Reinforced/ Prestressed Concrete Actual Steel Ratio:

Design

LOAD COMBINATIONS:
Load Combinations using Strength Design
or Load and Resistance Factor: Balanced Steel Ratio:

Beta factor:

Load Combinations Using Allowable Stress

or Allowable Strength Design:

Cbalance:

Coefficient of Resistance

Tension Reinforcement Index

BEAMS

Minimum Steel Requirement:

Nominal Moment Capacity

T- section, where flange is in tension (for

statically determinate) Ultimate Moment Capacity

(or from 2 equations

above whichever is smaller)

Maximum Steel Requirement:

a. Tension- controlled section T- BEAMS

Provisions for interior spans

-whichever is smallest
Provisions for exterior spans

- whichever is smallest

Minimum Flexural Reinforcement (Asmin)

TAKE NOTE THAT THE VALUE OF 𝛽1 SHOULD

BE:

ULTIMATE STRESS DESIGN:

If area of steel is given, As:

Step 1: Compute the value of a, c, fs Step 2: Solve for ultimate moment

Condition 1: Rectangular Beam Condition 1: RECTANGULAR BEAM

Reduction Factor

∅ = 0.65
Compression Controlled (fs ≤ fy)

Transition Controlled (fy < fs < 1000)

∅ = 0.90
Tension Controlled (fs ≥ 1000)

Condition 2: T- BEAM AND OTHER SHAPE

Condition 2: T- Beam and other shape

IF LOADS ARE GIVEN (W OR M):

WORKING STRESS DESIGN:

SLAB:
 SHEARING OF BEAMS

Two- Way Slabs:

STIRRUPS

Steps in Vertical Stirrups Design:

 COLUMNS Limits of Reinforcement
• Ast = [0.01Ag to 0.08Ag]
P-Delta Moment
• Minimum number of longitudinal bars:
When a column is subjected to o 4 bars – rectangular and circular
primary moments M, the axis of the o 3 bars – triangular
member deflects laterally. This deflection Sizes and Spacing of Main Bars and Ties
causes additional moment applied to the
column, which is equal to the column load • Min clear cover of ties:
times the lateral deflection. o 40mm
o db
Types of Columns o 4/3 MAs
• Max spacing of Ties
o 16db
o 48dt
o Least column dimension
Typical Tie Arrangement

For Spiral Columns:

Axial Load Capacity of Columns

𝑃𝑛 = 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐 (𝐴𝑔 − 𝐴𝑠𝑡 ) + 𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡

For Tied Columns:

𝑃𝑢 = ∅ 0.85 [0.85 𝑓′𝑐 (𝐴𝑔 − 𝐴𝑠𝑡 ) + 𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡 ]

