BASIC AND

COMPOUND
PROPOSITION
Topic 15
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the discussion, the students should be able to:
-Know the meaning of Logic.
-Understand the historical background of logic and
mathematical reasoning.
-Identify the meaning of the proposition and its properties.
-Understand what is a compound proposition.
-Understand the truth values.
-Use and apply the truth table for conjunction, disjunction,
negation.
-Know and understand the symbols used for conjunction,
disjunction, and negation.
-Know how to apply compound propositions with the
combination of conjunction, disjunction, and negation.
LEARNING DISCUSSION:
1. What is Logic?
2. Historical Background of Logic and Mathematical Reasoning
3. Proposition and its Properties
4. Compound Proposition
5. Truth Values
6. Truth Table for Conjunction, Disjunction, Negation
7. Logical Operators (and symbols used for Conjunction, Disjunction,
Negation)
8. Compound Propositions applying combinations of Conjunction,
Disjunction, Negation (present examples using 2, 3 and 4 logical
variables)
 What is Logic?
Merriam
Webster Aristotle
Logic is something that Logic is the instrument by
forces a decision apart means of which we come
from or in opposition to to know anything.
reason. It also means the He also said that it’s a
science of the formal new and necessary
principles of reasoning. reasoning.
 What is Logic?
It came from the Greek word “logos”
meaning, reason.
It is the study of the methods and principles
used to distinguish correct from incorrect
reasoning.
Logic deals with propositions/statements
that are only capable of being true and
false.
Historical Background of Logic and Mathematical Reasoning
Ancient Logic
Parmenides (~500 BCE)
Parmenides, in 5th century BCE, invented logic while living on a
rock in Egypt. This is because he was the first philosopher to use
an extended argument for his views rather than merely
proposing a vision of reality make.
Zeno of Elea (~500 BCE)
A disciple of Parmenides, Zeno of Elea authored many arguments
which is collectively known “Zeno’s Paradoxes,” He uses a logical
strategy, known as reductio ad absurdum, for establishing a claim
by showing that the opposite of his arguments leads to
preposterous results.
Historical Background of Logic and Mathematical Reasoning
Ancient Logic
The Sophists (~500 BCE)
The Sophists were a group of philosophers in ancient
Greek, they cultivated the art of defending or
attacking a thesis by the means of arguments.

Socrates (470–399 BCE)

Socrates is said to have attended Prodicus’s lectures, one of
the Sophists. Socrates pursued the definitions of things,
especially, the realm of ethics and values.
Historical Background of Logic and Mathematical Reasoning
Ancient Logic
Plato (428/427–348/347 BCE)
Plato continued the work started by his Socrates, his mentor,
and the Sophists. In the Sophist, he distinguished affirmation
from negation and made the important distinction between
verbs and names, which includes both nouns and adjectives.
Aristotle (384–322 BCE)
Labeled as the “Father of logic” by many, Aristole conceived logic
as the study of argument and the correctness of argumentation.
He undertake the systematic study of logic where Plato used
dialectic as both a method of reasoning and a means of
philosophical training,
Historical Background of Logic and Mathematical Reasoning

Medieval Logic
Boethius (480–524/525)
Boethius translated Aristotle’s Categories and De
interpretatione and Porphyry’s Isagoge, and his translations
were much more influential compared to the others who
translated such literary and logical texts.
Arabic Logic
Peter Abelard (1079–1142)
Abelard’s fertile investigations raised logical study in medieval
Europe to a new level as his works and commentaries are said to
show familiarity to Boethius works but Abelard’s go beyond
because his are much easier to understand.
Historical Background of Logic and Mathematical Reasoning

Modern Logic
Immanuel Kant (1724–1804)
Immanuel Kant focuses on the formal and systematic
character of logic as a “strongly proven” or apodictic
doctrine.

20th century Logic

Gottlob Frege (1848—1925)
Gottlob Frege founded modern mathematical logic. He
attempted the first formulation of higher-order logic. Frege also
presented the first coherent and full analysis of variables and
functions.
 Proposition and its Properties
Proposition
The proposition is a declarative sentence that is either
true or false. It must be one or the other, it can’t be both
true and false.

Examples of not proposition:

Examples of proposition: 1. Pay attention to this.
1. Manila is the capital of the Philippines. - This is not a proposition. It is an imperative sentence not
- This is a proposition. The truth value is a declarative sentence.
TRUE. 2. What time is it ?
- This is not a proposition. It is in a form of question.
2. Three is an even integer.
3. I am telling the truth.
- This is a proposition. The truth value is - Not a proposition. Even though the sentence is in
FALSE. declarative form, it is neither true nor false.
 Kinds of propositions

Simple Compound
proposition Proposition
It gives information It gives information about more
than one fact or statement and its
about a single fact or DEPENDENT. It contains 2 or more
statement and its simple propositions which is
INDEPENDENT. connected by logical connectives:
and, or, if then, if, and only if.
Example: August is the Example: 4 is an even number
8th month of the year. and 7 is less than 12.
 More examples for...
Simple proposition:
1. 8+28 +36
- This is a simple proposition. The truth
value is TRUE.
2. Earth is the 5th planet in the solar
system.
- This is a simple proposition. The truth
value is FALSE.
 More examples for...
Compound proposition:
1. Either logic is fun and interesting, or it is boring.
- It is connected using both “and” and ”or”
- It consists of 3 simple prepositions: Logic is fun, logic
is interesting, and logic is boring.
2. Mariana trench is the deepest part of the ocean and
it’s near the Philippines.
- It is connected using “and”
- It consists of 2 simple prepositions: Mariana trench is
the deepest part of the ocean, Mariana trench is near
the Philippines.
 Truth Values
It is the attribute assigned to a proposition in respect if
its true or false, which in classical logic has only two
possible values, True or False.

