EDT 2023

Committee Statement

Committee The aim of the proposed change is to avoid a compromise for the entire roadway
Statement: under consideration, but allow for differentiation for individual segments of the not
fully enclosed roadway.
Response FR-14-NFPA 502-2023
Message:
Public Input No. 18-NFPA 502-2023 [Section No. 7.2.1]

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First Revision No. 9-NFPA 502-2023 [ Section No. 7.3.1 ]

7.3.1*
For all tunnel categories, acceptable means shall be included within the design of the tunnel to
prevent progressive collapse of primary structural elements and to prevent the failure of
support for overhead equipment and systems in accordance with this standard to achieve the
following functional requirements in addition to life safety:
(1) Support firefighter accessibility operations
(2) Minimize economic impact
(3) Mitigate structural damage

Submitter Information Verification

Committee: ROA-AAA
Submittal Date: Thu Sep 28 08:25:51 EDT 2023

Committee Statement

Committee Accessibility is limited to "entering" the facility or structure. The terminology was
Statement: modified to "operations" since it encompasses the entire emergency response. The
intent of the change (from accessibility to operations) is to draw attention also to safe
operations as well as departure of fire fighters after finishing their operations (in other
words: the entire period of time the fire fighters are active in the facility or structure).
Response FR-9-NFPA 502-2023
Message:

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First Revision No. 23-NFPA 502-2023 [ Section No. 7.17.3 ]

7.17.3
Acceptance tests for water-based firefighting systems shall be performed in accordance with
NFPA 11, NFPA 13, NFPA 15, NFPA 16 , NFPA 18 , NFPA 18A , and NFPA 750 or other
equivalent international standards as applicable to the system(s) installed, including
performance requirements specified in the basis of design.

Submitter Information Verification

Committee: ROA-AAA
Submittal Date: Thu Sep 28 14:14:49 EDT 2023

Committee Statement

Committee NFPA 16 was withdrawn and the requirements are covered within NFPA 11.
Statement:
NFPA 18 and 18A are test standards for wetting agent and water additive
performance. As such they do not belong in this paragraph or in the chapter. They
have been referenced in new Annex A.9.1.2.
Response FR-23-NFPA 502-2023
Message:

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First Revision No. 16-NFPA 502-2023 [ Section No. 9.1.2 ]

9.1.2*
When an FFFS is installed in road tunnels, it shall be installed, inspected, and maintained in
accordance with NFPA 11, NFPA 13, NFPA 15, NFPA 16 , NFPA 18 , NFPA 18A , NFPA 25,
NFPA 750, or other equivalent international standard.

A.9.1.2

Wetting agents and water additives in compliance with NFPA 18 and NFPA 18A can be
considered for use in fixed systems with the approval of the authority having jurisdiction
and by utilizing components that are specifically approved for these mediums.

Submitter Information Verification

Committee: ROA-AAA
Submittal Date: Thu Sep 28 11:27:43 EDT 2023

Committee Statement

Committee Chapter 9 addresses fixed fire suppression systems. The standards referenced in 9.1.2
Statement: are installation standards, except NFPA 18 and 18A. NFPA 18 and 18A are test
standards for wetting agent and water additive performance. As such they do not
belong in this paragraph or in the chapter. NFPA 16 was withdrawn and the
requirements are covered within NFPA 11.
Response FR-16-NFPA 502-2023
Message:

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First Revision No. 24-NFPA 502-2023 [ New Section after 10.1.6 ]

10.1.7*
Manual dry standpipe systems, where exposed to regular inspection, shall not be required to
be supervised.

A.10.1.7

Portions of a standpipe system that cannot be exposed to visual inspection can be

provided with an alternate means of inspection.

Submitter Information Verification

Committee: ROA-AAA
Submittal Date: Thu Sep 28 14:27:05 EDT 2023

Committee Statement

Committee NFPA 14 requires manual dry standpipe systems to be supervised via compressed
Statement: air. Supervision of manual dry standpipes for tunnels and bridges is impractical.
Response FR-24-NFPA 502-2023
Message:

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First Revision No. 6-NFPA 502-2023 [ Section No. 12.1 ]

12.1 General.
12.1.1*
The electrical systems shall support life safety operations, fire emergency operations, and
normal operations.
12.1.2
Emergency circuits installed in a road tunnel and ancillary areas shall remain functional for a
period of not less than 1 hour for the anticipated fire condition by one of the following methods:
(1)* Fire-resistive cables shall be approved or listed for no less than 2 hours when tested to
the time-temperature curve of ASTM E119, Standard Test Methods for Fire Tests of
Building Construction and Materials , in accordance with the standard time temperature
curve specified in UL 2196, Fire Test for Circuit Integrity of Fire-Resistive Power,
Instrumentation, Control, and Data Cables, or other approved, recognized standards, as
follows:
(a) Fire-resistive cables shall be tested as a complete system, in both vertical and
horizontal orientations, on conductors, cables, and raceways as applicable.
(b) Fire-resistive cables intended for installation in a raceway shall be tested in the type
of raceway in which they are intended to be installed.
(c) Each fire-resistive cable system shall have installation instructions that describe the
tested assembly with only the components included in the tested assembly
acceptable for installations.
(d) Fire-resistive cables shall be installed in accordance with their listing and
manufacturer's instructions.
(2)* Circuits shall be protected by a 2-hour fire barrier system in accordance with UL 1724,
Outline of Investigation for Fire Tests for Electrical Circuit Protective Systems. The cables
or conductors shall maintain functionality at the operating temperature within the fire
barrier system.
(3) They shall remain functional by the routing of the cable system external to the
roadway Circuits shall be protected by a 1-hour cable tested to IEEE 2412, Standard
Test Procedure for Determining Circuit Integrity Performance of Fire Resistive Cable
Systems in Passenger Rail and Road Tunnels .
(4) They shall remain functional by using diversity in system routing as approved, such as
separate redundant or multiple circuits separated by a 2-hour fire barrier, so that a single
fire or emergency event will not lead to a failure of the system.
12.1.3
The requirement of 12.1.2 shall not apply to bidirectional antennas used for emergency
communication circuits.
12.1.4
The electrical systems shall maintain ventilation, lighting, communications, drainage, a fixed
water-based fire-extinguishing system, fire alarm and fire detection, exit signs, traffic control,
and others for areas of refuge, exits, and exit routes, under all normal and emergency modes
associated with the facility.

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12.1.5*
The fire-life safety electrical systems shall be designed and installed to resist lateral forces
induced by earthquakes (seismic forces) in the appropriate seismic zone and to continue to
function after the event.
12.1.6
An electrical single-line diagram shall be posted within the main electrical room.
12.1.6.1
The diagram shall include utility short-circuit duty, all sources, uninterrupted power supplies
(UPSs), or standby source and interlocking schemes, and other data per IEEE standards for
single-line diagrams.
12.1.7
Labels, nameplates, or tags shall be affixed to switchboards, panelboards, motor controllers,
switches, and breakers that correspond to the single line. The equipment or device operating
instructions shall be available to operating personal.

Supplemental Information

File Name Description Approved

PI_24_WordFile.docx Proposed text with Track Changes

Submitter Information Verification

Committee: ROA-AAA
Submittal Date: Thu Sep 28 04:55:59 EDT 2023

Committee Statement

Committee The word “approved” was maintained in the requirements to allow flexibility for
Statement: standards that may apply outside of the US or other unique situations. Part (d) was
added as installation instructions are part of the requirements of UL 2196. Subsection
(3) was revised to remove requirements for cables run outside the roadway and a new
fire test was introduced (IEEE 2412) providing an alternate means of protecting a circuit
within the roadway.

