Republic of the Philippines IM No.

:ENG U1 3 S-2022-2023
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya

INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Bayombong Campus

DEGREE PROGRAM BSCE COURSE NO. ENG U1

SPECIALIZATION COURSE TITLE ENGINEERING UTILITIES

YEAR LEVEL BSCE 3 TIME FRAME WK NO. 7-8 IM NO. 3

I. UNIT TITLE/CHAPTER TITLE

Chapter 3 – Branch Circuit
II. LESSON TITLE
Branch Circuit
III. LESSON OVERVIEW
1. Introduction to Branch Circuits.
2. Components of Branch Circuits
3. Design Principles of Branch Circuits
4. Types of Branch Circuits

IV. DESIRED LEARNING OUTCOMES

1. Understand the fundamental principles and components of branch circuits
2. Design and size branch circuits for various applications
3. Implement safe installation practices for wiring and devices

IV. LESSON CONTENT

BRANCH CIRCUIT
The distinction between a branch circuit and a feeder can be a source of confusion for many
Code users. The first step in eliminating this confusion is to understand that the NEC defines a branch
circuit as “the conductors between the branch circuit final over current device protecting the
circuit and the outlets” (such as receptacles or lights) [Art. 100], as shown in Fig. 1. By
contrast, a feeder circuit runs from the service equipment, the source of a separately derived
system, or other power supply to (rather than from) the final branch circuit over current device.

Fig. 1. The conductors between the final over current device and the outlet(s) are defined as branch circuit
conductors.

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The size of the circuit breaker installed on a branch circuit, not the conductor size, determines the rating
of the circuit. Therefore, if the conductor size is increased to accommodate for voltage drop or for
ampacity adjustment or correction purposes, the rating of the circuit remains the same as the circuit
breaker size supplying it [210.3].

You’ll find branch circuit requirements for conductor sizing, overcurrent protection, identification, GFCI
protection, receptacles, and lighting outlets in Art. 210. Other Articles may apply to your installation;
you’ll find those listed in 210.2.

Multiwire branch circuits

A multiwire branch circuit basically consists of two or more ungrounded conductors that share a neutral.
All conductors of a multiwire branch circuit must originate from the same panelboard [210.4(A)].

For personnel safety, each multiwire branch circuit must have a means to simultaneously disconnect all
ungrounded conductors at its origin [210.4(B)]. If that origin is two or more breakers, you can provide
this disconnect by using single-pole circuit breakers with handle ties identified for the purpose
[240.15(B)(1)].

Multiwire branch circuits can supply only line-to-neutral loads [210.4(C)], except that a multiwire branch
circuit can also supply:

An individual piece of line-to-line utilization equipment, such as a range or dryer [210.4(C) Ex 1].
Both line-to-line and line-to-neutral loads if the circuit is protected by a device such as a multiple circuit
breaker with a common internal trip that opens all ungrounded conductors of the multi wire branch
circuit simultaneously under a fault condition [210.4(C) Ex 2].

In multiwire branch circuits, the continuity of the neutral conductor must not be interrupted by the
removal of a wiring device. In these applications, the neutral conductors must be spliced together at
every device providing a pigtail to terminate to the wiring device [300.13(B)]. The opening of the
ungrounded conductors, or the neutral conductor of a 2-wire circuit during the replacement of a device,
doesn’t cause a safety hazard, so pigtailing these conductors isn’t required [110.14(B)]. Caution: If the
continuity of the neutral conductor of a multiwire circuit is interrupted (opened), the resultant over- or
undervoltage can cause a fire and/or destruction of electrical equipment.

The ungrounded and neutral conductors of a multiwire branch circuit must be grouped together using
cable ties or similar means at the point of origination [210.4(D)]. These conductors are not required to
be grouped if they are contained in a single raceway or cable unique to that circuit, making the grouping
obvious.

If the ungrounded conductors of a multi wire circuit don’t terminate to different phases or lines, the
currents on the neutral conductor will add instead of canceling each other out, possibly overloading the
neutral conductor.