True is denoted by T or 1
False is denoted by F or 0
Truth Table for Conjunction, Disjunction,
and Negation
It is used to determine when a compound
statement is true or false.

Conjunction Disjunction Negation

The truth value Truth value will The truth value
is only true be true when is opposite of
when both p either p or q is the proposition.
and q are true. true.
 Conjuction
p q p^q

T T T

T F F

F T F

F F F
 Examples
Determine whether each statement is true or false.
1. 5 is a whole number and an even number.
2. 2 is a prime number and it is also an even number.

Solution:
1. This is a false proposition as 5 is not an even number.
2. This is a true proposition because each simple
proposition is true.
 Disjuction
p q pvq

T T T

T F T

F T T

F F F
 Examples
Determine whether each statement is true or false.
1. Seoul is the capital of South Korea or Tokyo is the
capital of Japan.
2. The moon is made of cheese, or it has gravity.

Solution:
1. This is a true proposition as each simple proposition is
true.
2. This is a true proposition because the moon has gravity.
Negation

p ~p

T F

F T
 Examples
Write the negation of each statement.
1. Elon Musk is a billionaire. (This proposition is True)
2. Taylor swift didn’t win the Album of the year at the 2021
Grammys. (This proposition is False)

Solution
1. Elon Musk is not a billionaire. (This negated proposition is
now False)
2. Taylor swift did win the Album of the year at the 2021
Grammys. (This negated proposition is now True)
 Logical Operators (and symbols used
for Conjunction, Disjunction, Negation)

Connective Symbol Type of

Statement

and ^ Conjuction

or v Disjunction

not ~ Negation
 Examples
Example for Conjunction, Disjunction, and Negation:
p is the statement “John is a Civil Engineer.” and
q is the statement “John passed the board exam.”
1. p ^ q
- John is a Civil Engineer and he passed the board exam.
2. p v q
- John is a Civil Engineer or he passed the board exam.
3. ~p ^ ~q
- John is not a Civil Engineer and he didn’t pass the board
exam.
 Compound Propositions applying combinations of
Conjunction, Disjunction, Negation
Example 1: ~(p^q)
p q p^q ~(p^q)

T T T F

T F F T

F T F T

F F F T
 Compound Propositions applying combinations of
Conjunction, Disjunction, Negation
Example 2: ~(p^~q)
p q ~q p^~q ~(p^~q)

T T F F T

T F T T F

F T F F T

F F T F T
 Compound Propositions applying combinations of
Conjunction, Disjunction, Negation
Example 3: p^~(pvq)
p q pvq ~(pvq) p^~(pvq)

T T T F F

T F T F F

F T T F F

F F F T F
 Compound Propositions applying combinations of
Conjunction, Disjunction, Negation
Example 4: (p^q)^(~r v q)
p q r pvq ~r ~r^q (p v q)^(~r^q)

T T T T F F F

T T F T T T T

T F T T F F F

T F F T T F F

F T T T F F F

F T F T T T T

F F T F F F F

F F F F T F F
 Summary
Logic came from the greek word “logos” meaning, reason. It deals with
propositions/statements that are only capable of being true and false.

Proposition is a declarative sentence which is either true or false. It must be one or the
other, it can’t be both true and false.
- Simple proposition gives information about a single fact or statement and is
INDEPENDENT.
- Complex proposition gives information about more than one fact or statement,
contains 2 or more simple proposition and is DEPENDENT.

Truth Values is the attribute assigned to a proposition in respect to its truth or falsehood
which in classical logic has only two possible values, True or False.
Truth Table is used to determine when a compound statement is true or false.
Conjunction is only true when both p and q are true.
Disjunction will only be true when either p or q is true.
Negation is the opposite of the proposition.
 References:
https://www.merriam-
webster.com/dictionary/logic#:~:text=Definition%20of%20logic&text=b(1)%20%3A%20a%20particular,failed
%20to%20see%20her%20logic.&text=c%20%3A%20interrelation%20or%20sequence%20of,events%2C%20a
narchy%20leads%20to%20dictatorship.
https://www.britannica.com/topic/logic
https://www.britannica.com/topic/history-of-logic
https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/logic-in-the-early-20th-century/v-1
https://iep.utm.edu/k-
logic/#:~:text=Kant's%20key%20contribution%20lies%20in,and%20our%20forms%20of%20thought
https://iep.utm.edu/frege/
https://www.britannica.com/topic/truth-value
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ivg-oqPJsk4
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rn_phvHUkEY
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XrfP1M79vWs
https://www.mccc.edu/~virtcoll/documents/mat120/unit02/002_logic-
compoundpropositions2/data/downloads/002_logic-compoundpropositions2_000.pdf
I. Identification
ASSESMENT
1. It deals with propositions/statements that are only capable of being true and false.
2. He is the father of modern logic.
3. It is a declarative sentence that is either true or false. It must be one or the other, it can’t
be both true and false.
4. It gives information about a single fact or statement and is INDEPENDENT.
5. It is used to determine when a compound statement is true or false.
II.Determine whether the following sentence is a proposition or not:
6. The sum of 2000 and 22 is an odd number.
7. Can I borrow your phone?
8. Today is Wednesday and the day after tomorrow is Friday
9. Please turn off the Fan.
10. According to Greek mythology, Hera is the goddess of marriage and Zeus is the god of
the sky.
III.Construct a truth table
11-15. Construct a truth table for ~(~p^q).