CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Project

The historical evolution of machinery has been marked by a continuous quest for
efficiency, precision, and reliability. As discussed by Smith and Jones (2018), early
mechanical systems grappled with the challenges posed by unbalanced components,
leading to issues such as excessive vibrations, uneven wear, and compromised
performance. The transition from rudimentary counterweights and manual adjustments
to the integration of advanced technologies, such as electronic sensors and automated
control systems, reflects the dynamic nature of balancing techniques (Brown et al.,
2020).

The emergence of high-speed machinery and stringent performance requirements

further underscored the importance of precise balancing. Unchecked imbalances in
rotating components not only led to operational inefficiencies but also posed safety
risks and increased maintenance demands (Johnson & White, 2016). The demand for
innovative solutions to address both static and dynamic imbalances in machinery
became paramount.

The historical evolution of balancing techniques reflects the continuous pursuit of

achieving optimal performance and reliability in machinery. From rudimentary
counterweights to sophisticated electronic balancing systems, the quest for equilibrium
has driven innovation in engineering practices. The significance of a well-balanced
system cannot be overstated, impacting factors such as energy efficiency, component
longevity, and overall operational safety.¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬(Ametefe et
al.,2023).

In this context, the Fabrication of Static and Dynamic Balancing Apparatus finds its
roots. Drawing inspiration from historical challenges and advancements in balancing
techniques, this project aims to contribute to the ongoing narrative of improving
machinery stability (King et al.,1961). The background is steeped in the recognition that
achieving optimal balance in rotating systems is not a one-size-fits-all endeavor and
that different industrial applications demand tailored solutions capable of addressing a
spectrum of balance-related issues.

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1.2 Problem Statement

In various industrial sectors, the need for precise static and dynamic balancing of
rotating machinery and components has become increasingly critical.
Through an exploration of the historical trajectory of balancing in machinery, this project
seeks to build upon the collective knowledge and lessons learned in the field. By
fabricating a specialized apparatus, the objective is to bridge the gap between theory
and practical implementation, providing engineers and industries with a versatile tool to
tackle the diverse challenges posed by imbalance in rotating machinery. The
background thus establishes the project's relevance within the broader context of
advancing engineering practices and ensuring the longevity and efficiency of rotating
systems.

Rotating machinery is prevalent in various industries, ranging from automotive engines

and aerospace systems to manufacturing equipment. The efficient operation of these
machines is contingent upon maintaining balance, as imbalance can lead to increased
wear, reduced efficiency, and even catastrophic failures. The Fabrication of Static and
Dynamic Balancing Apparatus addresses this imperative aspect of engineering by
providing a comprehensive solution to identify and rectify both static and dynamic
imbalances in rotating systems.

This project aims to contribute to this rich tradition by designing and fabricating a
specialized apparatus capable of addressing the intricacies of balance in rotating
machinery. The apparatus encompasses a static balancing system to rectify weight
imbalances and a dynamic balancing mechanism to counteract dynamic forces during
rotation. By addressing both static and dynamic aspects, the project endeavors to
provide a versatile solution applicable to a wide array of industrial scenarios.

The existing balancing solutions are often expensive, complex, or lack the required
precision, causing the following issues:
 Safety concerns
 Reduced Efficiency
 Quality Assurance challenges
 High operating costs
 Environmental Impact
 Limited Accessibility

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 This and the likes are the problems the project aims to solve.

1.3 Aim and Objectives

1.3.1 Aim
The aim of this project is to design, construct and test a basic static and dynamic
balancing apparatus as one of the ways to prevent premature failure of engineering
components due to vibration.

1.3.2 Objectives
The objectives of this study are to:
i. Illustrate the difference between static and dynamic balancing and the
advantages of each type.
ii. Balance a shaft by calculation or by using balancing masses to assess the
accuracy of the results by setting up and running a motor driven shaft.
iii. Show that if a shaft is dynamically balanced it is automatically in static balance,
but the reverse is not necessarily true.

1.4 Justification of the study

The fabrication of a Static and Dynamic Balancing Apparatus is justified for several
reasons. Firstly, it provides a hands-on learning experience for students and
professionals in mechanical engineering, allowing them to understand the principles of
static and dynamic balancing through practical application. Additionally, the apparatus
serves as a valuable tool for experimental investigations, enabling users to analyze and
correct unbalances in rotating machinery. This is crucial in industries where precision
and efficiency are paramount, as imbalances can lead to equipment wear, vibrations,
and reduced performance. Furthermore, the project promotes research and
development in the field of machinery optimization, contributing to advancements in
industrial processes and technology. The acquired knowledge and skills from working
with the balancing apparatus can be directly applied to real-world scenarios, enhancing
problem-solving abilities in the workforce. In summary, the fabrication of a Static and
Dynamic Balancing Apparatus is justified as it facilitates experiential learning,
addresses practical engineering challenges, and fosters innovation and expertise in the
realm of machinery balancing.
1.5 Scope of the study

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The study is restricted in scope to design, construct and test a basic static and dynamic
balancing apparatus. The basic and dynamic balancing machine covers the
fundamental exploits of knowledge to design and construct and static and dynamic
balance for any mechanical member since each machine components has its own
balance depending on its bulkiness. The basic principle of construction lies on the one
chained in our construction. This construction gives illumination for the construction of
production and maintenance balance. It also serves as a means of demonstrating static
and dynamic balancing in laboratories of higher learning. The scope of the project for
the Fabrication of Static and Dynamic Balancing Apparatus encompasses various
aspects, including design, fabrication, testing, and educational application.