∅ values:
NSCP Tied Spiral
2001 0.70 0.75
𝑃𝑢 = ∅ 0.80 [0.85 𝑓′𝑐 (𝐴𝑔 − 𝐴𝑠𝑡 ) + 𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡 2010 0.65 0.75
2015 0.65 0.75
 Limits of Reinforcement Consideration of Slenderness Effects
• Ast = [0.01Ag to 0.08Ag] Braced Against Sidesway Unbraced
• Minimum number of longitudinal bars: 𝑘𝑙𝑢 𝑀1 𝑘𝑙𝑢
o 6 bars – circular ≤ 34 − 12 ≤ 22
𝑟 𝑀2 𝑟
Sizes and Spacing of Main Bars and Ties ∴ SHORT COLUMN ∴ SHORT COLUMN
𝑘𝑙𝑢 𝑀1 𝑘𝑙𝑢
• Clear Spacing: 25 ≤ s ≤ 75 > 34 − 12 > 22
𝑟 𝑀2 𝑟
• Percentage of spiral steel: ∴ LONG COLUMN ∴ LONG COLUMN
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑝 Where:
𝜌𝑠 = lu = clear distance
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎 𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ 𝑠 r = 0.3h (rectangular) = 0.25D (circular)
4𝑎𝑠 (𝐷𝑐 − 𝑑𝑏 ) M1 = smaller end moment; M2 = larger end moment
𝜌𝑠 =
𝑠𝐷𝑐 2
If short column, use the formula for axial load
Where: capacity of columns mentioned above…
as = cross sectional area of spiral bar
dc = diameter of the core out to out of spiral If long column, use the formula for moment
db = diameter of spiral bar magnifier method…
• Min spiral percentage
Moment Magnifier Method
𝐴𝑔 𝑓′𝑐
𝜌𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.45 ( − 1 )
𝐴𝑐 𝑓𝑦 • Moment Magnification Factor
𝐶𝑚
• Spacing of spirals 𝛿𝑏 =
𝑃𝑢
≥ 1.0
4𝑎𝑠 1−
𝑠= 0.75𝑃𝑐
𝜌𝑠 𝐷𝑐 • Euler’s Critical Load
For Composite Columns: 𝜋 2 𝐸𝐼
𝑃𝑐 =
(𝑘𝑙𝑢 )2
𝑃𝑢 = ∅ 0.85 [0.85 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 𝐴𝑐 + 𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡 + 𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑠 ] • Modification Factor
Where: o If without traverse loads
Ass = area of structural steel shape of strength Fy 𝑀1𝑏
𝐶𝑚 = 0.6 + 0.4
Ac = net concrete area 𝑀2𝑏
o If with traverse loads
Structural Steel Encased Concrete Core 𝐶𝑚 = 1
Alignment Charts

∑ 𝐸𝐼 ⁄𝐿 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛𝑠
𝜑=
∑ 𝐸𝐼 ⁄𝐿 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚𝑠

𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑦
𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝐷√8𝐸 ; 𝑡1𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑏1 √3𝐸 ; 𝑡2𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑏2 √3𝐸
𝑠 𝑠 𝑠
 FOOTINGS
Footings are structural members used to
support columns or walls and transmit their load to
the underlying soils.

Types of Footings

Interaction Diagram

Permissible Soil Pressures, qa

Allowable Soil Pressure

Biaxial Bending
• Bresier’s Reciprocal Equation:
1 1 1 1
= + −
𝑃𝑛 𝑃𝑛𝑥 𝑃𝑛𝑦 𝑃𝑜
 Allowable Foundation Pressure Critical Sections for Moment and
Development of Reinforcement

• at the face of column, pedestal or wall for

footings supporting a concrete column,
pedestal, or wall

• halfway between middle and edge of wall,

for footing supporting a masonry wall
Loads and Reactions in Footing
• Area of Footing
𝑈𝑛𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑(𝐷𝐿 + 𝐿𝐿)
𝐴=
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒, 𝑞𝑒
𝑞𝑒 = 𝑞𝑎 − 𝛾𝑠 ℎ𝑐 − 𝛾𝑠 ℎ𝑠
• Number of Piles
𝑈𝑛𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑(𝐷𝐿 + 𝐿𝐿)
𝑛= • halfway between face of column and edge
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑒 of steel base plate for footing supporting a
column with base plate

Critical Sections in Footings

The critical sections for moment, shear, and Distribution of Flexural Reinforcement
development reinforcement in footings supporting a Footing may be classified as a one-way
rectangular or square columns or pedestals are footing or two-way footing. One-way footing are
measured at the face of the column or pedestal. For those reinforced in one direction only, while two-way
footings supporting a circular or regular polygon, the footings are reinforced in two directions.
code permits to treat these sections as square
members with same area.
 In two-way rectangular footings, • Two-way Action / Punching Shear
reinforcements may be distributed as follows:

• reinforcement in long directions may be

distributed uniformly across the entire width
of footing

2 √𝑓′𝑐
𝑉𝑐 = ( 1 + ) 𝑏𝑜 𝑑
𝛽𝑐 6
𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛
𝛽𝑐 =
𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛
𝑏𝑜 = 4(𝑐 + 𝑑)