Response FR-6-NFPA 502-2023

Message:
Public Input No. 24-NFPA 502-2023 [Section No. 12.1]

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First Revision No. 4-NFPA 502-2023 [ Section No. 12.2.1.3 ]

12.2.1.3
All cables and conductors used in road tunnels shall be resistant to the spread of fire and shall
have reduced smoke emissions by one of the following methods:
(1) Wires and cables listed as having fire-resistant and low smoke-producing characteristics,
by having a cable char height of not greater than 1.5 m (4.9 ft) when measured from the
lower edge of the burner face, a total smoke release over the 20-minute test period no
greater than 150 m2, and a peak smoke release rate of no greater than 0.40 m2/sec,
when tested in accordance with either the IEEE 1202, Standard for Flame-Propagation
Testing of Wire and Cable, the vertical tray flame test method (Method 2 – FT4)
described in UL 1685, Vertical-Tray Fire-Propagation and Smoke-Release Test for
Electrical and Optical-Fiber Cables 2556, Wire and Cable Test Methods , or the CSA
FT4 Vertical Flame Test per CSA C22.2 No. 0.3, Test Methods for Electrical Wires and
Cables
(2) Wires and cables listed as having fire-resistant and low smoke-producing characteristics,
by having a flame travel distance that does not exceed 1.5 m (4.9 ft), generating a
maximum peak optical density of smoke of 0.5 and a maximum average optical density of
smoke of 0.15 when tested in accordance with the methods described in NFPA 262 or the
CSA FT6 Horizontal Flame and Smoke Test per CSA C22.2 No. 0.3
(3) Wires and cables tested to equivalent internationally recognized standards approved by
the authority having jurisdiction (AHJ)

Submitter Information Verification

Committee: ROA-AAA
Submittal Date: Wed Sep 27 16:47:11 EDT 2023

Committee Statement

Committee The revision replaces UL 1685 with UL 2556, Wire and Cable Test Methods as UL
Statement: 1685 is being phased out. Communication raceways are not applicable for installation
in tunnels since tunnels don't have plenums as defined in NFPA 90A.
Response FR-4-NFPA 502-2023
Message:
Public Input No. 27-NFPA 502-2023 [Section No. 12.2.1.3]

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First Revision No. 22-NFPA 502-2023 [ Section No. A.12.7 ]

A.12.7
The security of the electrical supply substation to the facility should be in accordance with the
recommendations in IEEE 1402, IEEE Guide for Electrical Substation Physical and Electric
Power Security Physical Security of Electric Power Substation .
The following documents should be consulted for developing the security plan:
(1) NFPA 730
(2) NFPA 731
(3) NFPA 1600 NFPA 1660

Submitter Information Verification

Committee: ROA-AAA
Submittal Date: Thu Sep 28 11:49:17 EDT 2023

Committee Statement

Committee NFPA’s Emergency Response and Responder Safety Consolidation (ERRS)

Statement: Project consolidated NFPA 1600 into NFPA 1660.
Response FR-22-NFPA 502-2023
Message:

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First Revision No. 21-NFPA 502-2023 [ Section No. A.13.7 ]

A.13.7
In addition to using NFPA 1561, consideration should be given to use NFPA 1600 NFPA
1660 for planning for incidents.

Submitter Information Verification

Committee: ROA-AAA
Submittal Date: Thu Sep 28 11:46:10 EDT 2023

Committee Statement

Committee NFPA’s Emergency Response and Responder Safety Consolidation (ERRS) Project
Statement: consolidated NFPA 1600 into NFPA 1660. Reference was updated to new standard.
NFPA 1561 is being consolidated to NFPA 1550, but currently NFPA 1550 is in draft
and has not been published.
Response FR-21-NFPA 502-2023
Message:

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First Revision No. 26-NFPA 502-2023 [ Chapter G ]

Annex G Alternative Fuels and Energy Sources

This annex is not a part of the requirements of this NFPA document but is included for
informational purposes only.
G.1 General.
Most vehicles currently used in the United States are powered by either spark-ignited engines
(gasoline, ethanol) or compression-ignited engines (diesel). Vehicles that use alternative fuels
such as sources of energy such as battery electric vehicles (BEVs), fuel cell electric vehicles
(FCEVs), compressed natural gas (CNG), compressed gas hydrogen (cGH2), liquefied
petroleum gas (LP-Gas), and liquefied natural gas (LNG) vehicles are entering the vehicle
population, but the percentage of such vehicles is still not large enough to significantly
influence the design of road tunnel ventilation with regard to vehicle emissions. With the
introduction of fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs), compressed gas hydrogen (cGH2) has
entered the market as a source of power for fuel cells. However, it is possible that growing
concerns regarding the safety of some alternative-fuel vehicles that operate within road
tunnels will affect the fire-related life safety design aspects of highway tunnels. See Chapter 11
for requirements for road tunnel ventilation during fire emergencies.
As a result, in the short term, the decision will be in the hands of the AHJ as to the mitigation
measures for dealing with alternative fuels in road tunnels.
Vehicles in the United States and most countries are required to comply with federal and state
requirements for use on public roads. Some jurisdictions regulate the placarding of alternative
fuel vehicles and their ability to utilize road tunnels. This regulation is not universal, which
leaves alternative fuel vehicles unidentifiable in many jurisdictions. As a result, in the short
term, the mitigation measures for dealing with alternative fuels in road tunnels will be in the
hands of the AHJ.
Section G.2 provides some highlighted information about selected alternative fuels,
Section G.3 provides some additional information about possible mitigation measures, and
Section G.4 provides a brief discussion of applicable codes and standards, as well as recent
research into the hazards of alternative fuels.

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G.1.1 Properties of Alternative Fuels.

Table G.1.1 provides information on properties of alternative fuels and gasoline.
Table G.1.1 Properties of Alternative Fuels

Properties Units Hydrogena Methanea Propanea Methanola Ethanola Gasolineb

Chemical CxHy (x = 4
H2 CH4 C 3H 8 CH3OH C2H5OH
formula − 12)
Molecular
2.02 16.04 44.1 32.04 46.07 100 to 105
weightc,d
Density
kg/m3 0.0838 0.668 1.87 791 789 751
(NTP)c,e,f
lb/ft3 0.00523 0.0417 0.116 49.4 49.3 46.9
Viscosity g/cm- 1.10 × 8.012 × 0.0037 to
8.81 × 10-5 9.18 × 10-3 0.0119
(NTP)c,d,e sec 10-4 10-5 0.0044
2.486 ×
lb/ft- 7.41 × 5.384 × 7.99 × 10-4 to
5.92 × 10-6 6.17 × 10-4
sec 10-6 10-6 10-4 2.957 ×
10-4
Normal
boiling °C −253 −162 −42.1 64.5 78.5 27 to 225
pointc,d
°F −423 −259 −43.8 148 173.3 80 to 437
Vapor
specific
gravity air = 1 0.0696 0.555 1.55 N/A N/A 3.66
(NTP)c,e,g
Flash
°C <−253 −188 −104 11 13 −43
pointd,g
°F <−423 −306 −155 52 55 −45
Flammability
range in vol% 4.0 to 75.0 5.0 to 15.0 2.1 to 10.1 6.7 to 36.0 4.3 to 19 1.4 to 7.6
aird,f,g
Autoignition °C 585 540 490 385 423 230 to 480
temperature
in aird,g °F 1085 1003 914 723 793 450 to 900

N/A: Not applicable.

aProperties of the pure substance.

bProperties of a range of commercial grades.

cSource: NIST Chemistry WebBook, https://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry/.

dSource: Alternatives to Traditional Transportation Fuels: An Overview, DOE/EIA-0585/US

Energy Information Administration, US Department of Energy, Washington, DC, June 1994.
eNTP: Normal temperature and pressure [measured at 20°C (68°F) and 1 atmosphere].

fSource: Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook, 7th edition, McGraw-Hill, 1997.

gSource: Hydrogen Fuel Cell Engines and Related Technologies, Module 1: Hydrogen
Properties, US Department of Energy, 2001.

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G.2 Alternative Fuels.

It is evident that the use of vehicles powered by alternative fuels (i.e., fuels other than gasoline
or diesel) will continue to increase. Of the potential alternative fuels, ethanol, compressed
natural gas (CNG), LP-Gas, electric, and hybrid electric currently are the most widely used.
LNG and cGH2 are entering the market. Under the Energy Policy Act of 1992 and the Clean
Air Act Amendment of 1990, the following are considered potential alternative fuels:
(1) Methanol
(2) Hydrogen
(3) Ethanol
(4) Coal-derived liquids
(5) Propane
(6) Biological materials
(7) Natural gas
(8) Reformulated gasoline
(9) Electricity (stored energy batteries)
(10) Clean diesel

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G.2.1 Compressed Natural Gas (CNG).

