CHM 111 GENERAL CHEMISTRY I Physical and chemical properties of Matter
(PHYSICAL AND INORGANIC CHEMISTRY) Physical properties are qualities that are easily determined at any time on a
particular substance such as the physical state of the substance, colour, odour,
1. NATURE OF MATTER taste, density, melting and boiling points, solubility etc.
Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. It includes all living things Chemical properties are those properties involved which are involved when
such as plants and animals, and non-living things like stone, wood, water, air, matter undergoes a permanent change to form a new substance.
sand, shoe, sodium chloride etc. it can be an atom, element, mixture or Physical Change Chemical Change
compound. It is easily reversible It is not easily reversible
States of Matter
No new substances are formed e.g. New substances are always
There are three states of matter. These are solid, liquid and gaseous states. melting of wax, magnetizing iron. produced e.g. rusting of iron
The particles in solid state are held together by some cohesive forces, this gives It does not involve much heat A considerable amount of heat is
a definite shape to solids, The particles of solid exhibit only vibrational motion. change e.g. dissolving of sugar in involved e.g. action of acid in metals
water
The particles in the liquid state are held together by cohesive forces less than
those observed in the solid states. Liquids assume the shape of the containing No change in mass There is noticeable change in mass
vessels, Liquids under undergo vibratory, rotatory but no translatory motion. e.g. burning of wood or charcoal
The particles of the gases state are usually in rapid random motion, they
undergo vibratory, rotatory and translatory motion (zig zag). Gases occupy any 2. ATOMS AND MOLECULES
available space because of these types of movement they exhibit.
An atom is the smallest particle of an element, which can take part in a chemical
Some substances can exist as solid, liquid and gas at various temperatures. For
reaction. If a piece of solid element like copper or zinc is ground into very tiny
example, water can exist as solid at a very low temperature, it can exist as liquid
pieces, the smallest part of it which can take part in a chemical reaction is called
at ordinary temperature and as a gas (vapour) at a temperature of 100 oC or
an atom.
373 K and pressure of one atmosphere. Some substances can exist in only one
state, example of this is stone. iodine or ammonium chloride can exist in only A molecule of a compound or element is the smallest particle of a compound
two distinct states, they exist as solid at ordinary temperature but when heated or element which is capable of independent existence. A molecule may be
changes directly into the gases. Matter can change from one form to another composed of atoms of the same element or atoms of different elements. For
by evaporation, boiling, melting, sublimation etc. example, a nitrogen molecule (N2) contains two atoms of nitrogen, an oxygen
molecule (O2) contains two atoms of oxygen but a molecule of water (H2O)
contains two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen.
An ion is an electrically charged atom or group of atoms. It is formed as a result
of the loss or gain of electrons. The electrons lost or gained are equal to the
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valence of the ions. There are two types of ions. These are: Positively charged SYMBOLS AND CHEMICAL FORMULAE
ion or cation.
Symbol of an element is a simple method of representing an element. Chemical
formula is a simple system of representing molecules of elements or
compounds.
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
Elements Symbols
An atom is made up of three fundamental particles. These are electron, proton
Potassium K
and neutron. An electron is negatively charged and has a mass of 1/1840 Unit. Sodium Na
It is found in the shell or orbit. A proton is positively charged. It has a mass of 1 Calcium Ca
unit. It is found in the nucleus. A neutron has no charge. It has a mass of 1 unit. Oxygen O
It is found in the nucleus. Sulphur S
Chlorine Cl
Compounds and radicals are represented by chemical formula. A chemical
formula is a short hand method of representing a compound. A symbol is to an
element as a chemical formula is to a compound. A chemical formula of a
compound tells us:
i. The different types of element that make up the compound.
ii. The number of atoms of each type of element present in the compound.
