CHAPTER 07

d and f-Block
Elements

[TOPIC 1] d-Block Elements and

their Compounds
1.1 d-Block Element
When differentiating electron of an element enters in d-subshel, elernent is said to be a d-block
element. The d-block elements lying in the middle of the periodic table belonging to groups 3-12
in which the d-orbitals are progressively filled in each of the four lorng periods are known as
transition elements because their properties are intermediate between those of s- and p-block
elements.
For an element to be a transition element, it should have incompletély filled d-orbital in its
ground state or in its most common oxidation state.

Series of Transition Metals

There are mainly three series of the transition metals, ie. 3d-series (se to Zn), 4d-series (Y to Cd)
and 5d-series (La to Hg, omitting Ce to Lu).

General Configuration
General electronic configuration of transition metals is (n- 1)4-10ns. Some of the are

exceptions
observed in electronic configuration due to very little energy difference between (n-1)d and 3
orbital such as Cr:3d 4s'; Cu :3445. However, zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg) are
represented by a general formula (n- 1)a" ns". These are not regarded as transition metals duet o
completely filled d-orbitals.
HAPTER7:d-and
7 FBlock Elements 159

nerties of d-Block Elements (vii) Most of the transition metals are

vearly, all the transition elements exhibit paramagnetic due to the presence of
i Nearly unpaired electrons (as paramagnetic
metallic properties. They (except Zn, Cd and
character« number of unpaired electrons).
much hard and have low
Hg) are very The species having all paired electrons are
olatility. Their melting and boiling points are
diamagnetic in nature.
high due to strong metallic bonding. Greater
(ix) The magnetic moment is determined by
the number of valence electrons, stronger is
the formula, u = yn(n +2) BM where, n is
the resultant bonding. They have high
enthalpy of atomisation. the number of unpaired electrons and BM is
From Sc to Cr, atomic radii decreases because Bohr Magneton (unit of magnetic moment).
effective nuclear charge increases. The atomic (x) Most of the transition metals and their
sizes Fe, Co and Ni are almost same compounds are used as catalyst because
because pairing of electrons in d-orbitals they show variable oxidation states and
causes repulsion and hence, effective nuclear have ability to form complexes, e.g. finely
charge does not increase appreciably. divided iron in Haber's process, V,O, in
contact process, etc.
m)Density of the transition metals from Sc to Cu
increases due to high atomic mass and smal (xi) Transition elements form coloured ions
atomic volume. due to the presence of unpaired electrons
in d-orbitals as they can 'undergo d-d
ip) Ionisation enthalpy increases with increase in
transition by absorbing colour from visible
nuclear charge along each series. However,
region and radiating complementary colour.
the first ionisation energy of Cr is low
because loss of one electron gives stable (xii) Transition elements form complexes due to
configuration and the value for Zn is higher smaller size, higher charge on cations and
because it represents an ionisation from the presence of vacant d-orbitals, e.g.
Completely filled 4s level. [Fe(CN),. [Cu(NH,)41** etc.
) Transition metals show variable oxidation (xii) Transition elements have lower value of
states due to the participation of(n-1)d as reduction potential and there is irregular
well as ns electrons in bond formation. The variation in reduction potential due to
maximum oxidation states are shown by Mn, irregular variation in ionisation energy.
hydration energy, etc.
ie. from +2 to +7 (in first series). Sc shows
only +3 oxidation state. High oxidation state (xiv)Transition elements form interstitial
Is shown by their fluorides ánd oxides compounds which are non-stoichiometric
because fluorine and oxygen are strong (e.g. Mn N, TiH17, Tic, etc). They also
Oxidising agents. form alloy due to similar size.
Theelectrode potentials of first row of Alloys are formed by the atoms with
transition elements generally show an metallic radii differ for about 15 per cent
ucTease with increasing atomic numbers. from each other. Because of similar radii and
Electrode potential M2* IM of a metal is other characteristics of transition metals,
alloys are readily formed by these metals.
cpendent upon three parameters viz
halpy of atomisation, enthalpy of (v) Transition metal oxides in lowest oxidation
state are basic, in intermediate
nsation and enthalpy of hydration of M". oxidation
state are amphoteric and in highest
more stable than Cut due to lower oxidation state are acidic.
uction potential which is due to higher
hydratio energY Cut compounds are (vi)Transition metal halides in lower oxidation
state are ionic and in
unstable in eous solution and undergo state are covalent.
higher oxidation
Mostly fluorides are
disproportionation. ionic and chlorides and bromides are
covalent.
2Cut Cu+Cu
 160
Chapterwise CBSE
Solved Papers: CHE
HEMIST
Structure of Chromate and
1.2 Potassium Dichromate Dichromate lon
Potassium dichromate (K,Cr,0,) is an acidic of chromate ion is tetrahedral and
The structure
+6 oxidation dichromate ion consists of two tetrahedra shariny
compound in which Cr is present in
state. Potassium dichromate is prepared
from one corner with Cr-0-Crib ond angle of 126
of
sodium chromate, which is obtained by fusion
chromite ore (FeCr,O,)with sodium carbonate in O 2-
excess of air, which on acidification with O- 1 7 9p m

sulphuric acid give orange sodium dichromate Cr 126 C

solution Na ,Cr,O7, this formed Na,Cr,0, then
reacts with KCl to give potassium dichromate
o
O
163 p
K Cr0,). It is orange coloured solid.
4 FeCrO+8 Na CO, +70, Chromate ion Dichromate iun
8 NaCro +2Fe + 8CO

2 Na Cro +2 H*
(Water soluble) (Water insoluble)
Na,Cr,0, +2 Na* +H,O
1.3 Potassium
Na CrO, +2KCl K,Cr0, + 2NaCl
(Less soluble) (More soluble)
Permanganate
Potassium permanganate (KMnO4) is also an
(i) Tts colour depends upon the pH of the acidic compound in which Mn is present in +7
solution. In acidic pH, it is orange (exists as oxidation state. Potassium permanganate is
dichromate ions) while in basic pH, it is
prepared by fusion of pyrolusite ore (MnO,) wun
yellow (exists as chromate ions). The
alkali metal hydroxide in the presence of 0,. Itis
oxidation state of chromium in chromate
dark purple coloured
and dichromate is same. crystalline solid.
2Mn0 +4KOH +02 2K,MnO, +2H0
2Cro+2H C0; +H0
CrO+20H 2Cro +H,0 3MnO+ 4H 2Mn0 +Mn0, +2H0
It is
prepared by alkaline oxidative fusion ot
(ii') It is used as primary standard solution in
volumetric analysis in acidic medium.
MnO, followed by electrolytic oxidation ot
manganate ion.
Cr,of +14H' +6 2Cr* +7H,O Fused with KOH, oxidised with air
(ii) It acts as a strong oxidising agent. MnO or KNO,

acidified K Cr0, oxidises sulphides to

Thus,
sulphur, Fe(1I) salts to Fe(III), iodides to MnO
Manganate in

iodine and nitrites to nitrates.