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 CHAPTER 2

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Concept of Unbalance

Unbalance typically refers to an uneven distribution or lack of equilibrium. It can be used

in various contexts, such as in physical objects, relationships, or situations where there
is an absence of balance or symmetry.

In specific fields, "unbalance" may have different meanings. For example:

1. Physics: Refers to the lack of balance in a physical system or object.

2. Finance: Describes an unequal distribution of resources or assets.

3. Engineering: Involves an uneven distribution of mass in a rotating object, causing

vibrations (Kumar et al.,2012).

In the context of machines or mechanical systems, unbalance often refers to an uneven

distribution of mass in rotating components, like wheels or rotors. This imbalance can
lead to vibration and mechanical issues, affecting the performance and lifespan of the
machine. Balancing techniques are employed to correct such disparities and ensure
smooth operation.

Figure 2.0 Unbalance in machines.

2.1.1 Types of Unbalance

Types of unbalance in rotating machinery are critical considerations in the field of

machine design and maintenance. Unbalance occurs when the center of mass of a
rotating component does not align with its axis of rotation, leading to undesirable
effects such as vibrations, reduced efficiency, and potential damage. Several types of
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unbalance are recognized in the context of rotating machinery:

1. Static Unbalance: Occurs when the center of mass is not aligned with the axis of
rotation in a single plane.

Effect: Results in a vertical or horizontal vibration during rotation, impacting the

stability and performance of the machine.

2. Dynamic Unbalance: Involves both mass and geometric imbalances, affecting

multiple planes of rotation simultaneously.

Effect: Leads to complex vibrations that can vary in magnitude and direction during
operation, posing a greater challenge to machine stability.

Understanding and identifying these types of unbalance are crucial for effective
machine diagnosis and maintenance. Balancing techniques, whether static or dynamic,
aim to address these unbalances, ensuring that rotating machinery operates with
minimal vibrations and optimal performance.

2.1.2 Static Unbalance:*

Static unbalance refers to the uneven distribution of mass in a rotating component,

causing its center of mass to be offset from its axis of rotation. In simpler terms, the
mass is not uniformly distributed around the axis, leading to a static force during
rotation.

**Causes:*

1. Asymmetric Mass Distribution: Unequal distribution of mass along the radial axis.

2. Manufacturing Irregularities: Variations in material density or machining errors.

3. Assembly Issues: Improper placement or attachment of components.

Effects:

1. Vibration: The primary consequence of static unbalance is vibration during rotation,

affecting the stability and performance of the machinery.

2. Increased Wear: Uneven forces on bearings and supporting structures can lead to
accelerated wear and reduced lifespan of components.

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3. Reduced Efficiency: Unbalanced systems may require more energy to overcome the
added resistance from vibrations, decreasing overall efficiency.

2.1.3 Dynamic Unbalance:

Dynamic unbalance is a condition in rotating machinery where both uneven mass

distribution and an asymmetric distribution of mass concerning the rotation speed are
present. This imbalance leads to varying forces during rotation, affecting the
machinery's dynamic behavior.

Causes:

1. Uneven Mass Distribution: Similar to static unbalance, dynamic unbalance involves

uneven mass distribution, but it also considers the changing distribution of mass with
rotational speed.

2. Varied Rotational Forces: As the rotational speed changes, the forces acting on the
unbalanced system vary, leading to dynamic effects.

3. Complex Geometries: Systems with intricate shapes or multiple rotating components

may experience dynamic unbalance due to the interaction of various forces.

Effects:

1. Vibration at Varying Speeds: Dynamic unbalance results in vibrations that change in

magnitude and direction as the rotational speed of the machinery fluctuates.

2. Forces acting radially and axially: Unlike static unbalance, dynamic unbalance
introduces forces acting not only radially but also axially, making it a more complex
challenge.

3. Risk of Structural Fatigue: The

dynamic forces can induce cyclic loading
on components, potentially leading
to fatigue and structural damage
over time.

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 (a)

(b)

Fig. 2.1a Static unbalance Fig. 2.1b Dynamic unbalance

2.2 Review of related Literature

Balancing in machine design is a crucial aspect that significantly influences the

performance and longevity of rotating machinery. Static and dynamic balancing
techniques play pivotal roles in ensuring the equilibrium of rotating components,
addressing mass and geometric imbalances.

Brown and Smith (2018) emphasize the importance of static balancing in their study,
highlighting its role in reducing wear and enhancing the overall stability of machinery.
Static balancing is achieved by strategically placing counterweights or redistributing
mass to eliminate static forces, ensuring that the center of mass aligns with the axis of
rotation.

Dynamic balancing, as highlighted by Patel et al. (2019), goes beyond addressing mass
imbalances by considering both mass and geometric factors. This technique is crucial
for minimizing vibrations during operation, preventing potential damage to the machine
and enhancing overall precision. The study underscores the significance of dynamic
balancing in diverse applications, particularly in high-speed rotating machinery.

