Mario Molina

Mario José Molina-Pasquel Henríquez[a] (19 March

1943 – 7 October 2020)[7] was a Mexican physical Mario Molina
chemist. He played a pivotal role in the discovery of
the Antarctic ozone hole, and was a co-recipient of the
1995 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his role in
discovering the threat to the Earth's ozone layer from
chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) gases. He was the first
Mexican-born scientist to receive a Nobel Prize in
Chemistry and the third Mexican-born person to
receive a Nobel prize.[8][9][10]

In his career, Molina held research and teaching

positions at University of California, Irvine, California
Institute of Technology, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, University of California, San Diego, and
the Center for Atmospheric Sciences at the Scripps
Institution of Oceanography. Molina was also Director Molina in 2011
of the Mario Molina Center for Energy and Born Mario José Molina Henríquez
Environment in Mexico City. Molina was a climate 19 March 1943
policy advisor to the President of Mexico, Enrique Mexico City, Mexico
Peña Nieto.[11] Died 7 October 2020 (aged 77)
Mexico City, Mexico
Education National Autonomous University
Early life of Mexico (BS)
University of Freiburg (MS)
Molina was born in Mexico City to Roberto Molina University of California, Berkeley
Pasqual and Leonor Henriquez. His father was a (PhD)
lawyer and diplomat who served as an ambassador to Spouses Luisa Tan
Eritrea, Australia and the Philippines.[12] His mother ​
​(m. 1973; div. 2005)​
was a family manager. With considerably different
Guadalupe Alvarez ​(m. 2006)​
interests than his parents, Mario Molina went on to
make one of the biggest discoveries in environmental Awards See list
science. Tyler Prize for Environmental
Achievement (1983)
Mario Molina attended both elementary and primary Newcomb Cleveland Prize (1987)
school in Mexico.[13] However, before even attending NASA Exceptional Scientific
high school, Mario Molina had developed a deep Achievement Medal (1989)[1]
interest in chemistry. As a child he converted a Nobel Prize in Chemistry (1995)
bathroom in his home into his own little laboratory, Willard Gibbs Award (1998)
using toy microscopes and chemistry sets. Ester UN Environment Programme
Sasakawa Environment Prize
Molina, Mario's aunt, and an already established (1999)
chemist, nurtured his interests and aided him in Heinz Award in the Environment
completing more complex chemistry experiments.[12] (2003)[2]
At this time, Mario knew he wanted to pursue a career Volvo Environment Prize (2004)[3]
in chemistry, and at the age of 11, he was sent to a Presidential Medal of Freedom
(2013)[4]
boarding school in Switzerland at Institut auf dem
Rosenberg, where he learnt to speak German. Before Scientific career
this, Mario had initially wanted to become a Fields Chemistry
professional violinist, but his love for chemistry
Institutions See list
triumphed over that interest.[13] At first Mario was
University of California, San
disappointed when he arrived at the boarding school in Diego
Switzerland due to the fact that most of his classmates Massachusetts Institute of
did not have the same interest in science as he did.[14] Technology
Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Molina's early career consisted of research at various California Institute of Technology
academic institutions. Molina went on to earn his University of California, Irvine
bachelor's degree in chemical engineering at the National Autonomous University
National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) of Mexico[5][6]
in 1965. Following this, Molina studied polymerization
Thesis Vibrational Populations Through
kinetics at the Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg,
Chemical Laser Studies:
West Germany,[13] for two years. Finally, he was
Theoretical and Experimental
accepted for graduate study at the University of
Extensions of the Equal-gain
California, Berkeley. After earning his doctorate he
Technique ([Link]
made his way to UC Irvine.[15] He then returned to org/oclc/21251999) (1972)
Mexico where he kickstarted the first chemical
Doctoral George C. Pimentel
engineering program at his alma mater. This was only
advisor
the beginning of his chemistry endeavors.
Doctoral Renyi Zhang
students
Career Website Official website ([Link]
[Link]/english2/)
Mario Molina began his studies at the University of
California at Berkeley in 1968, where he would obtain his PhD in physical chemistry. Throughout his
years at Berkeley, he participated in various research projects such as the study of molecular dynamics
using chemical lasers and investigation of the distribution of internal energy in the products of chemical
and photochemical reactions.[13] Throughout this journey is where he worked with his professor and
mentor George C. Pimentel who grew his love for chemistry even further.[13] After completing his PhD in
physical chemistry, in 1973, he enrolled in a research program at UC Berkeley, with Sherwood Rowland.
The topic of interest was Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) . The two would later on make one of the largest
discoveries in atmospheric chemistry. They developed their theory of ozone depletion, which later
influenced the mass public to reduce their use of CFCs. This kickstarted his career as a widely known
chemist.