Identification

Equipment grounding conductors are allowed to be bare, covered, or insulated. Insulated

equipment grounding conductors size 6 AWG and smaller must have a continuous outer finish
— either green or green with one or more yellow stripe(s) [250.119]. If installing equipment
grounding conductors
4 AWG and larger, you can permanently reidentify the insulation with green markings or tape,
or strip the insulation off of the conductor. This reidentification must be done at every point
where the conductor is accessible [250.119(A)].
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Identify the neutral (“grounded”) conductor per 200.6. If 6 AWG or smaller, it must be white,
gray, or some color other than green with white stripes along its entire length. For 4 AWG and
larger, the same means of identification can be used, or it is allowed to use white or gray tape
at terminations.

If you have more than one voltage system, then for each ungrounded conductor [210.5(C)]:

Identify it by phase and system at all termination, connection, and splice points.
Identification can be by color coding, marking tape, tagging, or other means approved by the
AHJ.
Document the method of identification in a manner that’s readily available or permanently
posted at each branch circuit panel board.

Voltage limitations

In dwelling units, the voltage between conductors must not exceed 120V, nominal, when they
supply the terminals of [210.6(A)] luminaires or cord- and plug-connected loads less than ¼ hp
or less than or equal to 1,440VA [21.6].

Multiple branch circuits

If two or more branch circuits supply devices (or equipment) on the same yoke, a means must
be provided at the circuit’s point of origin to disconnect simultaneously all ungrounded
conductors that supply those devices [210.7].

GFCI for dwelling units

Install a GFCI at a readily accessible location for all 15A and 20A, 125V receptacles located in
the following locations [210.8(A)]:

Bathrooms.
Garages and accessory buildings.
Outdoors.
Crawl spaces.
Unfinished basements.
Serving kitchen countertops.
Within 6 ft of the outside edge of sinks, in addition to the requirements for kitchen sinks.
Boathouses.

Also:

Each dwelling unit of a multifamily dwelling that has its own grade level entrance must have at
least one accessible GFCI-protected receptacle at 6½ ft or less above grade [210.52(E)(2)].
Balconies, decks, and porches attached to the dwelling unit and accessible from inside the
dwelling must have at least one GFCI-protected receptacle outlet accessible from the balcony,
deck, or porch [210.52(E)(3)].

However, you don’t need GFCI protection for a receptacle supplied by a branch circuit
dedicated to fixed electric snow-melting, deicing, pipeline heating, or vessel heating
equipment, if:

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INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE

The receptacle isn’t readily accessible, and

The equipment or receptacle has ground-fault protection of equipment (GFPE) [426.28 and
427.22].
GFCI for non-dwelling units

Install GFCI at a readily accessible location for all 15A and 20A, 125V receptacles in any of the
following commercial/industrial locations [210.8(B)]:

Bathrooms.
Kitchens (not required for hard-wired equipment).
Rooftops (A 15A or 20A, 125V receptacle must be installed within 25 ft of heating,
airconditioning, and refrigeration equipment [210.63]).
Outdoors.
Sinks (except in laboratories where removal of power would introduce a greater hazard or in
patient bed locations of general care or critical care areas of health care facilities).
Indoor wet locations.
Locker rooms with associated showering facilities.
Garages (where electrical diagnostic equipment, electrical hand tools, or portable lighting
equipment are to be used).
Boat hoists.

You don’t need GFCI protection for a receptacle supplied by a branch circuit dedicated to fixed
electric snow-melting, deicing, pipeline heating, or vessel heating equipment, if:

The receptacle isn’t readily accessible, and

The equipment or receptacle has ground-fault protection of equipment (GFPE) [426.28 and
427.22].

Note: The list of GFCI requirements in 210.8 is not all-inclusive. For example, there are also
GFCI requirements for cord- and plug-connected vending machines and electric drinking
fountains in Art. 422 [422.51 and 422.52].

Number of circuits

There’s no maximum number of receptacles on a dwelling unit circuit. But how do you
determine the minimum number of circuits for general lighting and general-use receptacles?
Divide the total calculated load in amperes by the ampere rating of the circuits used [210.11].
See Example D1(a) in Annex D. If you calculate the total load based on VA/square foot,
ensure the individual loads are evenly proportioned among multi outlet branch circuits within
the panel board.