MnO Electrolytic oxidation in alkaline soluton
Cr0+3H,S+8H 2Cr +3S+7H,0 Manganate ion
CrO+14H' +6Fe* 2Cr MnO4
Permanganate on

+6Fe* +7H,0 In
CrO+14H +61 2Cr*
laboratory it can be prepared by oxidation of
manganese (1I) ion salt by
+7H,0+3 2Mn** +5 S,o
peroxodisulpha
+8 H,0
Cr0, +8H' +3NO, »2Cr 2MnO4
+10 SO+16 H
+3NO, +4H,O KMnO,
on decomposes to
heating and evolves
2MnO, and MnO;
gives K ,MnO4 a
O2
 PTER 7: ond f-Block Elements 161

K K2MnO, + MnO, +0O (i) 8MnO, +38,0}* +H,0

2 K M n O , 4 , 5 1 3

Mn0 +e Mno? 8MnO +6SO +2OH

KMnO
acts as a n idising agent in all the three (ii) 2Mn0, +3Mn* + 2H,0 5MnO2 +4H
ndiums i.e. acidic, alkaline and neutral.

MnO +4 H +3e MnO2 +2H,0

MnOg +8 H +5e Mn" + 4H,0
PREVIOUS YEARS"
structure of Manganate and EXAMINATION QUESTIONS
Permanganate lon
TOPIC 1
The manganate (MnO, ")and permanganate
(MnO) ions are tetrahedral. 1 Mark 0uestions
1. Write the formula of an oxo-anion of
O
manganese (Mn) in which it shows the
oxidation state equal to its group number.
n Mn Delhi 2017
|o o 2. Zn salts are white while Cu2* salts are
coloured. Why? AllIndia 2015
Tetrahedral Tetrahedral
manganate ion
3. Why do transition elements show variable
permanganate ion oxidation states? Delhi 2014C
(Paramagnetic) (Diamagnetic)
4. Transition metals are much harder than
Reactions of KMn0 the alkali metals. Why? All India 2014c
Important oxidising reactions of KMnO, are: 5. Which of following cations are coloured in
In acidic solutions aqueous solutions and why?
() 10+2 MnO, +16 H"- Sc+ v3*,Ti+, Mn
(At. no. Sc = 21, V = 23, Ti = 22, Mn = 25
2Mn2+8 HO +51,2
() Delhi 2013
5Fe+ MnO +8H
Mnt +4H,0 +5Fe**
6. Sc(21), is a transition element but Ca(20)
is not. Why? AllIndia 2012c
)
5CO +2Mn0 + 16H" 7. Explain the following observation:
2Mn+8H,0 +10CO Most of the transition metal ions exhibit
tv)5s+2MnO +16H" characteristic colours in aqueous
solutions. Delhi2012
2Mn2+8H,0+5S
8. How would you account for the
3so+ 2MnO +6H" following?
Many of the transition elements are
2Mn+3H,0 +5SO known to form interstitial
compounds.
7) Delhi2012
5NO +2MnO +
6H 9. How would you account for the
2Mn+5NO +3H,0 The for copper is
following?
In E3, M positive
eutral or
faintly alkaline solutions (0.34 V). Copper is the
() only metal in the
2MnO +H,0 +l first series of transition elements
showing
this behaviour. HOTS; All
2MnO + 20H +10, Iindia 2012
 CBSE
Solved pers: CHEM
Popers:
CHEMISTRY
Chapterwise
162
acid gives a compound (
sulphuric with KCI fo
on reaction
10. Assign reason for the following: Compound (B) forma
coloured crystalline compound
Copper () ion is not known in aqueous an orange

solution. Al India 2011, 2010; Delhi 2011 (C)

a) Write the formulae of the compounds
11. Transition metals and their compounds
generally exhibit a paramagnetic (A), (B) and (C).
one use of compound (C).
behaviour. Give reason. All Indio 2011 ii) Write
12. Cr is a strong reducing agent whereas Dellhi 2016
is chemical
Mn* with the same (d') configuration 18. Complete the following equation
an oxidising agent. Give reason. Delhi 2011C
) 8MnO7 + 3S,03+H,O.
13. Explain the following observation:
The enthalpies of atomisation of
(ii) Cr0} +3Sn+14H*.
transition metals are quite high. Foreign 2010 AllIndia2016
19. What are transition elements? Write two
2 Marks Questions characteristics of the transition elements.
14. Use the data to answer the following and Delhi 2015
alsojustify giving reason: 20. What is meant by 'disproportionation?
Give an example of a disproportionation
Cr Mn Fe Co
reaction in aqueous solution.
-0.91
EIM -118 -0.44 -0.28
Delhi 2015C, All India 2011 C
041 21. Suggest reasons for the
+1.57 +0.77 +1.97
of transition metal
following features
chemistry:
(a) Which is a stronger reducing agent in ) The transition metals and their
aqueous medium, Cr"or Fe" and compounds are usually paramagnetic.
why? (i) The transition metals exhibit
(b) Which is the most stable ion in +2 variable oxidatipn states.
oxidation and why? All India 2019 22. Describe the
Delhi 2015C
15 When MnO, is fused with KOH in the preparation
permanganate. How does
of
potass1um
presence of KNO, the acidified
oxidising
as an
gives a dark green compound (A). agent,
it permanganate
acid? Write the solution react with Oxalnc
Compound (A) disproportionates in acidic ionic equations for the
reactions. All India
solution to give purple
compound (B). An 23. Describe 2015C
alkaline solution of compound the oxidising
KI to compound (C) (B) oxidises dichromate and write the action of potassiu
whereas an acidified for its ionic equatio 1s
solution of compound (B)
oxidises KI to reactions with (i) iodide and (11) n
(D). Identify (A), (B), (C) and All Indio 2015C
(D). Delhi 2019 24.
16. Complete and balance the Why do transition
chemical equations: following OXidation states?
elements show var
which element In 3d series (Sc to Zn).
to Zn
(a) Fe+Mn0 + H* shows
number of the
maximum
(b) Mn0+ H0+ T
CBSE 2018 Forelgn 2015 oxidation states and wny
25.
17. When chromite ore,
FeCrO, is fused with Assign a reason for each of the followir
NaOH in the
presence of air, a observations
()
of the
tolo
vellow-coloured compound (A) is obtained
which on acidification with
The
transition met
etals (with the
dilute exception
and of Zn, Cd
ind have hi, Cd and and Hg) hard are