CNG has some excellent physical and chemical properties that make it a safer automotive
fuel than gasoline or LP-Gas good candidate , provided well-designed carrier systems and
operational procedures are followed. Although CNG has a relatively high flammability limit, its
flammability range is relatively narrow compared to the ranges for other fuels.
In air at ambient conditions, a CNG volume of at least 5 percent is necessary to support
continuous flame propagation, compared to approximately 2 percent for LP-Gas and 1 percent
for gasoline vapor. Therefore, considerable fuel leakage is necessary in order to render the
mixture combustible. The risk of reaching this threshold might be higher in tunnels than in
open air.
There are a number of standard requirements for these types of systems, and the
requirements derive from existing requirements for storage and transport of CNG tanks. In the
US, the primary standards used are FMVSS 304, Compressed Natural Gas Fuel Container
Integrity natural gas fuel container integrity , and CSA/ ANSI NGV2, American National
Standard for Natural Gas Vehicle Containers Compressed Natural Gas Vehicle Fuel
Containers . Both of these standards were developed for the approval of compressed natural
gas containers.
The tests in both of these standards include full-scale fire tests of the containers and their
pressure relief devices (PRDs), as well as component reliability testing, such as pressure
cycling, impact resistance, drop tests, and hydrostatic burst testing. In addition to the required
tests, a quality-control system is required to be administered by an independent third party to
ensure that the fuel system components are manufactured in the same manner as when they
were approved through testing.
Furthermore, fires involving combustible mixtures of CNG are relatively easy to contain and
extinguish. Since natural gas is lighter than air, it normally dissipates harmlessly into the
atmosphere instead of pooling when a leak occurs. However, in a tunnel environment, such
dissipation can lead to pockets of gas that collect in the overhead structure. In addition, since
natural gas can ignite only in the range of 5 percent to 15 percent volume of natural gas in air,
leaks are not likely to ignite due to insufficient oxygen.
Another advantage of CNG is that its fueling system is one of the safest in existence. The
rigorous storage requirements and greater strength of CNG cylinders compared to those of
gasoline contribute to the superior safety record of CNG automobiles.
An incident with a CNG-propelled bus in the Netherlands [“ Fire in a CNG bus” (“ Brand in een
aardgasbus,” 2012)] highlighted the issue and associated risk of possible jet fires as a
consequence of the pressure release valve operation.
G.2.2 Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LP-Gas).
There is a growing awareness of the economic advantages of using LP-Gas as a vehicular
fuel. These advantages include longer engine life, increased travel time between oil and oil
filter changes, longer and better performance from spark plugs, nonpolluting exhaust
emissions, and, in most cases, mileage that is comparable to that of gasoline. LP-Gas is
normally delivered as a liquid and can be stored at up to 38°C (100.4°F) on vehicles under a
design pressure of 1624 kPa to 2154 kPa (250 psi to 312.5 psi). LP-Gas is a natural gas and
petroleum derivative. One disadvantage is that it is costly to store because a pressure vessel
is needed. Also, where LP-Gas is engulfed in a fire, a rapid increase in pressure can occur,
even if the outside temperature is not excessive relative to the gas–vapor pressure
characteristics. Rapid pressure increase can be mitigated by venting the excessive buildup
through relief valves. In Australia a significant proportion of the vehicle fleet uses LP-Gas-
powered vehicles. Alternative-powered vehicles are marked by colored labels on their
registration plates. No restrictions on use of such vehicles exist in Australia. In Australia, the
only impact on managing these vehicles is by alternative procedures for incident response by
emergency services.

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G.2.3 Methanol.
Currently, methanol is used primarily as a chemical feedstock for the production of chemical
intermediates and solvents. Under EPA restrictions, it is being used as a substitute for lead-
based octane enhancers in the form of methyl tertiary-butyl ether (MTBE) and as a viable
method for vehicle emission control. MTBE is not available as a fuel substitute but is used as a
gasoline additive.
The hazards of methanol production, distribution, and use are comparable to those of
gasoline. Unlike gasoline, however, methanol vapors in a fuel tank are explosive at normal
ambient temperature. Saturated vapors that are located above nondiluted methanol in an
enclosed tank are explosive at 10°C to 43°C (50°F to 109.4°F). A methanol flame is invisible,
so a colorant or gasoline needs to be added to enable detection.

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G.2.4 Hydrogen.
Hydrogen is one of the most attractive alternative fuels due to its ability to power fuel cells in
vehicles, its abundant availability, and its potential for higher efficiency in vehicles. Hydrogen
can be used to power vehicles in the form of fuel cells or as replacement fuel in internal
combustion engines. One kg (2.2 lb) of hydrogen gas has about the same energy as
3.8 L(1 gal) of gasoline. Commercially deployed hydrogen-powered vehicles employ fuel cells
to convert hydrogen into electricity to power electric motors. For a driving range of 450 km
(300 miles) or more, a light-duty fuel cell vehicle must carry approximately 5 kg (11 lb) of
hydrogen. Commercially available storage technologies typically include high-pressure tanks
for compressed hydrogen gas up to 70 MPa (10,000 psi/700 bar). Several automotive
companies now sell or lease fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs), and networks of hydrogen
fueling stations have been constructed on both US coasts with plans to provide fueling service
to the entire country.
Medium and heavy-duty gaseous hydrogen vehicles are in their demonstration phase.
Currently, FCEV vehicles use tanks to store cGH2. As of now, the onboard storage of liquid
hydrogen (LH 2 ) is not used in any vehicles. The onboard hydrogen system usually contains
a single or several cGH2 storage tank(s), a refueling receptacle, and hydrogen fuel lines. Each
tank is equipped with its own thermally activated pressure relief device (TPRD). In case of fire,
TPRDs will either release hydrogen individually or route it to a single vent location. The
direction of hydrogen release from a TPRD is vertically downwards or at a slight angle when a
car is in normal position with four wheels on the ground. The hydrogen fuel lines contain
hydrogen at much lower pressures [from ambient to about 0.7 MPa (102 psi)] than the tanks.
The lines are made of stainless steel compatible with hydrogen. The entire fuel system is
sealed and no to minimize the risk that any relevant amount of hydrogen is released during
operation or parking.
The direction of a hydrogen release from a car is typically downwards at an angle of roughly
45 degrees. For usage in buses and heavy-duty vehicles, a vertical release upwards is
recommended (PIARC Report WG4, 2023).
In addition, FCEVs contain high-voltage electricity, similar to electric and hybrid-electric
vehicles, and therefore comply with FMVSS305.
In comparison to gasoline, hydrogen has a much wider flammability range (4 percent to
75 percent by volume) and explosive limit. The minimum ignition energy of hydrogen in air is
about an order of magnitude (by a factor of 10) less than that of gasoline vapor. As the density
is only about 7 percent of air, hydrogen release into the atmosphere usually results in rapid
dispersion and mixing to a nonhazardous concentration. However, accumulation of hydrogen
in stagnant space that cannot be ventilated is a fire and explosion hazard. A minimum
separation distance from the ceiling or explosion proofing should be considered for electrical
equipment (classified electrical systems). Proper ventilation is important to dilute released,
unburned H2 below critical values. For non-emergency ventilation requirements see ASHRAE
217, Non-Emergency Ventilation in Enclosed Road, Rail, and Mass Transit Facilities.
Emergency response to an incident involving a hydrogen fuel leak or fire requires certain
training, such as recognizing a hydrogen tank, high-voltage battery, or capacitor pack that
might be present in an incident vehicle. The NFPA website shown in G.2.4(2) provides specific
emergency response information on commercially available FCEVs. The H2 Tools website
shown in G.2.4(1) provides training materials for emergency responders that can be used to
prepare for incidents involving FCEVs. Use the following references for more information on
emergency response and emergency response training for FCEVs:
(1) H2 Tools: https://h2tools.org/training-materials
(2) NFPA: http://www.nfpa.org/training-and-events/by-topic/alternative-fuel-vehicle-safety-
training https://www.nfpa.org/EV
(3) C. LaFleur, et al. Hydrogen Fuel Cell Electric Tunnel Safety Study. Sandia National
Laboratories, SAND2017-11157, October 2017.
(4) C. LaFleur, et al. Alternative Fuel Vehicles in Tunnels. Sandia National Laboratories,
SAND2020-5466, May 2020.

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G.2.5 Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV).

