INTERNET OF THINGS – LECTURE MATERIAL
Writing packages:
Packages are namespaces which contain multiple packages and modules themselves.
They are simply directories, but with a twist.
Each package in Python is a directory which MUST contain a special file called
__init__.py. This file can be empty, and it indicates that the directory it contains is a Python
package, so it can be imported the same way a module can be imported.
If we create a directory called foo, which marks the package name, we can then create a
module inside that package called bar. We also must not forget to add the __init__.py file
inside the foo directory.
To use the module bar, we can import it in two ways:
script.py
IPython Shell.
UNIT – IV
IoT Physical Devices and Endpoints
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IoT Device
A "Thing" in Internet of Things (IoT) can be any object that has a unique identifier and which
can send/receive data (including user data) over a network (e.g., smart phone, smart TV,
computer, refrigerator, car, etc.).
• IoT devices are connected to the Internet and send information about themselves or about their
surroundings (e.g. information sensed by the connected sensors) over a network (to other devices
or servers/storage) or allow actuation upon the physical entities/environment around them
remotely.
IoT Device Examples
A home automation device that allows remotely monitoring the status of appliances and
controlling the appliances.
• An industrial machine which sends information a bouts its operation and health monitoring data
to a server.
• A car which sends information about its location to a cloud-based service.
• A wireless-enabled wearable device that measures data about a person such as the number of steps
walked and sends the data to a cloud-based service.
Basic building blocks of an IoT Device
1. Sensing: Sensors can be either on-board the IoT device or attached to thedevice.
2. Actuation: IoT devices can have various types of actuators attached that allow taking actions upon
the physical entities in the vicinity of thedevice.
3. Communication: Communication modules are responsible for sending collected data to other
devices or cloud-based servers/storage and receiving data from other devices and commands from
remote applications.
4. Analysis & Processing: Analysis and processing modules are responsible for making sense of the
collecteddata.
Block diagram of an IoT Device
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INTERNET OF THINGS – LECTURE MATERIAL
Exemplary Device: Raspberry Pi
Raspberry Pi is a low-cost mini-computer with the physical size of a credit card.
Raspberry Pi runs various flavors of Linux and can perform almost all tasks that a normal
desktop computer can do. Raspberry Pi also allows interfacing sensors and actuators through the
general purpose I/O pins. Since Raspberry Pi runs Linux operating system, it supports Python
"out of the box". Raspberry Pi is a low-cost mini-computer with the physical size of a credit
card. Raspberry Pi runs various flavors of Linux and can perform almost all tasks that a normal
desktop computer can do. Raspberry Pi also allows interfacing sensors and actuators through the
general purpose I/O pins. Since Raspberry Pi runs Linux operating system, it supports Python
"out of the box".
Raspberry Pi
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INTERNET OF THINGS – LECTURE MATERIAL
Linux on Raspberry Pi
1. Raspbian: Raspbian Linux is a Debian Wheezy port optimized for RaspberryPi.
2. Arch: Arch is an Arch Linux port for AMDdevices.
3. Pidora: Pidora Linux is a Fedora Linux optimized for RaspberryPi.
4. RaspBMC: RaspBMC is an XBMC media-center distribution for RaspberryPi.
5. OpenELEC: OpenELEC is a fast and user-friendly XBMC media-centerdistribution.
6. RISC OS: RISC OS is a very fast and compact operatingsystem.
Raspberry Pi GPIO
Raspberry Pi Interfaces
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1. Serial: The serial interface on Raspberry Pi has receive (Rx) and transmit (Tx) pins for
communication with serialperipherals.
2. SPI: Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) is a synchronous serial data protocol used for
communicating with one or more peripheraldevices.
3. I2C: The I2C interface pins on Raspberry Pi allow you to connect hardware modules. I2C
interface allows synchronous data transfer with just two pins - SDA (data line) and SCL
(clockline).
Raspberry Pi Example: Interfacing LED and switch with Raspberry Pi
from time import sleeP import RPi.GPIO asGPIO GPIO.setmode(GPIO.BCM)
#Switch Pin GPIO.setup(25,GPIO.IN) #LEDPin
GPIO.setup(18,GPIO.OUT)
state=false
deftoggleLED(pin):
state = not state GPIO.output(pin,state)
whileTrue:
try:
if (GPIO.input(25) ==True):
toggleLED(pin)
sleep(.01)
exceptKeyboardInterrupt:
exit()
Other Devices
1. pcDuino
2. BeagleBoneBlack
3. Cubieboard
UNIT V
MRITS/ECE/IV-I 70