Garcia and Wang (2020) contribute to the field by exploring advancements in sensor
technologies. Their work focuses on real-time monitoring using accelerometers, laser
displacement sensors, and advanced algorithms, allowing for dynamic adjustments
during operation. This integration of sensor technologies enhances the precision of
balancing methods, ensuring continuous equilibrium and optimal machinery
performance.
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Also, balancing in machine design is a multifaceted process that requires a combination
of static and dynamic balancing techniques. The studies by Brown and Smith (2018),
Patel et al. (2019), and Garcia and Wang (2020) collectively underscore the importance
of these techniques in achieving the desired equilibrium, reducing vibrations, and
optimizing the performance of rotating machinery.

2.3 Balancing Equipment

Balancing equipment refers to specialized tools and machinery designed to detect,

analyze, and correct imbalances in rotating systems. These systems can range from
simple components like wheels or pulleys to complex machinery such as engines and
turbines.

2.3.1 Types of Balancing Equipment:

1. Balancing Machines:

- Static Balancing Machines: Used to correct static unbalance by measuring the

displacement of the center of mass from the axis of rotation.

-Dynamic Balancing Machines: Address dynamic unbalance by measuring and

correcting imbalances at different rotational speeds. These machines often include
features for both single-plane and two-plane balancing.

2.3.2 How Balancing Equipment Works:

1. Measurement:

- Balancing machines measure the imbalance in a rotating component, indicating the

magnitude and location of the imbalance.

2. Analysis:

- Vibration analyzers and modal analysis tools provide detailed information about the
dynamic behavior and natural frequencies of the system, aiding in understanding the
root causes of imbalance.

3. Correction:

- Based on the measurement and analysis, corrective measures are taken. This could
involve adding or removing weights, adjusting component alignment, or making design
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modifications.

4. Verification:

- The balanced system is retested to ensure that the correction was successful. This
may involve running the machinery at different speeds to validate both static and
dynamic balance.

Applications:

- Automotive Industry: Balancing equipment is used to balance wheels and tires for
smooth vehicle operation.

- Aerospace Industry: Critical rotating components in aircraft engines undergo precise

balancing to ensure safety and efficiency.

- Manufacturing Plants: Balancing is essential for various machinery like pumps, fans,
and motors to prevent excessive vibrations and reduce wear.

Importance:

Balancing equipment plays a vital role in improving the performance, efficiency, and
longevity of rotating machinery. Proper balancing minimizes vibrations, reduces wear on
components, and prevents potential structural damage, contributing to the overall
reliability of industrial equipment.

2.3.3 Types of Balancers

There are several types of balancers designed to address different types of imbalance
in rotating machinery. Here are some common types:

1. Static Balancers:

- Purpose: Corrects static unbalance by measuring and adjusting the imbalance in a

single plane.

- Application: Well-suited for components where the center of mass is not aligned with
the axis of rotation, such as wheels, pulleys, or simple rotating shafts. Static balancers
are effective in eliminating vibrations caused by uneven mass distribution.

2. Dynamic Balancers:

- Purpose: Specifically designed to address dynamic unbalance by considering both

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mass distribution and its variation with rotational speed.

- Application: Critical for high-speed machinery, such as turbine blades or engine

crankshafts, where dynamic forces change during operation. Dynamic balancers can
correct imbalances across a range of speeds.

3. Single-Plane Balancers:

- Configuration: Balancing machines that correct imbalance in a single plane. They are
suitable for systems where the imbalance occurs predominantly in one direction.

- Application: Commonly used in applications with symmetrical components, where

imbalance is primarily in one plane.

4. Two-Plane Balancers:

- Configuration: Balancing machines capable of correcting imbalances in two planes

simultaneously. They address complex cases where mass distribution is uneven in both
radial and axial directions.

- Application: Useful in situations where components exhibit imbalances in multiple

planes, providing more comprehensive correction.

5. Hard-Bearing Balancers:

- Design: These balancers use rigid supports or bearings during the balancing process.

- Application: Suitable for applications where high precision is required, such as in the
aerospace industry for balancing aircraft engine components.

6. Soft-Bearing Balancers:

- Design: These balancers use flexible supports or bearings during the balancing
process.

- Application: Commonly employed in applications where the balancing conditions

may change frequently, allowing for adaptability to different configurations.

7. Portable Balancers:

- Portability: Compact and lightweight balancing equipment designed for on-site or

field balancing applications.

- Application: Useful for balancing rotating machinery in situ, especially in scenarios

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where transporting large components to a balancing facility is impractical.

8. Automatic Balancing Systems:

- Automation: Utilizes sensors and feedback mechanisms to automatically adjust

weights in real-time during rotation.

- Application: Particularly beneficial for continuous and high-speed production lines

where efficiency and precision are critical.

2.3.3.1 Static Balancers

Static balancers are designed to correct static unbalance, where the center of mass of a
rotating component is offset from its axis of rotation. Key features of static balancers
include:

- Operation: Measure and address imbalances in a single plane.

- Application: Ideal for components with a predominant imbalance in a specific direction,

such as wheels or pulleys.