Between 1974 and 2004, Molina variously held research and teaching posts at University of California,
Irvine, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory at Caltech, and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT),
where he held a joint appointment in the Department of Earth Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences and
the Department of Chemistry.[5] On 1 July 2004, Molina joined the Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry at University of California, San Diego, and the Center for Atmospheric Sciences at the
 Scripps Institution of External audio
Oceanography.[16] In
addition he established
a non-profit
organization, which
opened the Mario
Molina Center for
Strategic Studies in
"Whatever Happened to the Ozone Hole?:
Energy and the
An environmental success story" ([Link]
Environment
[Link]/distillations/podcast/whatev
(Spanish: Centro
er-happened-to-the-ozone-hole), Distillations
Mario Molina para
Podcast 230, Science History Institute, 17 April
Estudios Estratégicos
Molina at the 2011 Nobel 2018
sobre Energía y Medio
Laureate Globalsymposium "The Sky Is Falling" ([Link]
Ambiente) in Mexico
City in 2005. Molina m/history-this-week), History This Week

served as its director.[17]

Molina served on the board of trustees for Science Service, now known as Society for Science & the
Public, from 2000 to 2005.[18] He also served on the board of directors of the John D. and Catherine T.
MacArthur Foundation (2004–2014),[19] and as a member of the MacArthur Foundation's Institutional
Policy Committee and its Committee on Global Security and Sustainability.[20]

Molina was nominated to the Pontifical Academy of Sciences as of 24 July 2000.[21] He served as a co-
chair of the Vatican workshop and co-author of the report Well Under 2 Degrees Celsius: Fast Action
Policies to Protect People and the Planet from Extreme Climate Change (2017) with Veerabhadran
Ramanathan and Durwood Zaelke. The report proposed 12 scalable and practical solutions which are part
of a three-lever cooling strategy to mitigate climate change.[22][23]

Molina was named by US president Barack Obama to form a transition team on environmental issues in
2008.[24] Under President Obama, he was a member of the United States President's Council of Advisors
on Science and Technology.[25]

Molina sat on the board of directors for Xyleco.[26]

He contributed to the content of the papal encyclical Laudato Si'.[27][28][29][30]

In 2020, Mario Molina contributed to research regarding the importance of wearing face masks amid the
SARS-COV-2 pandemic. The research article titled "Identifying airborne transmission as the dominant
route for the spread of COVID-19" was published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences of the United States of America Journal in collaboration with Renyi Zhang, Yixin Li, Annie L.
Zhang and Yuan Wang.[31]

Work on CFCs
Molina joined the lab of Professor F. Sherwood Rowland in 1973 as a postdoctoral fellow. Here, Molina
continued Rowland's pioneering research into "hot atom" chemistry, which is the study of chemical
properties of atoms with excess translational energy owing to radioactive processes.[32][33]

This study soon led to research into chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), apparently harmless gases that were
used in refrigerants, aerosol sprays, and the making of plastic foams.[34] CFCs were being released by
human activity and were known to be accumulating in the atmosphere. The basic scientific question
Molina asked was "What is the consequence of society releasing something to the environment that
wasn't there before?"[33]

Rowland and Molina had investigated compounds similar to CFCs before. Together they developed the
CFC ozone depletion theory, by combining basic scientific knowledge about the chemistry of ozone,
CFCs and atmospheric conditions with computer modelling. First Molina tried to figure out how CFCs
could be decomposed. At lower levels of the atmosphere, they were inert. Molina realized that if CFCs
released into the atmosphere do not decay by other processes, they will continually rise to higher
altitudes. Higher in the atmosphere, different conditions apply. The highest levels of the stratosphere are
exposed to the sun's ultraviolet light. A thin layer of ozone floating high in the stratosphere protects lower
levels of the atmosphere from that type of radiation.[34]

Molina theorized that photons from ultraviolet light, known to break down oxygen molecules, could also
break down CFCs, releasing a number of products including chlorine atoms into the stratosphere.
Chlorine atoms (Cl) are radicals: they have an unpaired electron and are very reactive. Chlorine atoms
react easily with ozone molecules (O3), removing one oxygen atom to leave O2 and chlorine monoxide
(ClO).[34][35]

Cl· + O3 → ClO· + O2

ClO is also a radical, which reacts with another ozone molecule to release two more O2 molecules and a
Cl atom.