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Both battery EVs and gasoline-electric–type hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) Battery electric
vehicles (BEVs) have been commercially available for a number of years. Their volumes are
expected to grow rapidly in the next years. Due to the introduction of electric drive, energy
storage, and conversion systems, one safety consideration involves the high-voltage system
(e.g., 400 VDC) used for the powertrain, which might pose risks such as electric shock and
short-circuit. The other is heat generated during battery charging and discharging, which can
generate toxic fumes.
The main EV and HEV BEV Li-ion battery pack failure mode is thermal runaway. Thermal
runaways in batteries are typically the result of electrical failure, mechanical damage, or
excessive exposure to heat. These events result in venting of flammable gases and could
result in subsequent fires. Venting of these gases can occur before actually going into thermal
runaway but can it might be difficult to observe visually detect this precursor event before
thermal runaway has initiated . If vented gases are accumulated in a confined or semiconfined
space, there is the potential to reach lethal concentrations or for combustion/explosion in the
presence of an ignition source.
Typical cell vent gases consist of a mixture of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen,
methane, hydrogen fluoride, and a number of heavier hydrocarbons. Testing has confirmed
that the exact composition of vent gases depends on the battery state-of-charge and battery
chemistry [1].
Smoke originating from a lithium-ion battery fire is a severe potential health risk due to
contamination with heavy metals and hazardous gases [2]. Smoke generated by battery fires
can severely might damage concrete or steel structures due to the smoke’s corrosive
properties. Related health risks to first responders should be considered in the design of
enclosed facilities for EV such as tunnels and parking garages. Further, the potential possible
presence of high-voltage touch-potential areas is a risk to tunnel occupants and rescue
services. One concern for first responders is also the hydrogen fluoride can enter the body
through the skin, which increases the requirements and properties of the protective clothing
and equipment used by first responders. NFPA provides information on most commercially
available EVs BEVs detailing specific areas of risk [3] in a database on its public home page.
NFPA also provides dedicated online training courses [4]. Contaminated water treatment
should also be considered during design.
Water is an effective suppression agent for EV BEV fires. However, the amount of water
required for suppression in performance tests was much higher than for standard IC ICE
vehicle fires and as high as 2600 gal (9850 L) [5]. Testing showed that the most effective way
to attack EV and HEV fires is to concentrate the water flow onto the battery pack in order to
reduce the temperature of the cells, avoiding thermal runaway and fire re-ignition.
Contaminated water treatment should also be considered during design.
The risk of thermal runaway during charging and discharging of EV BEV batteries is higher
than during periods of inactivity such as normal parking [6]. Therefore, enclosed spaces
intended for EV charging should be equipped with a fire detection, ventilation, and fixed
firefighting systems depending on the overall safety concept. Battery packs of EVs BEVs are
typically located underneath the vehicle or below the trunk area and therefore difficult to be
reached by water-based fixed firefighting systems. Hence, the main purpose of fixed
firefighting systems in this case is to cool the environment area near the burning EV BEV and
to reduce the smoke’s presence of hazardous content smoke . This action will limit fire spread
and provide better access for fire brigades. Again, the treatment of run-off water should be
considered.
EVs BEVs whose batteries have been mechanically damaged, exposed to mechanical impact,
or involved in a fire have a risk for re-activation, even after seemingly stable conditions, and
should be separated from other combustible material by at least 50 ft (15 m) [7]. In some
European countries such as Germany, Austria, and Switzerland, fire brigades submerge
EV BEV cars in water to prevent re-ignition during transport and disassembly. Submersion for
larger EVs BEVs such as busses buses and trucks is not typically practical due to size
limitations.
It should be noted that research on EV BEV fires so far has been very limited. mainly to
passenger vehicles [1] [2]. Most fire tests have been performed using a limited number of
battery cells, single battery packs, or single EV BEV . There is limited information on larger

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battery installations. Furthermore, no methodical research is currently available for large size
battery packs such as those used in busses buses or trucks or those transported in trucks.
Neither have fire tests been carried out to examine fire scenarios involving multiple EVs BEVs
or combinations of EVs BEVs and vehicles powered by other fuel sources such as diesel,
petrol, gas, or hydrogen.
The following documents are referenced in this section:
[1] Sturm P. et al., Fire tests with lithium-ion battery electric vehicles in road tunnels; Fire
Safety Journal 134 (2022) 103695.
[2] Willstrand O. et al., Toxic gases from fire in electric vehicles, RISE Report 2020:90, ISBN:
978-91-89167-75-9.
G.2.6 Hybrid (HEV/PHEV).
In contrast to battery electric vehicles, HEV and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV)
combine a conventional internal combustion engine (ICE) system with an electric propulsion
system.
The battery systems used in hybrid vehicles are typically smaller in both size and energy
capacity than full electric vehicles.
PHEVs offer the possibility to recharge the battery by connecting it to an external electric
power source. HEVs are recharged by regenerative breaking. Therefore, HEVs do not imply
additional risks. Whereas PHEVs, being charged during parking, should be assessed in a way
similar to fully electric vehicles since the battery system is active.
In terms of energy release, PHEVs are not considered to be more dangerous than ICE
vehicles as the vehicles themselves generate the major fire load. Nevertheless, research is
not available that is focused on the burning characteristics of combined conventional and
electric propulsion systems. Research conducted has revealed that risks and hazards of HEVs
and PHEVs fires do not differ significantly from fires with EVs. Since the batteries of HEVs and
PHEVs are substantially smaller than those of EVs, the amount of toxic fumes from battery
fires is considerably less.
The following documents are referenced in this section:
[1] Colella et., Electric Vehicle Fires, International Symposium on Tunnel Safety and Security,
2016.
[2] Fire Protection Research Foundation Report: Best Practices for Emergency Response to
Incidents Involving Electric Vehicles Battery Hazards: A Report on Full-Scale Testing Results.

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G.3 Additional Considerations.

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As the use of alternative fuels in road vehicles increases, each operating agency or AHJ must
deal with the issue of whether to permit such vehicles to pass through the tunnels or lower
levels of dual-level bridges for which it is responsible. Each alternative fuel type must be
considered on its own merit.
It should be noted that Annex G mostly focuses on light-duty vehicles, such as passenger
vehicles. However, alternative fuels are also being used to power medium and heavy-duty
vehicles, such as buses, trucks, and industrial vehicles (e.g., refuse trucks). In these cases,
special consideration is needed for the increased quantity of alternative fuel used and the fact
that some of the storage tanks are mounted on the roofs of vehicles.
Identification of the alternative fuel type used within a vehicle is an important issue to address
because it can inform responders on the most appropriate firefighting and emergency
intervention strategies. Automobile manufacturers provide emergency response guides for all
of their vehicles to address these issues and NFPA has an active database of these guides
(https://www.nfpa.org/Training-and-Events/By-topic/Alternative-Fuel-Vehicle-Safety-Training
/Emergency-Response-Guides https://www.nfpa.org/EV ).
This is still a difficult prospect for many agencies. It is not enough to realize that a fire incident
involves an alternative fuel vehicle; the fuel must also be identified. Currently, there are no
national requirements within the US for a standard placard system identifying the type of fuel
in a vehicle. Typically, emergency responders undergo specialist training on how to identify
specific alternative fuel vehicles and the most appropriate strategies for dealing with them in
an emergency. Consequently, if a particular fuel is prohibited by regulation from entering a
tunnel facility, vehicle identification is important for the enforcement of the facility’s rules and
procedures. Most emergency response guides for alternative vehicles offer methods on how to
identify alternative fuel types. Specifically, SAE J2990 and SAE J2990/1 offer guidance on how
to identify and respond to EV and hydrogen-powered vehicles.
Identification of alternative-fuel vehicles is critical, as the correct emergency response strongly
depends on knowing the hazard posed by a fire incident. Specific emergency response
procedures, precautions, and training requirements for each type of alternative-fuel must also
be prepared and included as part of a facility’s emergency response plan.
These should also be coordinated with the local fire department response plan. Examples of
alternative fuel vehicle response plans are listed in Annex O. The hazards presented by
various alternative fuel fires differ and are fuel dependent. For instance, hydrogen and
methanol flames are not easily discernable with the naked eye. Specialized detection systems
might be advisable, depending on an assessment of the risk. In addition, high-voltage touch
potential in electric vehicles should be recognized. Therefore, emergency response personnel
should be provided with training specific to each alternative-fuel vehicle. In addition, first
responders should consider specialty response equipment such as, but not limited to, self-
contained breathing apparatus (SCBA), high-voltage gloves, static dissipative equipment, and
infrared cameras to visualize a vehicle fire.
Due to the gaseous nature of most alternative fuels and the common use of overpressure
devices, there is a risk of having a continuous gas flow without direct ignition, creating a gas
cloud that could potentially be ignited. The priority of emergency responders should be
extinguishing suppressing the fire fires impinging on containers , cooling the fuel containment
vessels, and not extinguishing any jet if present. The focus of the emergency response should
be doing so in a safe and efficient way.
Fire sprinkler water density can be used to prevent a boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion
(BLEVE) of containers that have been heated by flame if the density is below the suggested
water flows recommended by the guidelines of the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety
Administration’s Emergency Response Guidebook . Fire sprinkler water density (1) should
not be expected to provide adequate cooling.
(1) DOT PHMSA p366 https://www.phmsa.dot.gov/training/hazmat/erg/emergency-response-
guidebook-erg
Although unlikely, moving flammable gas through mechanical ventilation (e.g., jet fans) might
provide an ignition source.
Designers and engineers might want to provide the AHJ with information on the hazards of