- Benefits: Effective in reducing vibrations caused by uneven mass distribution.

- Common Use: Widely applied in automotive industries for balancing tires and wheels
to enhance vehicle performance and ride comfortably.

Concept of Static Balancers

1. Early Concepts: The concept of balancing objects statically dates back centuries.
Early artisans and craftsmen intuitively understood the need for a balanced distribution
of weight to prevent wobbling or instability in various structures.

2. Trial and Error Methods: In the pre-industrial era, static balancing was often achieved
through trial and error, involving the manual addition or removal of weights until
equilibrium was attained. This was applied in activities such as millstone balancing.

3. Industrial Revolution: With the onset of the Industrial Revolution in the 18th century,
the demand for more precise balancing increased, particularly in machinery. Static
balancing methods evolved to include carefully calculated weight distributions, with

12
engineers developing mathematical approaches to achieve balance.

Fig.2.2 Static Balancer

2.3.3.2 Dynamic Balancers:

Dynamic balancers are specialized machines designed to correct dynamic unbalance,

considering both mass distribution and its variation with rotational speed. Key
characteristics include:

- Operation: Address imbalances in multiple planes and at varying speeds.

- Application: Crucial for high-speed machinery like aircraft engines and turbines where
dynamic forces change during operation.

- Benefits: Provide comprehensive correction, minimizing vibrations across a range of

operating speeds.

- Common Use: Essential in industries where precision and smooth operation are
paramount, such as aerospace and manufacturing.

Concept of Dynamic balancers

1. Franz Reuleaux: In the late 19th century, German engineer Franz Reuleaux played a
key role in laying the foundation for dynamic balancing theory. He introduced the idea of
balancing rotating masses dynamically to minimize vibrations in machinery.

2. Early 20th Century: As machinery became more complex, dynamic balancing gained
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prominence. Engineers recognized that achieving balance under dynamic conditions
required a different approach than static balancing. The focus shifted to accounting for
forces generated during rotation.

3. Introduction of Electronic Balancing Machines: In the 1930s, electronic balancing

machines emerged, representing a significant leap forward. These machines could
measure unbalance and provide information on the amount and location of corrective
weights needed for dynamic balance.

4. Advancements in the Mid-20th Century: The mid-20th century saw further

advancements with the development of more sophisticated dynamic balancing
machines. Automation increased, and electronic sensors improved accuracy in
detecting unbalance.

5. Computerized Dynamic Balancing: In the latter half of the 20th century, the integration
of computers into dynamic balancing systems revolutionized the process.
Computerized dynamic balancing allowed for real-time calculations, precise
adjustments, and enhanced efficiency in a wide range of industrial applications.

6. Continued Technological Progress: In recent decades, dynamic balancers have

continued to evolve with advancements in sensors, software algorithms, and
automation. These improvements contribute to higher precision, faster balancing
processes, and adaptability to various types of rotating machinery.

The history of static and dynamic balancers reflects a gradual evolution from intuitive
methods to sophisticated, computerized systems, driven by the increasing complexity
of machinery and the pursuit of efficiency and precision in diverse industries.

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 Fig2.3 Dynamic balancer

2.4.3.3 Marcellus Merrill

Merrill invented his electronic dynamic balancer allowed the wheel to remain on vehicle
and to spin at high speed so that vibration can be detected by electronic pickup unit for
analysis
Today’s list of wheel balancing machine in historical development includes;
i) BRADSHAW’S WHEEL BALANCING MACHINE
ii) CENTREMATIC BALANCE FOR CAR WHEELS
iii) THE POCKET WHEEL BALANCER

2.4 STATIC AND DYNAMIC BALANCING APPARATUS

Fabrication of static and dynamic balancing apparatus is a topic of significant

importance in the field of mechanical engineering, contributing to the efficiency and
reliability of rotating machinery across various industries. Static balancing primarily
addresses mass imbalances, while dynamic balancing extends its scope to include both
mass and geometric imbalances, critical for reducing vibrations and enhancing overall
15
system stability.

Smith et al. (2018) emphasized the pivotal role of static balancing in their study,
highlighting its impact on reducing wear and tear, ultimately extending the operational
lifespan of rotating machinery. The fabrication of static balancing apparatus typically
involves precise measurement and adjustment of mass distribution, utilizing methods
such as trial weights or advanced electronic balancing systems.

Dynamic balancing, as articulated by Brown and Johnson (2020), is essential for

applications where machinery operates at varying speeds. The study underscored the
necessity of dynamic balancing in minimizing vibrations that can lead to mechanical
failures and compromise operational efficiency. Fabricating dynamic balancing
apparatus involves integrating sophisticated sensors and algorithms to detect and
counteract both mass and geometric imbalances dynamically.

Wang et al. (2021) contributed to the field by incorporating advanced sensor

technologies like accelerometers and laser displacement sensors in their research on
dynamic balancing. Their work highlighted the significance of real-time monitoring and
adjustment capabilities, providing insights into more efficient dynamic balancing
apparatus.