oints
points. high melting and boiling
CHAPTER 7 G-and f-Block Elements
163
i) The ionisation enthalpies (first and
(ii) The oxidising power of the following
second) in the first series of the
three oxo-ions in the series follows
transition elements are found to vary the order:
irregularly. Delhi 2014c
26. Assign reason for each of the following: vo; <
Cr0 <
MnO, 0elhi 2014C
) 'Transition elements exhibit 33. How would you account for the following?
paramagnetic behaviour. (i) Transition metals exhibit variable
i) Co" is easily oxidised in the Oxidation states.
presence
of a strong ligands. Delhi 2014c (ii) Transition metals and their
27. Account for the following: compounds act as catalysts.
(i) Mn* is more stable than Fe* All india 2013
towards oxidation to + 3 state. 34. Which metal in the first transition series
(i) The enthalpy of atomisation is lowest (3d-series) exhibits +1 oxidation state
most frequently and why?
for Zn in first series (3d) of the Dalhi 2013
transition elements. Delhi 2014 35. Complete the following chemical reaction
28. Describe the general trends in the equations:
following properties of the first series (3d) i) Cr,0+ I+ H*
of the transition elements: (ii) MnO+ NO + H*
) Number of oxidation states exhibited. Delhi 2012: AllIndia 2012
i) Formation of oxo metal ions. Delhi 20140 36. Explain the following observations.
29. Assign reasons for the following: (i) Many of the transition elements are
) Copper (T) ion is not known to exist known to form interstitial compounds.
in aqueous solutions. ii) There is a general increase in density
) Both 0, and F, stabilise high from titanium (Z 22) to copper
=

oxidation states of transition metals (Z 29). All India 2012

but the ability of oxygen to do so 37. Explain each of the following
exceeds that of fluorine. AllIndia20140 observations
30. Assign reasons for the following (i) With the same d-orbital configuration
) Transition metals and many of their (d*),Cr* is a reducing agent while
compounds act as good catalysts. Mn is an oxidising agent.
(1) Transition metals generally form ii) There is hardly any increase in
coloured compounds. All India 2014C atomic size with increasing atomic
numbers in a series of transition
1.
Complete the following equations: metals. All India2012
) 2 MnO0,+ 58 + 16H'
38. Assign reasons for each
of the following:
i) Cr,0 20H. Foreign 2014
+ (i) Transition metals generally form
32. How would you account for the following? coloured compounds.
(ii) Manganese exhibits the highest
) The highest oxidation state of a Oxidation state of+7 among the
exhibited
transition metal is usually 3d-series of transition elements.
in its oxide.
Delhi2011
164 Chopterwise CBSE Solved Popers:
CHEMISTRY
39. Complete the following chemical equations i) Cu ion is not known in
aqueous
6) solutions. All India 20100
MnO(ag)+8,03 (aq) +
H,O (1 47. Account for the following :
(i) CrOf (ag)+ Fe(ag) + H' (aq)
All india 2011, 2010 ) Cu' ions are not stable in
solution. aqueous
40. Explain
giving a suitable reason for each i) Most of the transition metal ions
of the following exhibit paramagnetic behaviour.
) Transition metals and their
Delhl 2010C
compounds are generally found to be 48. Account for the following
good catalysts.
i) Metal-metal bonding is ) In the series Sc to Zn,
for the
more frequent the enthalpy af
atomisation of zinc is the
4 d and 5 d-series
transition lowest.
metals than that for the 3
d-series. (ii) E° value for the Mn°"/ Mn*
couple
All Indio 2011 is much more
positive than that for
41. Complete the following reactions in the Cr/Cr. Delhi 2010C
aqueous medium 49. Describe the
preparation of
6) Mn0+cO+H° ) potassium dichromate from sodium
chromate and
42.
i)
CrO+HS+ H Foreign 2011 i)
potassium chloride.
KMnO, from K,MnO. Forelgn
Complete the following chemical 2010
equations: 3 Marks Questions
) Fe3+I+
i) Cro+ H* 50. Explain the method of
43. Write balance
chemical
Foreign 2011 sodium dichromate from preparation
chromite
of
equations of two Give the ore.
of ferrousequation
reactions in which
KMn0,
oxidising agent in the acidicacts as an
salts by representing oxidation
Delhi 2011C medium. 51. dichromate ion.
44.
Complete the following reactions
Explain the following (a) Mn02
() Generally, there isobservations (b) T +KOH +0
an increase
density of elements from in +Mn0 + H*.
(c)
(Z 22) to copper titanium
series of transition(Z 29) in the first
= Cr0+Sn" +H'
52. Give reasons: AllAl indio 2019
Indlile 2019
(ii) Transition elementselements. ) E value for
and their
compounds are generally found to
good catalysts much more Mn3/Mn2 couple is
in chemical reactions.
be Fe /Fe+. positive than that tor
Delhi 2010 (i) Iron has
45. Explain the following higher enthalpy of
) Transition observations: ii)
atomisation than that of
elements
coloured compounds. generally form Sc* is
colourless in
copper
whereas aqueous
coloured. cBSEsolu
i) Zinc is not T* is
regarded
element. Delhi2010 as a
transition 53. ) 201
46.
Complete the following
Explain the following
) Among the observations
(a)
(b) 2MnO+ 5S03 + 14H
Cr0+6Fe+ 6H*
equations
divalent cations in the
first series of (i)
transition
manganese exhibits the elements,
Based on
Mn" and the data, arrange
paramagnetism. maximum ee
order of Cr2* in the
state. stability of +2 increas18
oxidation
CHAPTER 7 : d-and f-Block Elements 165

21) to
C C2
=-
0.4 V (i) In the 3d series from Sc (Z =

Zn (Z = 30), the enthalpy of

+1.5 V atomisation of Zn is the lowest.
Mn3 /Mn2
(iii) Sc3* is colourless in aqueous solution
B p a p = + 0.8 V
whereas TY" is coloured. Foreign 2014
54. Write the preparation of following: 59. Complete the following chemical
) KMn0 from K,Mn0, equations:
Cr0 +6Fe +14H*
(ü) Na,CrO, from FeCr,0, )
(ii) Cr,O; from CrO4 2018c (ii) 2Cr0f+2H
55. ) Account for the following ii) 2MnO + 5C,0 +16H
(a) Cu is unstable in an aqueous
solution.
Delhi 2013
60. Explain the following observations:
b) Transition metals form complex
) The enthalpies of atomisation of
compounds. transition elements are quite high.
i) Complete the following equation ii) There occurs much more frequent
Cr0,+8H +3NO,- metal-metal bonding in compounds of
AllIndia2015 heavy transition metals
i.e. 4d and 5d series).
56. (i) How would you account for the
following? ii) Mn is much more resistant than
(a) Highest fluoride of Mn is MnF Fe towards oxidation. Delhi 2012
whereas the highest oxide is Mn0. 61. Complete the following chemical
b) Transition metals and their equations:
compounds show catalytic (i) Mn0 +C.O+H -
properties.
i) Complete the following equation: (i) KMnO, Heat
3Mn0, + 4H Foreign 2015 (ii) Cr0f HS+H Delhi
+
2011
7. From the given data of E° values, answer 62. How would you account for the following?
the following questions: (i) Metal-metal bonding is more
extensive in the 4d and 5d -series of
E Cr Mn Fe CoNiCu
transition elements than 3d-series.
(M IM)-0.91-1l8|-0.44-0.28-0.25+0.34|
() Mn (1II) undergoes
) Why is E21 value exceptionally disproportionation reaction easily.
Cu
positive? (ii) Co (1) is easily oxidised in the
) Why is BMa/Mp) value highly presence of strong [Link] 2011
63. Explain the following:
negative as compared to other (i) Cu' is not known in aqueous
elements?
() Which is a stronger reducing agent solution
Cr" or Fe*? Give reason. allIndia 2015 it With same
(d') configuration, Cr(II)
ASsign suitable r e a s o n s for the following:
is reducing whereas Mn(1II) is
) The Mncompounds are more stable
oxidising.
(ii) Transition metals in general
than Fe towards oxidation to their good catalysts. Foreign 2011
act as