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alternate fuel vehicles in tunnels, as provided in this annex, as well as informational sources
to research the state of the practice for prevention, mitigation, etc., beyond Annex G.
It is recognized that many alternative fuel vehicles have concealed pressure release devices
that could be compromised if water freezes it open or closed.
Tunnel facilities must also review the potential of accumulation of a gaseous fuel. This could
be at a low point, as in the case of dense gas clouds (e.g., propane, LNG), or at a high point,
as in the case of CNG or hydrogen. If alternative fuel vehicles are using a tunnel, these areas
should be identified and monitored to prevent unaware personnel from entering an
environment with a latent hazard. Tunnel ventilation provides the tunnel facility with one
means of mitigation. Tunnel ventilation can provide sufficient air to dilute escaped fuel to
concentrations below the lower flammability limit (LFL). It is necessary to establish a minimum
level of ventilation to provide such dilution under all circumstances.
AFVs are designed according to international regulation (e.g., GTR #13) to be as safe or safer
than conventional vehicles. According to a risk assessment of hydrogen fuel cell electric
vehicles in tunnels, the most likely (with 98.1 percent – 99.9 percent probability) consequence
of a crash is no additional hazard from the hydrogen fuel [Ehrhart, B.D., D.M. Brooks, A.B.
Muna and C.B. LaFleur, Risk Assessment of Hydrogen Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles in Tunnels.
Fire Technology, 2020. 56(3): p. 891-912]. Current statistics indicate that BEVs cause less
fires, i.e., they are safer [Willstrand, O., Bisschop, R., Blomqvist, P., Temple, A., & Anderson,
J. (2020). Toxic Gases from Fire in Electric Vehicles (978-91-89167-75-9 (ISBN)). Retrieved
from http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-52000].
G.4 Informational References.
Published research exists to help assess the relative hazard of specific alternative fuels (and
fuel systems) and to help develop consensus safety standards for regulators. Subsection
O.2.1 references several codes and standards used for alternative fuels as well as a few
website resources for new standards in development. Subsection O.2.2 contains a short list of
published research in the area of alternative fuels.
This list of references represents a brief summary of some applicable documents, with some
emphasis on hydrogen, as that seems to be the fastest growing technology. This list is not
meant to be exhaustive. On the other hand, it is meant to be a starting point for document
users to understand some of the hazards of alternative fuels, potential mitigation measures, as
well as necessary future research.

Submitter Information Verification

Committee: ROA-AAA
Submittal Date: Thu Sep 28 15:45:18 EDT 2023

Committee Statement

Committee Due to rapid changing environment of alternative fuels input from technical members
Statement: were solicited and used to update this Annex. The changes clarify risks associated
with alternative fuels.
Response FR-26-NFPA 502-2023
Message:

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First Revision No. 28-NFPA 502-2023 [ Chapter O ]

Annex O Informational References

O.1 Referenced Publications.
The documents or portions thereof listed in this annex are referenced within the informational
sections of this standard and are not part of the requirements of this document unless also
listed in Chapter 2 for other reasons.
O.1.1 NFPA Publications.
National Fire Protection Association, 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02169-7471.
NFPA 3, Standard for Commissioning of Fire Protection and Life Safety Systems, 2021 2024
edition.
NFPA 18, Standard on Wetting Agents , 2021 edition.
NFPA 18A, Standard on Water Additives for Fire Control and Vapor Mitigation , 2022 edition.
NFPA 30, Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code, 2021 2024 edition.
NFPA 30A, Code for Motor Fuel Dispensing Facilities and Repair Garages, 2021 2024 edition.
NFPA 70B, Recommended Practice Standard for Electrical Equipment Maintenance,
2022 2023 edition.

NFPA 72®, National Fire Alarm and Signaling Code®, 2022 2025 edition.

NFPA 101®, Life Safety Code®, 2021 2024 edition.

NFPA 170, Standard for Fire Safety and Emergency Symbols, 2021 2024 edition.
NFPA 262, Standard Method of Test for Flame Travel and Smoke of Wires and Cables for Use
in Air-Handling Spaces, 2019 2023 edition.
NFPA 502, Standard for Road Tunnels, Bridges, and Other Limited Access Highways, 2014
edition.
NFPA 502, Standard for Road Tunnels, Bridges, and Other Limited Access Highways, 2017
edition.
NFPA 550, Guide to the Fire Safety Concepts Tree, 2022 edition.
NFPA 551, Guide for the Evaluation of Fire Risk Assessments, 2022 edition.
NFPA 730, Guide for Premises Security, 2020 2023 edition.
NFPA 731, Standard for the Installation of Premises Security Systems, 2020 2023 edition.
NFPA 1561, Standard on Emergency Services Incident Management System and Command
Safety, 2020 edition.

NFPA 1600 ® , Standard on Continuity, Emergency, and Crisis Management , 2019

edition.
NFPA 1660, Standard for Emergency, Continuity, and Crisis Management: Preparedness,
Response, and Recovery , 2024 edition.
O.1.2 Other Publications.
O.1.2.1 AISC Publications.
American Institute of Steel Construction, 130 East Randolph, Suite 2000, Chicago, IL 60601.
AISC 325, LRFD Manual of Steel Construction Manual, 16th edition, 2017 2023 .

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O.1.2.2 ANSI Publications.

American National Standards Institute, Inc., 25 West 43rd Street, 4th Floor, New York, NY
10036.
CSA/ ANSI NGV2, American National Standard for Compressed Natural Gas Vehicle Fuel
Containers, 2017 2023 .
O.1.2.3 ASCE Publications.
American Society of Civil Engineers, 1801 Alexander Bell Drive, Reston, VA 20191-4400.
ASCE/SEI 7, Minimum Design Loads and Associated Criteria for Buildings and Other
Structures, 2016 2022 .
O.1.2.4 ASHRAE Publications.
ASHRAE, 180 Technology Parkway, Peachtree Corners, GA 30092.
ASHRAE 217, Non-Emergency Ventilation in Enclosed Road, Rail, and Mass Transit Facilities,
2020.
O.1.2.5 ASME Publications.
American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Two Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5990.
Harris, K. J., “A Basis for Determining Fill Times for Dry Fire Lines in Highway Tunnels,” F. J.
Mintz, ed., Safety Engineering and Risk Analysis, SERA Vol. 6, 1996.
O.1.2.6 ASTM Publications.
ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, P.O. Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA
19428-2959.
ASTM C666/C666M, Standard Test Method for Resistance of Concrete to Rapid Freezing and
Thawing, 2015.
ASTM E136, Standard Test Method for Assessing the Combustibility of Materials Using a
Vertical Tube Furnace at 750°C, 2019a 2022 .
ASTM E580/E580M, Standard Practice for Installation of Ceiling Suspension Systems for
Acoustical Tile and Lay-in Panels in Areas Subject to Earthquake Ground Motions,
2020 2022 .
ASTM E2652, Standard Test Method for Assessing the Combustibility of Materials Using a
Tube Furnace with a Cone-shaped Airflow Stabilizer, at 750°C, 2018 2022 .
ASTM E3134, Standard Specification for Transportation Tunnel Structural Components and
Passive Fire Protection Systems, 2020.
IEEE/ANSI ASTM SI 10, American National Standard for Metric Practice, 2016.
O.1.2.7 BSI Publications.
BSI British Standards, 12110 Sunset Hills Road, Suite 200, Reston, VA 20190-5902 12950
Worldgate Drive, Suite 800 Herndon, VA 20170 .
BS 476-4, Fire tests on building materials and structures, Part 4: Non-combustibility test for
materials, 1970 70 th edition , corrigendum, 2014 2012, reaffirmed 2020 .
BS EN 492, Fibre-cement slates and fittings— Product specification and test methods, 2012,
amended 2018 .
BS EN 12467, Fibre-cement flat sheets— Product specification and test methods, 2012,
amended 2018 .
BS EN 13501-1, Fire classification of construction products and building elements — Part 1:
Classification using data from reaction to fire tests , 2019 2018 .