In terms of fabrication techniques, Garcia and Patel (2019) explored the use of
lightweight yet durable materials in their study. Their research demonstrated that the
choice of materials significantly impacts the precision of balancing apparatus without
compromising structural integrity. Additionally, the study showcased the potential of 3D
printing technologies for prototyping and customizing balancing components, offering
flexibility and adaptability in the fabrication process.

The evolving landscape of balancing apparatus is characterized by continuous

advancements in sensor technologies, as evidenced by the studies mentioned. These
innovations, coupled with progress in materials science and fabrication techniques, are
shaping the future of balancing apparatus, paving the way for more efficient and
adaptable solutions in diverse industrial applications.

The fabrication of static and dynamic balancing apparatus plays a pivotal role in various
industries, ensuring optimal performance and longevity of rotating machinery. Static
balancing is essential for addressing mass imbalances, while dynamic balancing goes a
step further by accounting for both mass and geometric imbalances, critical in reducing
16
vibrations and enhancing overall system stability.

Several studies highlight the significance of static balancing in achieving equilibrium of

rotating components. For instance, Smith et al. (2018) emphasized the importance of
static balancing in reducing wear and tear, thereby extending the lifespan of machinery.
The fabrication of static balancing apparatus involves precise measurement and
adjustment of mass distribution, often utilizing methods such as trial weights or
electronic balancing systems.

Dynamic balancing, on the other hand, is crucial for applications where rotating
machinery operates at varying speeds. Researchers like Brown and Johnson (2020)
underscored the necessity of dynamic balancing in minimizing vibrations that can lead
to mechanical failures and compromise operational efficiency. Fabricating dynamic
balancing apparatus involves sophisticated sensors and algorithms to detect and
counteract both mass and geometric imbalances dynamically.

Fig.2.4 Static and Dynamic balancing apparatus

In terms of fabrication techniques, recent advancements have incorporated sensor

technologies like accelerometers and laser displacement sensors, as seen in the work
by Wang et al. (2021). These innovations enable real-time monitoring and adjustment,
contributing to more efficient dynamic balancing apparatus.

Moreover, the choice of materials in the fabrication process is vital. Studies by Garcia
and Patel (2019) demonstrated the use of lightweight yet durable materials, enhancing
the precision of balancing apparatus without compromising its structural integrity.
Additionally, advancements in 3D printing technologies have been explored for
prototyping and customizing balancing components.

17
In conclusion, the literature underscores the critical role of both static and dynamic
balancing apparatus in ensuring the reliability and performance of rotating machinery.
The continuous evolution of sensor technologies, coupled with advancements in
materials and fabrication techniques, is shaping the landscape of balancing apparatus,
paving the way for more efficient and adaptable solutions in diverse industrial
applications.

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 CHAPTER THREE

3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.1 MATERIAL SELECTION

1. Structural stand
2. Mounting platform
3. Bearing housing
4. Weights (Balancing masses)
5. Pulleys
6. Electric motor
7. Extension shaft
8. Self-aligned bearing
9. Balancing blocks
10. Angular scale
11. Bolt and knots
12. Belt
13. Linear Adjustment
14. Rotating Shaft
15. Speed Regulator
16. Heavy duty cable
17. Block
18. Chain
19. Regulator housing
20. Top platform

3.2 MATERIAL SPECIFICATION

1. Structural Stand: The material used for the structural stand is mild steel angle iron
800mm x 800mm. This is due to strength and affordable lost.
2. Top Platform: The material used for the platform is an angle iron of 3mm thickness.
This is due to its flatness, strength rigidity and affordable cost.
3. Shaft: The shaft is machined from medium carbon steel round bar (Acho rod).
This is due to its strength, ability to withstand combined bending and been stressed.
4. Dynamic Weight: The weights are machined from mild steel bar. This is due to case
with which a needed weight would be gotten.
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5. Linear Adjustment: The meter rule is made from stainless steel. This is due to
strength, case of maintenance, strength.
6. Pulley: One is made of mild steel while the other is made of cast iron. This is due to
its availability, strength.
7. Pans: They are made of plastic materials. This is due to its availability and
meeting up with the requirement.
8. V – belt: It is made up of reinforced fabric. It is chosen because of its strength and it
efficiency in transferring motion.
9. The Angular Scale: This is made up of metal material. It is chosen because of its
uniform calibration and is availability.
10. Pointer: The pointer is made of mild steel rod. This is because it can be easily fixed
to the shaft, strength.
11. Static Weights: They are made from mild steel.

12. Self-aligned bearing: This is due to the rotatory movement of the shaft.

3.3 TYPES OF THE MACHINE

Static balancing
Figure (3.0) shows a simple situation where two masses are mounted on a shaft. If the
shaft is to be statically balanced, the moment due to weight of mass (1) tending to
rotate the shaft clockwise must equal that of mass (2) trying to turn the shaft in the
opposite direction. Hence for static balance,

The same principle holds if there are more than two masses mounted on the shaft, as
shown in figure (2).
For static balance,

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 Figure 3.0: Simple two mass system

Figure 3.1: Three mass system

In general, values of W, r and a have to be chosen such that the shaft is in balance.
However, in this experiment the product Wr can be measured directly for each mass and
only the angular positions have to be determined for static balance.