• for the reinforcement in the short directions, √𝑓′𝑐

𝑉𝑐 = 𝑏𝑜 𝑑
a portion of the total reinforcement may be 3
distributed uniformly in a bandwidth of the
short side of footing. The rest of the Minimum Depth of Footing
reinforcement may be distributed uniformly
The depth of footing above the bottom
outside the center bandwidth of footing. The reinforcement may not be less than 150mm for
area of reinforcement in the center band is footings in soil, and 300mm for footings on piles.
given by the formula:
𝐴𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑏𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 2
=
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝛽 + 1
𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝛽=
𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔

Shear in Footings
Load Transfer from Columns to Footings
• Wide Beam Action / One-Way Shear
All forces acting at the base of a column must
be transferred into the footing. Compressive forces
may be transferred directly by bearing, while uplift
or tensile forces must be transferred by developed
reinforcing such as dowels and mechanical
connectors.

1
𝑉𝑐 = √𝑓′𝑐 𝑏𝑤 𝑑
6
𝑉𝑢 = 𝑞𝑢 𝑥 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
Dowels TORSION
If the computed bearing force is higher than Torsional moments can be neglected if:
the allowable value, it is necessary to provide
dowels to carry the excess force. ∅0.083𝜆√𝑓′𝑐 𝐴𝑐𝑝 2
𝑇𝑢 = ( )
12 𝑃𝑐𝑝
𝑉𝑐 = 0.17𝜆√𝑓′𝑐 𝑏𝑤 𝑑

Max Torsional Moment Strength

• For solid sections:
𝑉 2 𝑇𝑝 𝑉 2√𝑓′𝑐
√( 𝑢 ) + ( 𝑢 ℎ 2 ) ≤ ∅ ( 𝑐 + )
𝑏𝑤 𝑑 1.7𝐴𝑜ℎ 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 3

• For hallow sections:

Combined Footings
𝑉𝑢 𝑇𝑢 𝑝ℎ 𝑉𝑐 2√𝑓′𝑐
( )+( 2 ) ≤ ∅( + )
Combined footings support more than one 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 1.7𝐴𝑜ℎ 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 3
column. One situation where these footings may be
used is when the columns are so close together so that
Area of Torsional Reinforcing
isolated or individual footing would run into each
other. 2𝐴𝑜 𝐴𝑡 𝑓𝑦𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝜃
𝑇𝑛 =
𝑠
𝐴𝑡 𝑇𝑛
=
𝑠 2𝐴𝑜 𝑓𝑦𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝜃

Min Area of Traverse Reinforcement

𝑏𝑤 𝑠 0.35𝑏𝑤 𝑠
(𝐴𝑣 + 2𝐴𝑡 ) = 0.62√𝑓′𝑐 ≥
𝑓𝑦𝑡 𝑓𝑦𝑡

Additional Longitudinal Reinforcement

𝐴𝑡 𝑓𝑦𝑡
𝐴𝑙 = 𝑝ℎ ( ) cot 2 𝜃
𝑠 𝑓𝑦
0.42√𝑓′𝑐 𝐴𝑐𝑝 𝐴𝑡 𝑓𝑦𝑡
𝐴𝑙 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = − 𝑝ℎ ( )
𝑓𝑦 𝑠 𝑓𝑦

Limits
• The value of (At/s) may not be taken as less
than (bw/6fyv).
• Max spacing permitted for transverse
torsional reinforcing = 1/8 Ph or 300 mm or
d/2 or d/4 as required for shear design
• The diameter of stirrups may not be less
than 0.042 times their spacing, and stirrups
smaller than #10 may not be used
• Maximum yield stresses fy or fyt = 420 MPa
A trapezoidal footing strap (T) footings may
also be used if the two adjacent columns are very
near the property line.