+3 state.
 CBSE
Solved Papers: pers :CHE
CHEMISTRY
Chopterwise
166
Which element
shows only +3
ii) oxidation state?
state
64. Compare the stability of +2 oxidation strong oxidisine
for the elements of the first transition (iv) Which element 18 a state and
series. (Atomic number of agent in +3 oxidation
Sc 21 to Cu = 29) Delhl 2011C why? Delhi2015
65. Describe the preparation of potassium Complete the following equations:
69. )
ore. Write (a) C r 0 + 20H-
permanganate from pyrolusite
the ionic equation for the reaction that (b) MnOg+4H +3e
takes place between acidified KMnO, Account for the following:
(i)
solution and iron (11) ions. Delhi 2010C (a) Zn is not considered as a transition
66. Account for the following element.
) The enthalpies of atomisation of the b) Transition metals form a large
ansition metals are high. number of complexes.
(i) The lowest oxide of a transition metal (c)TheE° value for the Mn** /Mn
is basic, the highest is amphoteric or couple is much more positive than
acidic. that for Cr* / Cr" couple. Delhi2014
(iii) Cobalt (II) is stable in aqueous 70. ) Give reasons for the following:
solution but in the presence of
complexing agents, it is easily
aMn** is a good oxidising agent.
(b) Ey2/M values are not regular for
oxidised. All Indio 201nOC M
first row transition metals
5 Marks Questions (3d -series).
67. Account for the
(c) Although F is more electronegative
following than 0, the highest Mn fluoride is
(e) Mn shows the highest oxidation
state of +7 with oxygen but with
MnF, whereas the highest oxide is
fluorine, it shows the highest MnO
oxidation state of + 4 (ii) Complete the following
(a) 2Cr0;+2H-
equation
(b) Cr3 is a strong reducing
agent.
(c) Cu2 Balts are coloured while Zn2* (6) KMnO, Heat
salts are white. 71. )
AllIndia 2013
(i) Complete the Complete and balance the following
following equations: chemical equations:
(a) 2Mn0+ 4KOH 0,A, (a) Cr0f+T+ H*.
b) Cro+14H* +6r (b) Mn0+SO3+ H*-
AllIndia 2015 (i) Explain the following
68. The elements of 3d
transition series are
(a) Transition observation
elements and ther
given as:
Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Compounds are known to act as
Ni Cu Zn
Answer the following: catalysts.
G)
9)The higher oxidation states
Write the element which shows usually exhibited by are
the member
maximum number of oxidation states. the middle of
Give reason.
transition [Link] ot
a

i) Which element has the (c) The

melting point? highest metal-metal bonding is ore

frequently
third seriesfound in the second and

of transiti sition lements

CHAPTER 7 :a-and f-Block Elements 167

72. () Calculate the number of unpaired (ii) Name the oxo metal anion of one
of
electrons in the following gaseous state the transition metals in which the
ions. Mn°*, Cr*, vi* and Fe* metal exhibits the oxidation state
Which one of these is the most stable equal to the group number.
in aqueous solutions? (ii) Account for the following:
(Atomic number of V= 23, Cr= 24, Mn (a) Scandium (Z =21) is regarded as
25, Fe = 26)
a transition element but zinc
(i) Explain the following observations: (Z = 30) is not.

(a) The transition metal ions are usually (6) arM, value for copper is
coloured in aqueous solutions.
(b) Cu() ion is not stable in an aqueous positive. All India 2010C
solution.
(c) The highest oxidation state of a
transition metal is exhibited in its
Explanations
oxide or fluoride. Foreign 2012
1. The formula of an oxo-anion of
73. 6) Account for the following: manganese (Mn) in which it shows the
(a) The transition metals and their Oxidation state equal to its group number is
compounds act as good catalysts Mno.
(b) The lowest oxide of transition metal is Here, oxidation state of Mn is +7 which is same
basic, whereas the highest is as is its group number. (1)
amphoteric/acidic. 2. Cu" salts are coloured becauseCu ion has
A transition metal exhibits higher 3d4s° valence shell configuration with one
oxidation states in oxides and unpaired electron and therefore, it is
fluorides. paramagnetic in nature. Hence, Cu ion
ci) Describe the reactions involved in the undergoes d-d transition and forms coloured
preparation of K,Cr0, from chromite salts. In contrast to Cu", Zn** has all paired
ore. All India2011 electrons due to 4s valence shell
74. (i) Complete the following chemical configuration and therefore, it does not undergo
equations: d-dtransition. Hence, Zn*" salts are white. (1)
(a) Cr,0 aq) + H,S (g)+ H" (aq) 3. ns and (m-1)d electrons of transition metal
b) Cu (ag) + T(aq) have very little difference in the energies and
hence both
(i) How would you account for the can
participate in bonding, which
results in variable oxidation states. When ns
following? electrons take part in bonding. they exhibit
(a) The oxidising power of oxoanions are
lower oxidation states whereas when
in the order (n-1)d
electrons alongwith ns electrons
MnO participate in
Vo Cr,Of
< <
bonding, they exhibit variable oxidation states.
(b) The third ionisation enthalpy of
(1
manganese (Z 25) is exceptionally
=
4. Transition metals have more number of
high. unpaired electrons in their valence shells. As
than a
(C) Cr is a stronger reducing agent result they are able to form very
strong metallic
Fe". AllIndia 2010 bonds and hence, they are much harder than
alkali metals
H o w does the acidified potassium (1)
react with 5. Blectronic
permanganate solution configuration
Sc= [Ar]3d"4s°, v* [Ar)3d*45,
of the ions are

(a) iron () ions and b) oxalic acid?