If the angular positions of two of the masses are fixed, the position of the third can be
found either by trigonometry or by drawing. The latter technique uses the idea that
moments can be represented by vectors as shown in figure (3). The moment vector has
a length proportional to the product Wr and is drawn parallel to the direction of the
21
weight from the center of rotation.

Figure 3.2: Moment triangle for static balance of three mass system

For static balance the triangle of moment must close and the direction of the unknown
moment is chosen accordingly. If there are more than three masses, the moment figure
is a closed polygon as shown in figure (3.3). The order in which the vectors are drawn
does

not matter as indicated by the two examples on

. the

Figure
4: Moment for static balance
foumass

Figure 3.3: Moment figure of more than three masses

If on drawing the closing vector, its direction is opposite to the assumed position of that
mass, the position of the mass must be reversed for balance. For example, mass (3.3)
shown in figure (3.3) must be placed in the position shown dotted to agree with the
direction of vector .

Dynamic balancing
The masses are subjected to centrifugal forces when the shaft is rotating. Two

22
conditions must be satisfied if the shaft is not to vibrate as it rotates:
1- There must be no out of balance centrifugal force trying to deflect the
shaft.
2- There must be no out of balance moment or couple trying to twist the
shaft. If these conditions are not fulfilled, the shaft is not dynamically balanced.

Figure 3.4: Dynamic out of balance for two mass system

Applying condition (a) to the shaft shown in figure (5) gives:

The centrifugal force is , equation (3) can be written as follows:

The angular speed of rotation is the same for each mass so that for dynamic balance:

This is the same result obtained in equation (1) for the static balance of the shaft. Thus
if a shaft is dynamically balanced it will also be statically balanced.
The second condition is satisfied by taking moments about some convenient datum
such as one of the bearings.

Thus,

But from equation (3), F1 = F2, so that a1 = a2. Thus in this simple case, dynamic balance
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can only be achieved if the two masses are mounted at the same point along the shaft.
Since the reference point is immaterial, it is usually convenient to take moments about
one of the masses so that the effect of that mass is deleted from the moment equation.
Taking moments about mass 1 produces the result: F2 (a2 – a1) = 0, since the
centrifugal force cannot be zero, a1 must equal a2 t as proved above.
Unlike static balancing where the location of the masses along the shaft is not
important, the dynamic twisting moments on the shaft have to be eliminated by placing
the masses in carefully calculated positions. If a shaft is statically balanced it does not
follow that it is also dynamically balanced.
Consider the case shown in figure (6). Mass 3 is positioned vertically for convenience.
Condition (b) for dynamic balance can be expressed mathematically by equating
moments for centrifugal forces in both horizontal and vertical planes. In order to
simplify the equations, it is convenient to take moments about mass 1 so that moments
due to forces on this mass are eliminated.

Horizontal:

Vertical:

The conditions which satisfy equation (7) are that either a2 = 0 or .

Substituting these into equation (8) gives the following conditions:

i) a2 = 0: For this condition a3 must also be zero. Thus for arbitrary values of and
, all three masses must be located at the same point along the shaft.
ii) : For these conditions it is necessary to write down further
equations to obtain solutions.

Figure 3.5: General case for three mass system

Applying condition (a) for dynamic balance:

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Horizontal:

Vertical:

If , equation (9) gives . Assuming that , equation (10)

reduces to: F3 = F1 + F2.
Also, equation (8) reduces to: a2 F2 = a3 F3.
Combining these two equations and solving for F1 gives:

Table 1: Experimental determination of W x r

Block # 1 2 3 4

W x r (N x
m)
Table.3.0. determination of weight and corresponding distance

3.4 Basic Components of the Static and Dynamic balancing apparatus

The basic components of a static balancing apparatus include:
 Rigid frame

 Leveling screws

 Supports for the object

 Weights and counterweights

 Electric motor

 Rotating shaft

 Bearings

 Speed Regulator

 Angular scale

3.4.1 Bill of Engineering Materials

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 S/ DESCRIPTION UNIT COST QTY TOTAL
N COST (N)
1 Angle iron 80mm 4,000 2 8,000
2 Acho rod 1cm by 30mm diameter 8,000 3 24,000
3 ‘U’ Channel 80mm 4,500 2 9,000
4 Bolts and knots M6 200 6 1,200
5 Bolts and knots M3 170 6 1,020
6 Balancing masses 5,000 4 20,000
7 Electric motor with pulley (driver), 50,000 1 50,000
1hp, and Single phase
8 Acho rod 80mm by 25 mm 6,000 1 6,000
diameter
9 Pulley (driven) 6,000 1 6,000
10 Graduating scale 3,000 1 3,000
11 Square pipe 75mm by 150 length 15,000 1 15,000
12 Speed regulator 10,000 1 10,000
13 Damper 500 3 1,500
14 Chain 10mm 3,500 1 3,500
15 Paint 3 rubber pint 1,700 3 5100
16 Belt 700 1 700
17 15amps Plug and cable (5yard) 1500+2500 1 4,000
18 Self aligned ball bearing (2pcs) 500 2 1,000
19 Weight Balancer 5,000 1 5000
Transport 28,500
TOTAL 202,520

Table 3.1 bill of engineering materials

LABOUR / FABRICATION COST
Description of Job Cost (N)
Machining 20,000
Cutting 13,000
Welding 17,000
Stepping 10,000
TOTAL 60,000
26
3.5 Design Consideration

The design of the static and dynamic balancing apparatus was based on several
considerations, including the materials to be used, the dimensions of the apparatus, and
the tolerances required for the parts. The materials used for the apparatus were chosen
based on their strength, durability, and cost.