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O.1.2.8 CENELEC Publications.

CENELEC, European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization, CEN-CENELEC
Management Centre, Avenue Marnix 17, 4th floor, B-1000 Brussels Rue de la Science 23, B -
1040 Brussels, Belgium .
BS EN 61508-1, Functional Safety of Electrical/Electronic/Programmable Electronic Safety-
Related Systems – Part 1: General Requirements , 2010.
O.1.2.9 CIE Publications.
Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (International Commission on Illumination), CIE
Central Bureau, Babenbergerstraβe 9/9A, 1010 Vienna, Austria.
CIE 193, Emergency Lighting in Road Tunnels, 2010.
O.1.2.10 Efectis Publications.
Efectis Nederland, Brandpuntlaan Zuid 16, 2665 NZ, Bleiswijk, Netherlands.
www.efectis.com Group, 320 Walnut St. #504, Philadelphia, PA 19106. https://efectis.com/en
Efectis-R0695, “Fire Testing Procedure for Concrete Tunnel Linings and Other Tunnel
Components,” 2020.
O.1.2.11 FEMA Publications.
Federal Emergency Management Agency, US Department of Homeland Security, 500 C
Street, SW, Washington, DC 20472 20024 .
FEMA 141, “Disaster Planning Emergency Management Guide for Business and Industry,”
October 1993.
“Homeland Security Exercise and Evaluation Program (HSEEP),” February 2020.
“National Exercise Program,” March 2011.
O.1.2.12 IEEE Publications.
IEEE, 3 Park Avenue, 17th Floor, New York, NY 10016-5997 Operations Center, 445 Hoes
Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854-4141 .
IEEE 693, Recommended Practices for Seismic Design of Substations, 2018.
IEEE 1402, IEEE Guide for Physical Security of Electric Power Substation Physical and
Electrical Security , 2000 reaffirmed 2008 2021 .
O.1.2.13 IESNA Publications.
Illuminating Engineering Society of North America , 120 Wall Street, Floor 17, New York, NY
10005.
IES DG4 RP-8 , Design Guide for Roadway Lighting Maintenance Recommended Practice:
Lighting Roadway and Parking Facilities , 2014 2021 .
NECA/IESNA 502, Standard for Installing Industrial Lighting Systems, 2006.
O.1.2.14 ISO Publications.
International Organization for Standardization, ISO Central Secretariat, BIBC II, Chemin de
Blandonnet 8, CP 401, 1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland.
ISO 1182, Reaction to fire tests for products — Non-combustibility test, 2020.
ISO 1716, Reaction to fire tests for products — Determination of the gross heat of combustion
(calorific value), 2018.

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O.1.2.15 NCHRP Publications.

National Cooperative Highway Research Program, Transportation Research Board, The
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Transportation Research Board,
National Cooperative Highway Research Program, 500 Fifth Street, NW, Washington, DC
20001.
NCHRP Project 12-85, Highway Bridge Fire Hazard Assessment — Guide Specification for
Fire Damage Evaluation in Steel Bridges. , 2013.
NCHRP Synthesis 415, Design Fires in Road Tunnels.
NCHRP 216, Emergency Exit Signs and Marking Systems for Highway Tunnels, 2015.
O.1.2.16 NIOSH Publications.
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Room 4505, MS E-20, Atlanta, GA 30329.
NIOSH 136, “Guidance for Filtration and Air-Cleaning Systems to Protect Building
Environments from Airborne Chemical, Biological, or Radiological Attacks,” 2003.
O.1.2.17 PIARC Publications.
World Road Association (PIARC), Tour Pascal B 19th floor, 5 Place des Degrés, F- La Grande
Arche - Paroi Sud - 5e étage, 92055 La Défense CEDEX, France.
PIARC 2012R23EN, Risk Evaluation, Current Practice for Risk Evaluation for Road Tunnels,
2013.
PIARC 2017R01EN, Design Fire Characteristics for Road Tunnels, 2016.
PIARC 05.05.BEN, Fire and Smoke Control in Road Tunnels, 1999.
PIARC 2016R03EN, Fixed Fire Fighting Systems in Road Tunnels: Current Practices and
Recommendations, 2016.
OECD/PIARC QRA Model, Quantitative Risk Assessment Model for Dangerous Goods
Transport through Road Tunnels.
PIARC 2008R07EN, Road Tunnels: An Assessment of Fixed Fire Fighting Systems, 2008.
PIARC 05.16.BEN, Systems and Equipment for Fire and Smoke Control in Road Tunnels,
2007.
O.1.2.18 SAE Publications.
SAE International, Society of Automotive Engineers, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale,
PA 15096 901 15th Street, NW, Suite 520, Washington, DC 20005 .
SAE J2990, Hybrid and EV First and Second Responder Recommended Practice, 2019.
SAE J2990/1, Gaseous Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Vehicle First and Second Responder
Recommended Practice, 2016 .
SAE J3016, Taxonomy and Definitions for Terms Related to Driving Automation System for
On-Road Motor Vehicles Automated Driving Systems , 2016 2021 .
O.1.2.19 UL Publications.
Underwriters Laboratories Inc., 333 Pfingsten Road, Northbrook, IL 60062-2096.
UL 1598, Luminaires, 2021.
O.1.2.20 USACE Publications.
US Army Corps of Engineers, USACE Publications Depot, ATTN: CEHEC-IM-PD, 2803 52nd
Avenue, Hyattsville, MD 20781-1102.
USACE TI 809, Seismic Design for Buildings, 2010.

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O.1.2.21 US Government Publications.

US Government Publishing Office, 732 North Capitol Street, NW, Washington, DC
20401-0001 .
DOE/EIA-0585, Alternatives to Traditional Transportation Fuels: An Overview, DOE/EIA-
0585/US Energy Information Administration, US Department of Energy, Washington, DC,
June 1994.
Ensuring American Leadership in Automated Vehicle Technologies: Automated Vehicles 4.0,
US DOT, January 2021 2020 .
Traffic Incident Management (TIM) website, Federal Highway Administration web site :
http://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/eto_tim_pse/about/tim.htm. https://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/tim
Hydrogen Fuel Cell Engines and Related Technologies, Module 1: Hydrogen Properties, US
Department of Energy, 2001.

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O.1.2.22 Other Publications.