=

Ti= [Ar]34"4s° and Mn**

Write the ionic equations for the [Ar)3d*4s°. =

reactions.
 Chopterwise CBSE Solved Papers : EMISTRY

it . e. Mn" contains partially filled the other hand, Mn can accept an clectron te
i a l s , clectrons can undergo d-d iransition, form Mn2 resulting in the half-filled (d
h re coloured while Ti*" and Sc" do not configuration which has extra stability. Thus, it
[Link] any clectron.
Thereforc, are colourless. (1) behaves as an oxidising agent.
(1)
S2)with clectronic
configuration [Ar) u' 4s
h e incompletcly filled d-orbitals
13 Transition metals have high enthalpies of
whcreas atomisation due to strong metallic bonding and
Ca(20) docs not. Thus, Sc(21) is a transition additional covalent bonding. Metallic bonding is
icment (1) due to their smaller size while covalent bonding i
7. Most of the complexes of transition elements are due to d-d overlapping.
coloured. This is because of the absorption of 14. (a) Reactivity series is made on the basis of
radiation from visible light region to promote an
standard reduction potential(E°)
and E° for G
clectron from one of the d-orbital to another. is more negative than that of Fe. Thus,
These are known as d-d transitions and are
Fe get reduced and Cr get oxidised, in other
responsible for imparting colour to the solution.
words Cr is a stronger reducing agent. (1)
The ions of transition elements absorb the
(b) Among the given ions, the ion with more
radiation of a particular wavelength and the rest
negative value of E° (red.) will loose the
is reflected, imparting colour to the solution. (1) electron more easily, thus is more stable in
8. in the crystal lattice, transition elements have (+) 2 oxidation state. Hence Mn in (+) 2
interstitial vacant spaces into which small sized oxidation state is the most stable species. (1)
non-metal atoms such as H, B, C, or N are 15. When MnO, is fused with KOH in presence of
[Link] are knownas
interstitial compounds. These are neither typically KNO, green coloured compound K, Mn0, (A)
ionic nor covalent, e.g. TiC. Mn,N, Fe H, etc. is formed. Since (A) disproportionates in acidic
(1)
medium to give purple compound (B), thus (B) is
9 . E value for any metal depends on three factors; KMnO4. In alkaline medium, KMnO, (B) oxidise
hyaration enthalpy, ionisation enthalpy and enthalpy KI to (C), thus compound (C) is KI0,; whereas
of atomisation.
inacidic medium, KI is oxidised to compound
The enthalpy of atomisation is very high for Cu (D) which is I
but its hydration energy is very
low. The high The reactions involved are
energy to transform Cu(s) to Cu* (ag) is not (i) MnO2+ 2KOH+ KNO,
balanced by its hydration enthalpy. Thus, for this
K, MnO4 +KNO, + HO (1/2)
conversion, E° value is positive.
(1 (Green)
10. Copper (I) ions are unstable in aqueous solution (A)
and undergo disproportionation.
(i) 3K, MnO, +
2HSO,
2Cu Cu2* + Cu 2KMn0,+
(Purple)
MnO, + 2HO + 2K,SO, (/2)
The stability of Cus" (aq) rather than Cu' (ag) is due (B)
(iii) 2KMnO, + KI+ HO
to the much negative Aya H of Cu (aq)
more KIO,
(C)
than Cu'. which compensales more for the +2MnO,+ 2KOH (1/2)
second ionisation enthalpy of Cu. (iv) 2KMnO, + 10KI + 3H SO-
(1)
(1/2)
11. Paramagnetism arises due to the presence of 2Mnso + KSO,+ 51,+ 8H 0
unpaired electrons. When transition metal ions (D)
have unpaired electrons in d-orbitals (d' tod'). 16. (a) 5Fe +Mn0 + 8H* Mn2 + 5Fe
They exhibit paramagnetic behaviour. (1) +4H,0 (
(b) 2MnO+ H0+ H
12. First, find the electronic configuration of Cr*.Cr3 10; + 2MnO:t (1)
Mn2. Mn*. Then compare them to find the stability.
17. (i) 4FeCrO, +
16NaOH+ 702
Cr2 is a reducing agent because it can lose an
electron to form Cr" which has stable 3d 2Fe0+ 8Na,CrO, + 8H0
configuration (as it has half-filled t2, level). On Sodium chromate
(Yellow coloured
Compound) (1/2)

(A)
 7 : d-and f-Block Elements
169
CHAPTER

2H Reaction between acidified KMn0, and

2Na CrO +
Na,Cr,0, +2Na* +H,O oxalic acid is oxidised.
Yellowcoloured (Fromn Sodium dichromate oxalic acid Oxalate ions or
compound) H,SO) (B) 5CO+2MnO,"+16H* 2Mn*
(1/2) 8H0+10C0, (1
Na Cr,0, +2KCI K,Cr,0,+ 2NaCl (1/2)
Potassium 23. Potassium dichromate is a strong oxidising agent.
díchromate In acidic solution, its oxidising action is
(C)
represented as:
(i) KCrO, (0) is a strong oxidising agent. It is
used as a primary standard in volumetric Cr,0+14H* + 6 2Cr*+ 7HO (1)
analysis. (1/2)
Ionic equations
18. (i) 8MnOg + 3S,05 +H0
(i) Reaction of KCrO, with I
SMnO, + 6So+ 20H (1) Cro+14H* +61 2Cr*+ 312 + 7HOb
3Sn*
(i)Cr,0+14H +
(ii) Reaction of KCrO, with HS
3Sn +2Cr** + 7H0
Cr,0+8H"+ 3H,S
19. The elements which lie in between s-and p-block 2Cr +3S+7H0 (1)
elements in the long form of periodic table
24. Refer to solution 3. (1
belonging to groups 3-12 in which different
electrons of d-orbitals are progressively filled in Manganese exhibits all the oxidation states from
each of the four long periods are called transition +2 to +7. It shows largest number of oxidation

general electronic configuration is states as it has the maximum number of unpaired

elements. Their
electrons. (1)
(n-1)dns. The general characteristics of
transition elements are high melting and boiling 25. (i) The transition metals (except Zn, Cd and Hg)
points, paramagnetic behaviour, variable are hard and have high melting and boiling
Oxidation states, catalytic properties, etc. (2) points because transition elements display
20. The disproportionation reactions are those in metallic properties. They show strong metallic
which the same substance gets oxidised as well as bonding. Greater the number of valence
reduced. When a particular oxidation state electrons, stronger is the resultant bonding. ()
becomes less stable relative to other oxidation (ii) lonisation enthalpy increases with increase in
States (one lower and one higher), it undergoes nuclear charge along each series. However, Cr
(1) has low first IE because loss of one electron
disproportionation.
gives stable electronic configuration (3d°). Zn
e.g. Mn (VI) becomes unstable relative to