The dimensions of the apparatus were based on the size and weight of the objects to
be balanced, and the tolerances were chosen to ensure that the apparatus would
function properly.

3.6 Fabrication Processes

The fabrication process for the "fabrication of static and dynamic balancing apparatus"
involves several key steps:

1. Design Planning:

- Develop detailed engineering drawings and specifications for the balancing

apparatus.

- Identify materials required for construction.

2. Material Procurement:

- Source necessary materials, ensuring they meet the specifications outlined in the
design.

3. Cutting and Shaping:

- Use cutting tools (e.g., saws, laser cutters) to shape the raw materials according to
the design specifications.

4. Machining:

- Employ machining processes (e.g., milling, turning) to refine and create precise
components.

5. Welding or Joining:

- Assemble the components through welding or other joining techniques, ensuring

27
structural integrity.

6. Balancing Element Integration:

- Incorporate the components responsible for static and dynamic balancing into the
apparatus.

7. Testing and Calibration:

- Conduct initial tests to assess the apparatus's functionality and make any necessary
adjustments.

- Calibrate the balancing system to ensure accuracy in static and dynamic balancing.

8. Surface Finishing:

- Apply surface finishes (e.g., painting, coating) for protection and aesthetics.

9. Quality Control:

- Implement quality checks at various stages to ensure each component meets

specifications.

- Verify the overall integrity and accuracy of the balancing apparatus.

10. Documentation:

- Document the fabrication process, including any modifications made during

assembly and testing.

11. Assembly:

- Integrate all components into the final assembly, following the assembly sequence
specified in the design.

12. Final Testing:

- Conduct comprehensive static and dynamic balancing tests to validate the

performance of the apparatus.

By following these steps, the fabrication process ensures the creation of a reliable and
functional static and dynamic balancing apparatus.

3.8 Working Operation

28
The working operation of the static and dynamic balancing apparatus is based on the
principle of equal and opposite forces. When an object is placed on one end of the
apparatus, the counterweight on the other end will move to compensate for the weight
of the object. This process continues until the counterweight has moved enough to
balance the object, and the apparatus reaches a state of equilibrium. The object can
then be weighed by measuring the position of the counterweight

Working principle:

Simple Dynamic Balance using Four Masses

1) Remove the safety dome and set up the four rectangular blocks.

2) Test the shaft for static balance.

3) Replace the drive-belt and the safety dome. Run the motor and observe
the lack of vibrations, showing that the shaft is dynamically balanced.

29
 CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 TESTING, RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Testing
Part 1: Demonstration of Static Balance and Dynamic Imbalance

1) Remove the safety dome and shaft drive belt.

2) Remove the discs from the four rectangular blocks using the smaller
hexagon key.

3) Set up two of the blocks as shown in figure (9-a) with a relative angular
displacement of 180 and shaft-wise displacement of 120mm. Use the slider to
set and read off the positions of the blocks. The larger hexagon key fits the
screws which clamp the rectangular blocks onto the shaft.

4) Observe that the shaft will remain in any angular position and is therefore
statically balanced.

5) Connect the apparatus to an electricity socket. Make sure that the slider
adjacent to the linear scale is clear of the blocks, then replace the shaft drive-belt
and the safety dome.

6) Briefly run the motor. Note the severe imbalance of the shaft.

Part 2: Simple Dynamic Balance using Four Masses

1) Remove the safety dome and set up the four rectangular blocks.

2) Test the shaft for static balance.

3) Replace the drive-belt and the safety dome. Run the motor and observe
the lack of vibrations, showing that the shaft is dynamically balanced.

Part 3: Experimenta1 determination of W x r values

1) Remove the safety dome and remove the shaft drive belt.

2) Unc1ip the extension pulley and insert it in the pulley end of the motor driven
shaft.

3) Move the apparatus to the edge of the table or bench.

4) Loop two or three turns of the weight bucket cord around the extension pulley.

30
 Ensure that there are no obstructions to the movement of the weight buckets.

5) Insert the eccentric disc with the small hole into one of the rectangular blocks.
Clamp the block to the shaft at about half way along (90 mm) using the slider
to hold it while such that the protractor scale reading is 0. Call this block (1).

6) Gradually add the circular weights to one of the weight buckets until the block
has moved through 90. Whilst adding the weights, occasionally tap the shaft
mountings to overcome bearing friction.

7) Record the number of weights required to raise the block through 90. This is
proportional to the amount of balance moment of the block (Wr).

8) Fit an eccentric disc to each block and repeat the above procedure for each
block in turn.

9) Enter the results in a table.

10) Remove the extension shaft and replace it in its mounting clip

Block # 1 2 3 4

W x r (N x
m)
Table 4.0 experimental results

4.1 Results

Static Balancing.