Atomic number is the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom. For
instance, if an atom has 11 protons, the atomic number is 11. In an atom, the Binary compounds are compounds containing only two elements and their
number of protons is equal to the number of electrons. An atom is therefore names always end in (ide) e.g.
said to be electrically neutral because of the equality of electrons and protons. NaCl = Sodium Chloride
Mass number is the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom. NaH = Sodium hydride
Mass no. = no. of protons + no. of neutrons H2S = Hydrogen sulphide
Mass number is also called an atomic mass. An atom with 10 protons and 12 AgI = Silver iodide
neutrons has an atomic mass or mass number of 22.
Classification of Element
An element X with mass number 14 and the atomic number of 7 has the symbol
Metal:
14
7X
A metal is an element which can ionize by electron loss. The number of
electrons lost per atom is equal to the valency of the metal and the ion formed
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carries a positive charge that is equal to the number of electrons lost as shown ELEMENTS, COMPOUMDS AND MIXTURE
below;
An ELEMENT is a substance which cannot be split up into two or more simpler
Na - e- → Na+ substances by any known chemical process. Examples of element are: oxygen,
hydrogen, carbon, sodium, potassium, calcium, nitrogen, chlorine, silicon,
Ca - 2e- → Ca2+
aluminum etc.
Al - 3e- → Al3+
Some examples of metals are sodium, magnesium, iron, gold, silver, mercury. A COMPOUND is a substance which contains two or more elements chemically
combined together. Examples of compounds and the elements that make them
A non-metal is an element, which can ionize by electron gain. This means that
up are: water (Hydrogen & oxygen), common salt (Na & Cl), Potassium
non-metals are electronegative. The number of electrons gained per atom is trioxonitate (v) (K, N & O).
the valency of the non-metal. The ion formed carries an equal number of
negative charges, as shown below. A MIXTURE is anything which contains two or more substances physically
combined together. Or it can be defined as a physical combination of two or
½ Cl2 + e- → Cl-
more substances. Examples of mixture are; a mixture of sand and stone, a
½ Br2 + e- → Br- solution of common salt in water (brine). Other examples of mixture and their
constituents are; Air (O2, CO2, N2, water vapour & noble gases), Urine(Urea,
½ O2 + 2e- → O2- mineral salt & water), Petroleum (PMS, kerosene, diesel, engine oil) etc.
S + 2e- → S2-
Mixture Compound
No chemical bond between Constituent are joined by chemical
CHEMICAL EQUATION constituents bonds
Chemical equation is a shorthand method of representation a chemical
reaction. Constituents retains their Constituents lose their property;
1. Hydrogen combines with oxygen to form water OR Hydrogen burns in air to properties; hence, can be easily Hence cannot be easily separated
form water. This statement can be represented thus: separated
H2 + O2 →H2O
2. Magnesium burns in air to form magnesium oxide. Constituents cannot be represented Constituent can be represented by
Mg + O2 →MgO by chemical formula chemical formula
3. Potassium trioxochlorate (v) decomposes on heating to form potassium
chloride and oxygen. Formation of mixture is not Heat change accompanies the
KClO3 → KCl + O2 accompanied by heat change formation of comounds
4. Calcium trioxocarbonate (iv) reacts with dilute tetraoxosulphate (vi) acid to
form Calcium tetraoxosulphate (vi), water and carbon (iv) oxide.
CaCO3(s) + H2SO4(aq) → CaSO4(s) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
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PERIODIC TABLE
Periodic table is a table of elements arranged in order of their increasing
atomic numbers. There are 118 known elements in the world. Modern periodic
table was created by a man called Mendeleev.
The periodic table has horizontal rows called PERIODS. A GROUP is a vertical
column in the periodic table containing elements with the same number of
electrons in the outermost shell. Elements in the same group have similar
chemical properties. The number of the group indicates the number of
electrons in the outermost shell of the element in the group.
In order words, all the elements in each group have the same valence electrons.
Group 4 shows that element in this group have 4 electrons in their outermost
shell. A group is a family of elements with similar chemical properties. There
are groups 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 0.