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AIAA G-077 , Guide for the Verification and Validation of Computational Fluid Dynamics
Simulations, 1998, revised 2002.
Alternative Fuel Vehicle (AFV) Safety Training, NFPA, www.nfpa.org/EV.
Azuma, T., S. Gunki, A. Ichikawa, and M. Yokota, “Effectiveness of a flame-sensing-type fire
detector in a large tunnel,” Transport Research Laboratory, Crowthorne House, Berkshire,
United Kingdom, 2005.
Bechtel/Parsons Brinckerhoff, “Memorial Tunnel Fire Ventilation Comprehensive Test Report
Volume 1,” Massachusetts Highway Department, 1995.
Balke, K. N., D. W. Fenno, B. Ullman, “Incident Management Performance Measures,” Texas
A&M University, Texas Transportation Institute, November 2002.
Cesmat, E., et al. Assessment of Fixed Fire-Fighting Systems for Road Tunnels by
Experiments at Intermediate Scale. 3rd International Symposium on Tunnel Safety and
Security, Stockholm, Sweden, 2008.
CETU Information Document, Signalling and support measures for self-evacuation of users
from road tunnels September 2010.
Cheong, M. K., W. O. Cheong, K. W. Leong, A. D. Lemaire, L. M. Noordijk, “Heat Release
Rates of Heavy Goods Vehicle Fires in Tunnels,” proceedings of 15th International
Symposium on Aerodynamics, Ventilation, and Fire in Tunnels, BHR Group, Barcelona 2013.
Colella, F. et al. Electric Vehicle Fires. International Symposium on Tunnel Safety and Security,
2016.
Davidson, M. Assessment of Passive Fire Protection on Steel-Girder Bridges, 2012.
Directive 2004/54/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 on
minimum safety requirements for tunnels in the Trans-European Road Network.
Ehrhart, B.D., D.M. Brooks, A.B. Muna and C.B. LaFleur, “Risk Assessment of Hydrogen Fuel
Cell Electric Vehicles in Tunnels,” Fire Technology , pp. 891-912, 2020.
Feltmann, A. and D., Laibach, “Dartford Crossing: High-Pressure Water Mist Technology Sets
New Standards in Tunnel Safety,” Tunnel Magazine 07, pp. 38–46, 2013.
Ferkl, L. and A. Dix, “Risk Analysis: From the Garden of Eden to Its Seven Most Deadly Sins,”
14th ISAVT, Dundee, Scotland, May 2011.
Fernandez, S., I. Eel Rey, A. Grande, I. Espinosa, and E. Alarcon. Large Scale Fire Tests for
the “Calle 30 Project. 5th International Symposium on Tunnel Safety and Security, 2012, New
York.
“Fire in a CNG bus” (“Brand in een aardgasbus”), Dutch Safety Board, 2012.
Fire in Tunnels Thematic Network, Technical Report 3, “Fire Response Management,” 2004.
Fire Protection Research Foundation. Best Practices for Emergency Response to Incidents
Involving Electric Vehicles Battery Hazards: A Report on Full-Scale Testing Results. June
2013.
49 CFR 571.304 (Part 571 – Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards ( FMVSS) 304 ,
Compressed natural gas fuel container integrity.
Guigas, X., A. Weatherill, C. Bouteloup, and V. Wetzif, “Dynamic fire spreading and water mist
tests for the A86 East tunnel — description of the test set up and overview of the water mist
tests,” Underground Space Use: Analysis of the Past and Lessons for the Future, Taylor &
Francis Group, London, 2005.
H2 Tools: https://h2tools.org/content/ training-materials.
Haerter, A. Fire Tests in the Ofenegg-Tunnel in 1965. International Conference on Fires in
Tunnels, SP Report 1994: 54, pp. 195–214, Boras, Sweden, 10–11 October 1994.
Hejny, H. Task 2.3: Evaluation of Current Mitigation Technologies in Existing Tunnels.
Technical Report, UPTUN, 2006.
Ingason, H., et al., “Development of a test method for fire detection in road tunnels,” Fire

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Technology, SP Report 2014:13, SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden.

Ingason, H., and A. Lönnermark, “Heat Release in Tunnel Fires: A Summary,” Handbook of
Tunnel Fire Safety, 2nd edition, ed. Alan Beard and Richard Carvel, UK: Telford, Thomas
Limiter, 2012.
Ingason, H., “Fire testing in road and railway tunnels,” Flammability Testing of Materials Used
in Construction, Transport and Mining, V. Apte, Ed., Woodhead Publishing, pp. 231–274,
2006.
Ingason, H., Y. Z. Li, and M. Bobert. “Large Scale Fire Tests with Different Types of Fixed Fire
Fighting Systems in Runehamar Tunnel,” SP Report 2016:76.
Ingason H., G. Appel, and Y. Z. Li, “Large Scale Fire Tests with Fixed Fire Fighting System in
Runehamar Tunnel,” SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden, 2014.
Ingason, H., “Model Scale Tunnel Tests with Water Spray,” Fire Safety Journal 43 (7): pp.
512–528, 2008.
Ingason, H., Y. Z. Li, and A. Lönnermark, Tunnel Fire Dynamics, Springer, 2015.
Kennedy, W.D., “Critical Velocity: Past, Present and Future,” Independent Technical
Conferences — Smoke and Critical Velocity in Tunnels, 1997, pp. 58–67.
Kile, G. and J. Gonzalez, “The Memorial Tunnel Fire Ventilation Test Program: The
Longitudinal and Natural Tests,” ASHRAE Transactions, 1997, vol. 103.
Ko, Y. A Study of the Heat Release Rate of Tunnel Fires and the Interaction Between
Suppression and Longitudinal Air Flows in Tunnels. Doctoral Thesis Presented to the
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Carleton University, Canada, April 2011.
Kunikane, Y., N. Kawabata, K. Okubo, and A. Shimoda. Behaviour of Fire Plume in a Large
Cross Sectional Tunnel. 11th International Symposium on Aerodynamics and Ventilation of
Vehicle Tunnels, p. 78–93, Luzern, Switzerland, 2003.
LaFleur, C., "Alternative Fuel Vehicles in Tunnels," Sandia National Laboratories,
SAND2020-5466, May 2020.
LaFleur, C. et al., “Hydrogen Fuel Cell Electric Tunnel Safety Study,” Sandia National
Laboratories, SAND2017-11157, October 2017.
Lakkonen, M., A. Feltmann, and D. Sprakel, “Comparison of Deluge and Water Mist Systems
from a Performance and Practical Point of View,” proceedings of the 7th International
Conference Tunnel Safety and Ventilation, Graz, Austria, 2014.
Lakkonen, M., “Fixed fire fighting systems in tunnels — Case study: Channel tunnel
(Eurotunnel),” Proceedings of the World Tunnel Congress 2012 (WTC2012), Bangkok,
Thailand, May 20–23, 2012.
Lemaire., A. D. and V. J. A. Meeussen. Experiments to determine BLEVE-risk and downwind
tenability conditions during growth and suppression of real large tunnel fires. Efectis
Nederland BV: A TNO Company, March 2008.
Lakkonen, M., A. Feltmann, and D. Sprakel, “Impact of AFFF to the performance of fixed fire
fighting systems in tunnels,” the 7th International Symposium on Tunnel Safety and Security,
ISTSS 2016, Montréal, Canada, 16–18 March 2016.
Maevski, I., B. Josephson, R. Klein, D. Haight, and Z. Griffith, “Final testing of fire detection
and fire suppression systems at Mount Baker Ridge and First Hill Tunnels in Seattle,” 16th
Symposium on Aerodynamics, Ventilation and Fire in Tunnels, Seattle, WA, 2015.
Memorial Tunnel Fire Ventilation Test Program: Test Report. Massachusetts Highway
Department, November 1995.
Opstad, K., Stensaas, J. P., and Brandt, A. W. Task 2.4: Development of New Innovative
Technologies. Technical Report, UPTUN, 2006.
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Preparing for the Future of Transportation: Automated Vehicles 3.0, US DOT, October 2018.

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Project “Safety Test” Report on Fire Tests. Directorate-General for Public Works and Water
Management, Civil Engineering Division, Griffioenlaan 2, P.O. Box 20000, 3502 La Utrecht,
The Netherlands, August 2002.
RVS 09.02.51, Ortsfeste Brandbekämpfungsanlagen (Fixed Fire Fighting Systems) , RVS
Richtlinien & Merkblätter, Richtlinien und Vorschriften für das Straßenwesen,
Forschungsgesellschaft Straße - Schiene - Verkehr (FSV), July 2014.
SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering, 5th edition, 2016.

SOLIT2,Kratzmeir, S., “Engineering Guidance for a Comprehensive Evaluation of Tunnels with

FFFS,” Safety of Life in Tunnels, v.2.1, SOLIT Research Consortium, Germany, 2012.

SOLIT2. Safety of Life in Tunnels 2, Engineering Guidance for a Comprehensive Evaluation of

Tunnels with Fixed Fire Fighting Systems. Scientific Final Report of the Solit2 Research
Project (www.solit.info), Solit2 Research Consortium, Germany, 2012.
Sturm, P., et al., “Fire tests with lithium-ion battery electric vehicles in road tunnels,” Fire
Safety Journal 134 , 2022.
Tuomisaari, M., “Full-Scale Fire Testing for Road Tunnel Applications — Evaluation of
Acceptable Fire Protection Performance,” Proceedings from the Third International
Symposium on Tunnel Safety and Security, Stockholm, Sweden, SP Technical Research
Institute of Sweden, 12–14 March 2008.
Vernault, J. M. and A. Boncour, “Présentation des résultats et des enseignements par SETEC
TPI,” Seminar on Campagne de tests de Systèmes Fixes de Lutte contre l’Incendie — SFLI,
Pré Saint Didier, Italy, January 15, 2015.
Willstrand, O., et al., “Toxic gases from fire in electric vehicles,” RISE Report, 2020.
O.2 Informational References.