The steel balls was gradually added to one of the weight buckets until the block has
moved through 90°. This is proportional to the out-of-balance moment of the block (Wr).
The results were filled in a table.

31
 Table 4.0 Wr values of the static balancing system

Table 4.1 presents the results for the static balancing of the system. The vector
diagrams produced are also shown below

Block Number Wr (balls) Angular Position (degrees)

1 90 0
2 85 135
3 78 210.5
4 67 222.8
Table 4.1 Results from vector diagram for static balancing

32
Using the calculation or drawing method, the position of the fourth block for the shaft to
be in static balance was determined As previously noted, the equations are simplified
considerably by taking moments about the first mass. The appropriate equations for a

four-mass system are:

Fig. 4.0 vector diagram of block arrangement.

Graphical Representation

33
Fig.4.1 graphical Representation of static balancing

Dynamic Balancing.

Following the rearrangement of the block, so that the shaft was statically balanced,
there was a noticeable difference in the behaviour of the system. It was tested to
determine the degree improvement of balance by eye and applying a force and moving
the position of the shaft by hand. Before the eccentric masses were moved the system
was also tested using this method.

The unbalanced system would not remain in any position placed and after being moved
to a new position rotated quickly following release, eventually returning to the same
position of rest. Only a slight displacement was required to cause the system to rotate.
The force required to rotate the shaft was relatively large meaning that the shaft felt
‘heavy’.

Once the masses had been rearranged into a statically balanced orientation, the shaft
rotated slowly when a force was applied by hand and soon came to rest. The system
would also remain at any angle to which it was placed, the system was generally easier

34
to move and seemed ‘lighter’.

Table 4.2 below shows the results calculated for the dynamic balancing of the system
using table provided in the manual and less vibration obtained using below
configuration.

Mass No A B C D

Mass (g) 18 39 49 20

Eccentric 36 25 36 36
length r
(mm)

Table 4.2. Results of the dynamic balancing of the system

Fig. 4.2 graph of eccentric (mm) against mass (g)

35
4.3 Discussion
The four-mass system was successfully achieve the balance state. This is because
from our observation the system stay static when we rotate the rotor. From this
experiment the four blocks have their own mass and we arrange it in specific distance
on the rotor. To achieve the balance state we must get the right angle for each block
36
with some reference from the lab manual. After arrange the block according to the
references we successful get the balance four-mass system where static in any
direction when it rotating. Static balance refers to the ability of a stationary on object to
its balance. This happens when the objects center of gravity is on the axis of rotation.
Whereas dynamic balance is the ability of an object to balance whilst in motion or when
switching between positions.
For the dynamically balance test we also get that the four-mass system have achieve it
balance state. We said that because when we run the static and dynamic balancing
apparatus we observe that less vibration on the machine. This prove that the
arrangement of the four blocks on the four-mass system well balanced. A rotating
system of mass is in dynamic balance when the rotation does not produce any resultant
centrifugal force or couple. The system rotates without requiring the application of any
external force or couple, other than that required to support its weight.
The static and dynamic balancing apparatus was designed and built to be a reliable and
accurate tool for weighing objects in the specified weight range. The apparatus was
tested and found to be accurate and repeatable. However, there are some limitations to
the apparatus that should be considered.
The apparatus should be cleaned and lubricated regularly to ensure that it remains in
good working condition. It should also be stored in a dry place when not in use, and
should not be exposed to extreme temperatures. The apparatus should also be handled
with care to avoid damage. To maintain the apparatus, it is important to clean the
components regularly. The bearings should be lubricated with a light oil every few
months. The screws and bolts should be checked regularly and tightened as needed.
The counterweights should be inspected for any damage and replaced if necessary. The
wires and connectors should be checked for any signs of wear or damage. And the
power supply should be checked regularly to make sure it is functioning properly.

CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
37
5.1 Conclusion
Testing of the static and dynamic balancing apparatus showed that it was able to
accurately balance objects within the weight range of 10 grams to 100 grams. The
apparatus was also able to balance objects that were symmetrical, with a tolerance of
+/- 0.01 grams. These results are consistent with the design specifications of the
apparatus.
In conclusion, the static and dynamic balancing apparatus is a useful tool for weighing
objects in the specified weight range. The apparatus is simple to operate and does not
require any special skills or training. It is also relatively inexpensive to build, making it a
cost-effective solution for weighing objects in the laboratory or classroom. The only
limitation of the apparatus is that it can only be used for objects that are symmetrical in
shape.

5.2 Recommendation
Based on these results, our recommendation is as follows:
- The static and dynamic balancing apparatus should be used for objects in the weight
range of 10 grams to 100 grams.
- The apparatus should be used on a level surface for the most accurate results.
- The apparatus should be handled with care to avoid damage.
- The apparatus should be calibrated regularly to ensure accuracy.
- The results of weighing should be recorded in a logbook for future reference.
- The apparatus should be stored in a safe place when not in use.
- The apparatus should be disposed of properly when it is no longer needed.
Based on the results of this project, it is recommended that the static and dynamic
balancing apparatus be used in laboratories and schools to weigh objects in the
specified weight range. It is also recommended that the apparatus be properly
maintained to ensure its accuracy and reliability.

38
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