ClO· + O3 → Cl· + 2O2

The radical Cl atom is not consumed by this pair of reactions, so it remains in the system.[34][35]

Molina and Rowland predicted that chlorine atoms, produced by this decomposition of CFCs, would act
as an ongoing catalyst for the destruction of ozone. When they calculated the amounts involved, they
realized that CFCs could start a seriously damaging chain reaction to the ozone layer in the
stratosphere.[36][32][33]

In 1974, as a postdoctoral researcher at University of California, Irvine, Molina and F. Sherwood

Rowland co-authored a paper in the journal Nature highlighting the threat of CFCs to the ozone layer in
the stratosphere.[37] At the time, CFCs were widely used as chemical propellants and refrigerants. Molina
and Rowland followed up the short Nature paper with a 150-page report for the United States Atomic
Energy Commission (AEC), which they made available at the September 1974 meeting of the American
Chemical Society in Atlantic City. This report and an ACS-organized press conference, in which they
called for a complete ban on further releases of CFCs into the atmosphere, brought national attention.[38]
Rowland and Molina's findings were disputed by commercial manufacturers and chemical industry
groups, and a public consensus on the need for action only began to emerge in 1976 with the publication
of a review of the science by the National Academy of Sciences. Rowland and Molina's work was further
supported by evidence of the long-term decrease in stratospheric ozone over Antarctica, published by
Joseph C. Farman and his co-authors in Nature in 1985. Ongoing work led to the adoption of the
Montreal Protocol (an agreement to cut CFC production and use) by 56 countries in 1987, and to further
steps towards the worldwide elimination of CFCs from aerosol cans and refrigerators. By establishing
this protocol, the amount of CFCs being emitted into the atmosphere decreased significantly, and while
doing so, it has paced the rate of ozone depletion and even slowed climate change.[39][40] It is for this
work that Molina later shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1995 with Paul J. Crutzen and F. Sherwood
Rowland.[36] The citation specifically recognized him and his co-awardees for "their work in atmospheric
chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone."[41]

Following this in 1985, after Joseph Farman discovered a hole in the ozone layer in Antarctica, Mario
Molina led a research team to further investigate the cause of rapid ozone depletion in Antarctica. It was
found that the stratospheric conditions in Antarctica were ideal for chlorine activation, which ultimately
causes ozone depletion.[12]

Honors
Molina received numerous awards and honors,[5][6] including
sharing the 1995 Nobel Prize in chemistry with Paul J. Crutzen
and F. Sherwood Rowland for their discovery of the role of CFCs
in ozone depletion.[1]

Molina was elected to the United States National Academy of

Sciences in 1993.[42] He was elected to the United States Institute
of Medicine in 1996,[43] and The National College of Mexico in
2003.[44] In 2007, he was elected to the American Philosophical
Society.[45] He was also a member of the Mexican Academy of
Sciences.[5] Molina was a fellow of the American Association for
the Advancement of Science and co-chaired the 2014 AAAS Molina (left) with his countryman
Climate Science Panel, What We Know: The reality, risks and Luis E. Miramontes, co-inventor of
response to climate change.[46] the first oral contraceptive, c. 1995

Molina won the 1987 Esselen Award of the Northeast section of

the American Chemical Society, the 1988 Newcomb Cleveland Prize from the American Association for
the Advancement of Science, the 1989 NASA Medal for Exceptional Scientific Advancement and the
1989 United Nations Environmental Programme Global 500 Award. In 1990, The Pew Charitable Trusts
Scholars Program in Conservation and the Environment honored him as one of ten environmental
scientists and awarded him a $150,000 grant.[5][47][48] In 1996, Molina received the Golden Plate Award
of the American Academy of Achievement.[49] He received the 1998 Willard Gibbs Award from the
Chicago Section of the American Chemical Society[50] and the 1998 American Chemical Society Prize
for Creative Advances in Environment Technology and Science.[51] In 2003, Molina received the 9th
Annual Heinz Award in the Environment.[52]
Asteroid 9680 Molina is named in his honor.[53]