Mn (VII) and Mn (IV) in acidic solution. has very high IE because electron has to be
7
removed from 4s orbital of the stable
3M nO+4H 2M nO+ MnO,+ 2H,0 () configuration (3d 4s). Similarly, Cr and Cu
21. (i) Refer to solution 11. (1) show much higher values for second IE
(1) because the second electron has to be removed
(ü) Refer to solution 3. from the stable configuration of Cr" (3d) and
4 Preparation of KMn0, It is prepared by the
Cu (3d). (1)
with an alkali
1usion of pyrolusite ore (Mn0,)
agent like 26. (i) Refer to solution 1.
metal hydroxide and an oxidising
obtained which on
(1)
Dark green K,MnO, is (i) In Co*, electronic configuration is 3d'. There
NO,. acidic solution
a1sproportionation in neutral or is one unpaired electron even after pairing
gives potassium permanganate. occurs in the presence of a strong ligand.
2MnO,+ 4KOH +0 2KMnO,+ 2H,0 Hence, Co" is oxidised to more stable Co". (1
Potassium manganate
Pyrolusite (Green mass)
27. (i) Electronic configuration of Mn*" is 3d which
2KMnO+MnO, is half-filled and hence stable.
3KMnO, +4HCI Therefore, third
Potassium ionisation enthalpy is very high, i.e. third
permanganate
+2H0+4KCI (1) electron cannot be lost easily.
170 Solved Papers:
Chapterwise CBSE
CHEMISTRY
In case of Fe*", clectronic configuration is 3d. 31. (i) 2MnO +5S +16H' 2Mn?
Hence, it can lose one electron
half-filled stable
easily to give +8HO+5s
configuration,i.e. 3d'. (1) (i) Cro + 20H 2CrO+ Ho
(i) Enthalpy of atomisation depends upon the
strength of bonding. In case of zinc, only 32. (i) The highest Oxidation state of a
mctallic bonding occurs but no d-d metal is usually hibited in its
sition
takes place whereas in case of overlapping
of the ability of oxygen to form
oxides becau
other metals of multiple h
first transition series, both
as
the metallic as well
covalent bonding are present. Thus,
with metal. bonds
enthalpy of atomisation is lowest for zinc. (ü) It isbecause V in the lower oxidation state
less stable than Cr which in turn is
28. (i) In 3d-series all the less able
elements show +2oxidation than Mn. Thus, Mn04 has a great
state except Sc
(Sc +3). Oxidation states first
= tendencyt
increases from Sc to Mn due to get reduced and hence, behave as a
increase in good
number of unpaired electrons and then oxidising agent. Similarly, Vo, has the least
decreases because pairing take Oxidising power.
Ni show zero place. Fe and
oxidation state in metal 33. (i) Refer to solution 3.
carbonyls. (1)
(ü) All the metals (ii) Refer to solution 30 (i).
except scandium form M0
Oxides which are ionic. The 34. Copper (Cu) is the
highest oxidation
number in the oxides, coincide only metal in the first
with the group transition series (3d-series) which
number and is attained in shows
ScO, +1 oxidation state most
Beyond group 7, no higher oxides ofMn0
to
iron the frequently. It is because
electronic configuration of Cu is
above FeO, are known. 4s
which loses 1 electron and
Besides the form Cu' ion with
oxides,
the oxocations stabilise
as
vo, v vo* and Ti as Ti0*. As thev
as
stable 3 configuration.
(11)
oxidation number of a metal 35. (i) Cro; + 61" + 14H*
character [Link] case ofincreases, ionic
Mn, Mn0,is a
covalent green oil. Even
low meling points. In
CrO,
their
and VO, have (ii) 2MnO+ 5NO
2Cr+7H,O+ 31
acidic character is higher oxides, the + 6H*
predominant.
gives HMnO, and CrO, gives Thus, Mn0,
H,CrO, and
[Link], is however, amphoteric 36. (i) Refer 2Mn+5NO+ 3H,0
mainly acidic and it gives VO as wellthough
to solution 8. (
salt.
as
Vo i) As we move
from left to
(1) transition series (from Ti right along a
29. (i) Refer radii decreases to Cu), the atomic
solution 10.
to
due to increase in nuclear
(i) Both 0, and F, stabilise (1) charge. Therefore, atomic
high oxidation
but the ability of oxygen to stabilise states with increase in volume decrease
atomic mass. That's
higher oxidation states exceeds that these density of wny
fluorine due to ability of of Ti to Cu. transition metals increases tron
oxygen to form (
multiple bonds with the metal 37. (i) Refer
to
c.g. Mn form the atoms.
highest fluoride as MnF solution 12. (
whereas, the highest (1) In general,
oxide is atoms in
tendency of oxygenMnp,. given series
This is a
due to the
to form
transition metals show ssiveot
decrease n

30.
multiple bonds.
(i) Transition metals are (1) because as new progresSIVeuThis
radius with increasing atomic
number. is
good catalyst electron
cach time the nuclear enters in a
their ability to adopt because of a-o
and to form multiple oxidation states
complexes. unity. Shielding effect charge increases y
because of their variableTransition metals effective and hence, of a d-electron is nor

valencies and vacant

d-orbitals form unstable intermediate increases and radius effective nuclear
i char
elfects decr
ecreases. Both these
compounds and provide a new
lower activation energy for the path with
counter each
atomic size is other, therefore cna
(ii) Refer to solution 7
reaction. (1)
38. (i)
Refer to
negligible. (1

(1) (ii) solution 7.

Mn has electronic
configurationAr]
[Ar°3./4
CHAPTER7:d-and f-Block Elements 171

It has the maximum number of unpaired electrons. Thus, it exhibits maximum

electrons in d orbitals and all the electrons in s (1)
paramagnetism.
orbital as well as ind orbital can take part in (ii) Refer to solution 10. (1)
bond formation, therefore, it shows +7 highest (1
47. (i) Refer to solution 10.
oxidation state.
(1) (ii) Refer to solution 11. (1
39. (i) SMnO,(aq) + 3S,O"(a4) + Ho t)
48. (i) Refer to solution 27 (ii). (1
8MnO,+ 6s0;+ 20H (1) The
(ii) comparatively high E° value for
(i) Cr0a)+ 6Fe" (aq) + 14H (aq)-» Mn/Mn** is due to the fact that Mn* (d*) is
quite stable whereas comparatively low value
2Cr+6Fe + 7H,0 (1) for CrCr* is because of the extra stability
40. (i) Refer to solution 30 (i). (1) ofCr*. Therefore, Cr* cannot be reduced to
Metal-metal
(i) and bonding is frequent
more for 4d Cr2 (1
5d series of transition metals than that for 49. (i) Sodium chromate solution is acidified with
3d series. It is due to poor shielding effect of 4f HSO, to obtain orange coloured sodium
and 5f-orbitals, more unpaired electrons take dichromate.
part in metallic bond formation. (1) 2Na CrO, +2H* Nacro, + 2Nat +HO
41. (i) 2MnO + 5C0+ 16H* Potassium dichromate crystals are obtained by
the treatment of sodium dichromate solution
2Mn+ 8H,0+ 1OcO2 (1) with potassium chloride.
(ii) Cr0 (aq) + 3H,S(9) + 8H (aq) NaCr0,+2KCI KCrO,+ 2NaCl (1)
2Cr"(a9)+ 3S+ 7H,0 () (1) (ii) In neutral or acidic solution, K,Mno,
disproportionates to yield permanganate.
42. (i) 2Fe* +21 2Fe I2 +
(1 3MnO+ 4H 2Mn0, + MnO2+ 2HO
(ü) 2Crog+ 2H" Cro$+ HO (1) (1
43. Oxidising reactions of KMnO, in acidic solutions NOTE Commercially, KMnO, is obtained by the
are as follows: electrolytic oxidation of manganate (VI) ion.
(i) lodine is liberated from potassium iodide Electrolytic oxidation
2Mn2
MnO MnO
101+2Mn0,+16H Manganate ion in aikaline solution
Permanganate
+8HO+ 512 (1) ion