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The following documents or portions thereof are listed here as informational resources only.
They are not a part of the requirements of this document.
NFPA 130, Standard for Fixed Guideway Transit and Passenger Rail Systems, 2014 edition.
ANSI/ASA S3.5, American National Standard Methods for Calculation of the Speech
Intelligibility Index, 1997 revised 2012 2020 .
ANSI S12.65, American National Standard for Rating Noise with Respect to Speech
Interference, 2006, revised 2011 2020 .
British Toll Tunnels — Dangerous Traffic — List of Restrictions, 7th edition, Merseyside
Passenger Transport Authority, Liverpool, United Kingdom, June 1993.
Cheong, M. K., W. O. Cheong, K. W. Leong, A. D. Lemaire, and L. M. Noordijkmark Noordijk
“Heat release rate of heavy goods vehicle fire in tunnels with fixed water based fire-fighting
system,” Fire Technology, November 2013.
Guigas, X., et al., “Dynamic fire spreading and water mist test for the A86 East tunnel,” 5th
International Conference on Tunnel Fires, London, UK, October 25–27, 2004.
Hossein, M., et al. Resilience of Critical Infrastructure to Extreme Fires — Gaps and
Challenges. Defence Research and Development Canada, Centre for Security Science,
Ottawa ON, April 2014.
International Tunneling Association. Guidelines for Structural Fire Resistance for Road
Tunnels. May 2005.
Lemaire, T. and V. Meeussen, “Experimental determination of BLEVE-risk near very large fires
in a tunnel with a sprinkler/water mist system,” proceedings of the Fourth International
Symposium on Tunnel Safety and Security, Frankfurt am Main, Germany, March 17–19, 2010.
Liu, Z. G., A. Kashef, G. D. Lougheed, G. P. Crampton, and D. Gottuk, “Summary of
International Road Tunnel Fire Detection Research Project — Phase II,” Report B-4179.6, p.
33, September 12, 2008.
Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD) for Streets and Highways, US
Department of Transportation, 400 7th Street, SW, Washington, DC 20590.
Mashimo, H., “State of the road tunnel safety technology in Japan,” Tunnelling and
Underground Space Technology, 17, pp. 145–152, 2002.
Nieman, B., “Cracking on the Unheated Side During a Fire in an Immersed Tunnel,” Master’s
Thesis, University of Delft, the Netherlands, August 2008.
Oka, Y. and G. T. Atkinson, “Control of Smoke Flow in Tunnel Fires,” Fire Safety Journal,
25(4), pp. 305–322, November 1995.
“Road Tunnels: Report of the Committee,” 20th PIARC World Road Congress, Montreal,
Canada, September 3–9, 1995.
SOLIT Research Consortium, “Water Mist Fire Suppression Systems for Road Tunnels —
Final report,” Germany, September 2007.
Thomas, P. H., “The Movement of Buoyant Fluid Against a Stream and Venting of
Underground Fires,” Fire Research Notes, No. 351, Fire Research Station, Watford, UK, 1958.
Transit Development Corporation, Inc., Subway Environmental Design Handbook, Vol. I,
Principles and Applications, 2nd edition. Associated Engineers, a Joint Venture:
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Engineers; 1976.
Wu, Y., and M. Z. A. Bakar, “Control of Smoke Flow in Tunnel Fires Using Longitudinal
Ventilation Systems, a Study of the Critical Velocity,” Fire Safety Journal, 35, pp. 363–390,
2000.
O.2.1 Alternative Fuels Codes and Standards.

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NFPA 1975, Standard on Emergency Services Work Apparel, 2019 edition.

More information at www.Fuelcellstandards.com.
NCHRP Synthesis 415, Design Fires in Road Tunnels, National Cooperative Highway
Research Program, 2011.
O.2.1.1 Codes and Standards that Apply to GH2 Vehicles.
NFPA 2, Hydrogen Technologies Code, 2020 edition.
SAE J2579, Technical Information Report Standard for Fuel Systems in Fuel Cell and Other
Hydrogen Vehicles, January 2008 September 2023 .
United Nations Global technical regulation UN GTR No. 13, Global technical regulation on
hydrogen Hydrogen and fuel cell vehicles, Global Technical Regulation, United Nations .
O.2.1.2 Codes and Standards that Apply to CNG Vehicles.
http://nexgenfueling.com/t_codes.html.
ASTM F1506, Standard Performance Specification for Flame Resistant Textile Materials for
Wearing Apparel for Use by Electrical Workers Exposed to Momentary and Electric Arc and
Related Thermal Hazards Rated Protective Clothing Worn by Workers Exposed to Flames
and Electric Arcs ,2008 2022 .
CSA/ANSI America Inc.’s NGV2, Basic Requirements for Compressed Natural Gas Vehicle
(NGV) Fuel Containers, 2023 .
ISO 11439, Gas Cylinders — High Pressure Cylinders for the On-Board Storage of Natural
Gas as a Fuel for Automotive Vehicles, 2013, amended 2021 .
In 2008, the United National Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) revised “An
Agreement Concerning the Establishing of Global Technical Regulations for Wheeled
Vehicles, Equipment and Parts Which Can be Fitted and/or be Used on Wheeled Vehicles.”
The document lists several national regulations and industry standards that apply to
hydrogen, CNG, and hybrid-electric vehicles:
www.unece.org/trans/doc/2008/wp29grsp/SGS-4-01r1e.pdf
UN Regulation No. 110, Uniform provisions concerning the approval of I. Specific
components of motor vehicles using compressed natural gas (CNG) and/or liquified natural
gas (LNG) in their propulsion system II. Vehicles with regard to the installation of specific
components of an approved type for the use of compressed natural gas (CNG) and/or liquified
natural gas (LNG) in their propulsion system , Revision 6 , 2022.

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O.2.2 Alternative Fuels Research References.

Houf, B., “Releases from Hydrogen Fuel-Cell Vehicles in Tunnels,” International Journal of
Hydrogen Energy, 37, pp. 715–719, 2012.
Lam, C., et al., “Full-Scale Fire Testing of Electric and Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles,”
Proceedings of 4th International Conference on Fires in Vehicles — FIVE 2016, Baltimore,
MD, 2016.
Stephenson, R., Fire Investigation for Hybrid and Hydrogen-Fueled Vehicles, International
Symposium on Fire Investigation Science and Technology, June 2006.
Weyandt, N., Southwest Research Institute Final Report: Analysis of Induced Catastrophic
Failure of a 5000 psig Type IV Hydrogen Cylinder, February 2005.
Weyandt, N., Southwest Research Institute Final Report: Ignited Hydrogen Releases from a
Simulated Automotive Fuel Line Leak, December 2006.
Weyandt, N., Southwest Research Institute Final Report: Vehicle Bonfire to Induce
Catastrophic Failure of a 5000 psig Hydrogen Cylinder Installed on a Typical SUV, December
2006.
Zalosh, R., CNG and Hydrogen Vehicle Fuel Tank Failure Incidents, Testing, and Preventive
Measures, January 2008, www.mvfri.org.
Zalosh, R., “Hydrogen Vehicle Post-Crash Fire Research Recommendations,” February 2003,
www.mvfri.org.
O.3 References for Extracts in Informational Sections. (Reserved)

Supplemental Information

File Name Description Approved

Attached Word Document with Track Changes
502_A2025_FDM_AnnexO.docx
contains various updates to this Annex.

Submitter Information Verification

Committee: ROA-AAA
Submittal Date: Fri Sep 29 06:31:19 EDT 2023

Committee Statement

Committee Updated references to the most current edition. Incorporated reference changes due to
Statement: NFPA Emergency Response and Responder Safety (ERRS) Consolidation Project.
Updates to addresses for various Publications. Incorporated reference as per various
First Revisions. Attached Word Document with Track Changes contains various
updates to this Chapter.
Response FR-28-NFPA 502-2023
Message:
Public Input No. 8-NFPA 502-2023 [Section No. O.1.2.7]
Public Input No. 7-NFPA 502-2023 [Section No. O.1.2.6]
Public Input No. 22-NFPA 502-2023 [Section No. O.1.2.17]

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