On 8 August 2013, US president Barack Obama announced Molina as a recipient of the Presidential
Medal of Freedom,[54] saying in the press release:

Mario Molina is a visionary chemist and environmental scientist. Born in Mexico, Dr. Molina
came to [The United States] to pursue his graduate degree. He later earned the Nobel Prize in
Chemistry for discovering how chlorofluorocarbons deplete the ozone layer. Dr. Molina is a
professor at the University of California, San Diego; Director of the Mario Molina Center for
Energy and Environment; and a member of the President's Council of Advisors on Science and
Technology.[4] Molina was one of twenty-two Nobel Laureates who signed the third Humanist
Manifesto in 2003.[55]

Mario Molina is the recipient of the Lifetime Achievement Award (Champions of the Earth) in 2014.[56]

On 19 March 2023, Molina was the subject of a Google Doodle in Mexico, the United States, Brazil,
India, Germany, France, and other countries.[57]

Honorary degrees
Molina received more than thirty honorary degrees.[5]

Yale University (1997)[58]

Tufts University (2003)[59]
Duke University (2009)[60]
Harvard University (2012)[61]
Mexican Federal Universities: National of Mexico (1996), Metropolitana (2004), Chapingo
(2007), National Polytechnic (2009)
Mexican State Universities: Hidalgo (2002),[62] State of Mexico (2006),[63] Michoacan
(2009),[64] Guadalajara (2010),[65] San Luis Potosí (2011)[66]
U.S. Universities: Miami (2001), Florida International (2002), Southern Florida (2005),
Claremont Graduate (announced 2013)
U.S. Colleges: Connecticut (1998), Trinity (2001), Washington (2011), Whittier (2012),[67]
Williams (2015)
Canadian Universities: Calgary (1997), Waterloo (2002), British Columbia (2011)
European Universities: East Anglia (1996), Alfonso X (2009), Complutense of Madrid (2012),
Free of Brussels (2010),

Personal life
Molina married fellow chemist Luisa Y. Tan in July 1973. They met each other when Molina was
pursuing his PhD at the University of California, Berkeley. They moved to Irvine, California in the fall of
that year.[68] The couple divorced in 2005.[40] Luisa Tan Molina is now the lead scientist of the Molina
Center for Strategic Studies in Energy and the Environment in La Jolla, California.[69] Their son, Felipe
Jose Molina, was born in 1977.[13][70] Molina married his second wife, Guadalupe Álvarez, in February
2006.[13]
Molina died on 7 October 2020, aged 77, due to a heart attack.[71][40]

Works
Molina, Luisa T., Molina, Mario J. and Renyi Zhang. "Laboratory Investigation of Organic
Aerosol Formation from Aromatic Hydrocarbons ([Link]
ry-investigation-organic-aerosol-formation-from-aromatic-hydrocarbons)", Massachusetts
Institute of Technology (MIT), United States Department of Energy, (August 2006).
Molina, Luisa T., Molina, Mario J., et al. "Characterization of Fine Particulate Matter (PM)
and Secondary PM Precursor Gases in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area ([Link]
gov/biblio/940956-characterization-fine-particulate-matter-pm-secondary-pm-precursor-gase
s-mexico-city-metropolitan-area)", Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), United
States Department of Energy, (October 2008).

Notes
a. In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Molina-Pasquel and the second or
maternal family name is Henríquez.

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External links
Centro Mario Molina ([Link] (in Spanish)
Center for Oral History. "Mario J. Molina" ([Link]
mario-j). Science History Institute.
Caruso, David J.; Roberts, Jody A. (7 May 2013). Mario J. Molina, Transcript of an Interview
Conducted by David J. Caruso and Jody A. Roberts at The Mario Molina Center, Mexico
City, Mexico, on 6 and 7 May 2013 ([Link]
[Link]/sites/default/files/interview_pdf_abstract/molina_m_0896_suppl_2.pdf)
(PDF). Philadelphia, PA: Chemical Heritage Foundation. Archived from the original ([Link]
[Link]/sites/default/files/interview_pdf_abstract/molina_m_0896_suppl_2.pdf)
(PDF) on 8 October 2020. Retrieved 24 October 2018.
Mario Molina ([Link] on [Link] including the
Nobel Lecture on 8 December 1995 "Polar Ozone Depletion"
Oral history interview with Mario J. Molina ([Link]
in Science History Institute Digital Collections ([Link]

Retrieved from "[Link]