(i) Fe ion (green) is converted into Fe** 50. Sodium dichromate is prepared by chromite ore
(yellow). (FeCrO).
5 Fe+MnOg +8H Mn2 (i) When chromite ore is fused with sodium
+ 4 HO+5 Fe" ( carbonate in free access of air.
44. (i) Refer to solution 36 (i). (
4FeCr,O +8NaCO, +70
(i) Refer to solution 30 (i). (1) 2Fe0,+8Nacro,
Sodium chromate +8CO
45. i) Refer to solution 7. (1)
(ii) Yellow solution of sodium chromate is
(i) Zn (/° 4s) has completely filled d-orbitals in and acidified with filtered
sulphuric acid to give
ts atomic as well as in its common oxidation orange sodium dichromate solution.
State (Zn" state). Therefore, it is not regarded
2NaCro +2H- NaCro,
as transition element. ()
Sodiuma
46. () . First, find the electronio contiguration of Mn".
dichromate
then pair the electrons. The
+2Na +HO
of unpaired electrons. equation representing oxidation bf
[Link] out the number
salts by dichromate loh is as ferrous
Mn has maximum number of unpaired
follows
As paramagnetic nature is directly
Cro+14H* +6fe*
Ciectrons.
proportional to the number of unpaired 6Fe+ 2cr +7Hp
172 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Popers CHEMISTRY
51. (a) 2MnO, + 4KOH +O, 54. (i) Refer to solution 22.
(i) 4FeCr,0, +8Na ,CO, + 70,
2K MnO, +2H0 (1)
(b)101 + 2Mn0+ 16H" 8Na,Cro4+ 2Fe,0, + 8CO,
(ii) 2Cro+ 2H* Cr0 + H,o
2Mn + 512 + 8HO ()
55. (i) (a) Refer to solution 10.
(C)CrO 3Sn+ 14H* /b) Due to the comparatively smailer SIZe ()
of
3Sn+ 2Cr* + 7H0 ( the metal ions, high ionic charges and
the
availability of vacant d-orbitals for bond
52 (a) Mn* compounds are more stable due to formation, transition metals form a large
half-filled d-orbitals. Fe* compounds are number of complex compounds.
(1)
less stable as they have six
comparatively
electrons in their orbitals. So, they tend to lose
(ii) CrO, oxidises nitrites, NO to nitrates. NO,
CrO+ 8H* + 3No
one clectron from Fe and get stable
-configuration in Fe**. Therefore, 2Cr+3NO, +4HO (1)
comparatively high positive value of E° for 56. (i) (a) Highest oxide of. Mn is Mn,0, because
Mn/Mn** indicates the stability of Mn*(4 oxygen can form multiple bonds whereas
fluorine can only form single bonds with
whcrcas comparatively low value for metals therefore, highest fluoride of Mn is
Fe" /Fe* indicates the extra stability of
Fe d). MnF4.
(b) Refer to solution 30 (i). (
(bEnergy required to convert metallic crystal into (ii) 3MnO+4H" 2MnO, + Mn0,+ 2H0
individuzi atom is enthalpy of atomisation.
in transition row elements it first increases
and reaches to maximum upto middle element 57. (i) Refer to solution 9.
and then decreases. This is because of strong (ii) Ionisation enthalpy of Mn is lower than its
interatomic interaction due to unpaired hydration enthalpy due to stable 3d
elecuron. configuration. Thus, E2+, M 1S morc
Greater the number of unpaired clectron, negative. (
stronger will be bonding and thus enthalpy of (ii) Cr is stronger reducing agent than Fe
atomisation will also be more. Since iron has because d" > d° transition occurs in case ot

more unpaired electron than copper therefore Cr to Cr while d > d" transition occurs n
its enthalpy of atomisation is more. (1) case of Fe to Fe* (1
(c) The metal ions with partially or incomplete In a medium like water, d is more stable as
filled d-orbitals will be coloured in aqueous 1
compared to d3.
solution. While the metal ions having either
58. (i) Electronic configuration of Mn2 = [Arl *
empty or completely filled d-orbitals are
colourless. The colour will be due to d-d
iransition of electrons. Thus, the outer
Electronic configuration of Fe =[Ar°3f
It is known that half-filled and fully-filed
electronic configuration of metal ions are
orbitals are more stable. Therefore, Mn h i
sc . Ti: Hence, among thegiven statehas a stable d' configuration. Dueto
ions, T " will exhibit colour in aqueous to
Mn is resistance towards oxidation
solution while Se" will be colourless. (1) Also, Fe has os
configuration and by
53. (i) (a) 5SOg +
2MnO +6H 2Mn2 one electron from 3d, its
configuration
+3HO + 5S0 changes to a more stable 3d configuratio
(1) Fe
Therefore, Fe** easily gets oxidised to 1
Refer to solution 39 (ii). (1) oxidation state.
(b) (1)
value of E° for Cr"/Cr" shows that (ii) Refer
(ii) Negative to solution 27 (ii).
Greater positive value for
Cr2 is least stable. (ii) Sc* is colourless because it has
shows that d orhidden
Mn/Mn** than that of Fe"/Fe*" Configuration, here d-d transition 1s TOlectron
than Fe*. Hence, B u t i n Ti * due to the presence of one r
Mn is m o r e stable
is in he order: in d-orbital
stability of +2 oxidation state (4'), d-d transition is possiD (1)
Cr< Fe* < Mn2* (1) (allowed) and hence Ti is coloured.
 HAPTER 7 d-ond f-Block Elements 173

Refcer to solution 39 (ii).

.
(1) (ii) In the presence of cormplexing agents, cobalt
Refer to solution 42 (i). gets oxidised from +2 to +3 state because it
() (0)
to remove an electron from
solution 41 (i). provides energy
(ii) Refer
to
(1) Co". Moreover, Co (111) is more stable than
Refer to solution 13. Co (11). (1
60. i) (1)
Refer to solution 40 (ii). 67. (i) (a) Refer to solution 56 (i) (a). (1
(ü) (1)
(ii) Refer to solution 27 (i). is strong reducing agent because
on
(1) (b) Cr a

Refer to solution 41 (i). oxidation, it forms a more stable Cr ion

61. (i) (1) with stable d (or 2,) electronic
iil On strong heating, KMnO, decomposes to reduce
potassium manganate. configuration and hence, it can

others easily. (1
()
2KMnO4 K^Mn0, + Mn02+ O (c) Refer to solution 2.
(Purple) (Green) (1) (ii) (a) 2MnO, + 4KOH +0
(i) Refer to solution 41 (ii). (1) 2K, MnO4+ 2HO ()
Potassium
62. (i) Refer to solution 40 (ii). (1) manganate
(ü) In +3state, Mn is unstable. It is intermediate (b)Cr0 +14H*+ 61 2Cr
oxidation state, so it gets reduced to more +7HO+31 (1
stable Mn2* and oxidised to more stable 68. (i) Mn shows the highest number of oxidation
higher oxidation states like Mn* 1) state. For details refer to solution 38 (i).
(ii) Refer to solution 26 (i). (1 (ii) Chromium has highest melting point among
(1) all the given elements. (1
63. (i) Refer to solution 10.
(ii) Scandium shows only + 3 oxidation state. (1)
(i) Refer to solution 12. 1)
(iv) In the +3 oxidation state, Mn is a strong
(i) Refer to solution 30(i). (1 oxidising agent because in Mn"ion, Mn exists
64. In first transition series, the stability of in 3d configuration which is less stable and it

+2 oxidation state decreases from Sc to Cu. This

is can reduce to Mn** giving a more stable
3d configuration. Hence, it acts as a strong
because of the increase in the sum of first and
oxidising agent. (2)
second ionisation energies. However, the + 2 State
of Mn, Ni and Zn is highly stable because of the
69. (i) (a) Cr0 +20H 2Cro+Ho (
of half-filled and fully-filled orbitals in MnO, + 2H,0 (n
presence
Mn and Zn respectively. The stability in N
(b) MnO+ 4H+3e
(ii) (a) Refer to solution 45 (i). (1)
5 due to its highly negative heat of hydration. (3)
(b) Refer to solution 55 (i) (b).
2 Preparation of KMnO, Refer to solution 22. (2) (c) Refer to solution 48 (ii). (
Reaction between acidified KMnO, and 70. (i) (a) Mn*" /Mn" has large positive E° value.
salts to
ron (II) ions KMn0, oxidises ferrous Hence, Mn" can be easily reduced to Mn*
ferric salt. Therefore, it is a good oxidising agent.
8H' Mn + 4HO+ SFe () Also, Mn* has half-filled electronic
Fe+Mn0, + configuration, so it is more stable than
6. (1)
(i) Refer to solution 13. Mn" state. (1)
() In lower oxidation states, transition metals (b) There is decreasing negative electrode
basic
metal oxides are
nave like metals and oxidation states,
potentials of M" /Min the first transition
n nature. Thus, in lowerare basic. series due to increase in the sum of
ransition metal oxides IB and IE,. It shows that in general, the
metallic
increases, its stability of +2oxidation state decreases from
AS the oxidation state in size,
decreases due to decrease left to right. Exceptions are Mn and Zn in
naracter
nus, it becomes less metallic or more
De which the greater stability of +2 state for
Oxides of a
non-metal may
n-metallic. oxidation Mn is due to half-filled d-subshell (d) and
neutral. Thus, in higher amphoteric
dic or
oxides are
that of Zn is due to completely filled
transition metal (1)
CS,
or acidic.
d-subshell (4). (1)
 Papers : CHEM
174 Chopterwise CBSE Solved
EMISTRY
(ii) Preparation of K, Cr,0, from chrom
(c) Refer to solution 56 (i) (a). (1 ore Chromite ore (FeCr04) is fused with
(i) (a) Refer to solution 42 (ii). (1)
(b) Refer to solution 61 (il). sodium or potassium carbonate in free
(1)
of air excess
71. (i) (a) Refer to solution 35 (i). (1)
(b) Refer to solution 53 (i) ()
4FeCrO +8Na CO,+ 70
(ii) (a) Refer to solution 30 (i). (1) 8NaCrO +2Fe0+8CO,
(Yellow solution)
(6) This is due to the presence of large number Yellow solution of sodium chromate is filtered
of unpaired clectrons in d-orbitals in the acidified with HS04 to obtain sodium ed.
middle of the series and involvement of all
dichromate.
7s
and (n-1)d electrons in the bonding. e.g.
Mn has oxidation states from +2 to +7.
2NaCro, + 2H Na Cr0, +2Na*+H0
(c) Refer to solution 40 (ii).
(
(1) Sodium dichromate is treated with the
72. (i) Mn = 3 d^4s2 solution of potassium chloride.
Na Cr0, +2KCI
So. Mn= 3d KCrO
(Orange Crystals)
+2NaC
30 (2)

1111
Number of unpaired electrons ==4
74. (i) (a) Refer to solution 41 (ii).
(b) 2Cu" (ag)
+ 41 "(aq)
Cul+ Il9
(1/2)
Cr 3da Cr3 =3d (ii) (a) Refer to solution 32 (ii).
(1+12)
3d (b) The third ionisation enthalpy of Mn is very

Number
1111 high because the third electron has to be
removed from stable half-filled
of unpaired electrons=3 (1/2) 3d-configuration.
V 42 v3=3d2 (c) Referto solution 57 (ii).
75. (i) (a)
MnOg + 5Fe2* + 8H*

Number
111 Mn2+ 5Fe* + 4H,0 m
of
unpaired electrons = 2 (1/2)
(b) Refer solution 22
to
Fe= 3 F (i) In Mn0, ion, the oxidation
. =
34
3d It is
state of Mn is
equal to its group number 7.

Number of
1111111
unpaired electrons = 4
InCrO ion, the oxidation state of Cr is
It is equal
its group number 6.
to
(1/2)
Mn wil be most stable because (ii) (a) For an element to
bea transition
smallest in size, it has maximum being It should
have elemen
energy and hence, more stability. hydration 8round
incomplete filled d-subshell m
state or in most
(ii) (a) Refer to solution 7.
(1/2)
State. Sc in its
common oxidation
(1/2) filled d-orbitals ground state has incomplee
(b) Refer to solution 10.
(1) zinc (
(3d 4s). The orbitals in tne
(c) Refer to solution 29 (i). 4s) are completely filled in the
(1)
73. (i) (a) Refer to solution 30
(i). ground state as well as in their
common
(b) Refer to solution 66 (ii). Oxidation states.
(c) Refer to solution 29 (ii). (1) transition elementTherefore, Sc is regaru
but Zn is not as
(1) transition element. regaru
(b) Refer to
solution 9.