Required circuits

It’s not just the total number of outlets that matters. The NEC also requires certain types of
circuits in specific places in addition to the minimum requirements based on the VA/square foot
calculation.

A dwelling unit kitchen, dining room, breakfast room, pantry, or similar area must have at least
two 20A, 120V small-appliance receptacle branch circuits [for the 15A or 20A receptacle
outlets required in these rooms by 210.52(B)]. These circuits can’t supply other outlets
[210.52(B)(2)], including those for lighting. You can use one 3-wire multi wire circuit or two
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INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE

separate 120V circuits [210.4(A)]. At least two small-appliance circuits must supply the
receptacles above the counter tops [210.52(B)(3)].

Provide one 20A, 120V branch circuit for the receptacle outlets required by 210.52(F) for the
laundry room. The 20A laundry room receptacle circuit can supply more than one receptacle in
the laundry room. This receptacle can’t supply other outlets, such as the laundry room lighting
or receptacles in other rooms (Fig. 2).

Fig. 2. A 20A laundry room receptacle circuit can supply more than one receptacle in the laundry room,
but there are restrictions, as outlined in 210.52(F)GFCI protection isn’t required for 15A and 20A, 125V
receptacles in a laundry room, unless they’re within 6 ft of a sink [210.8(A)(7)].
Provide one 20A, 120V branch circuit for the receptacle outlets required by 210.52(D) for a dwelling unit
bathroom or multiple bathrooms. This circuit can’t supply other outlets, such as receptacles in rooms
other than bathrooms or lighting outlets [210.11(C)(3)], as shown in Fig. 3.

Fig. 3. A minimum of one 20A circuit is required to supply the required bathroom receptacles. Other
outlets aren’t permitted on the bathroom receptacle circuit.An alternate method allows this circuit to
supply all of the outlets in a single bathroom, including lighting and fans, if no single load fastened in
place is rated more than 10A [210.11(C)(3) Ex and 210.23(A)], as shown in Fig. 4.

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INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE

Fig. 4. A single 20A, 120V circuit can supply all of the outlets in a single bathroom, as long as no single
load exceeds 10A.This gives you a good start on understanding branch circuit requirements. In our next
issue, we’ll look at some additional branch circuit requirements, starting with arc fault circuit
interrupters (AFCIs).

What are Branch Circuit?

A branch circuit is part of the electrical system that originates at the main service panel and feeds
electricity throughout the structure. There are 120-volt branch circuits that supply power to standard outlets
and fixtures, along with 240-volt circuits that power major appliances.

Circuit Breakers Start Each Branch Circuit

The main service panel is controlled by the main circuit breaker that serves as the primary
disconnect for the power supply to the main service panel. This is normally a 100- to 200-amp two-pole
circuit breaker providing current at 240-volts and feeds it to two 120-volt hot bus bars running down
vertically through the panel.

Below the main circuit breaker, there are two rows of smaller circuit breakers, and it is these that
form the beginning of the individual branch circuits that run to all areas of your home to provide power.
These individual breakers will be either 120-volt breakers, tapping into only one of the hot bus bars in the
panel; or they will be 240-volt breakers that connect to two of the 120-volt bus bars.

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Thus, your branch circuits will be either 120-volt circuits—which feed all the standard outlets and
lighting circuits; or they will be 240-volt circuits—which feed circuits that feed major appliances, such as
an electric clothes dryer, an electric range, and central air conditioning units.

Branch Circuit Amperage

Both 120-volt and 240-volt branch circuits can vary in the amount of power they deliver—a quantity
measured by amperage. Branch circuits for 120-volt circuits are usually 15-amp or 20-amp circuits,
although occasionally they will be larger than that. For 240-volt circuits, the amperage is more often 30-,
40-, 50-, or 60-amp.
The amperage of each branch circuit can be read by the printing on the lever of each circuit
breaker. The wires attached to that circuit must also be sufficient to handle the load of the branch
circuit; attaching wires that are too small for the circuit amperage poses a definite danger of fire. The
ratings of individual wire gauges are as follows:

15-amps: 14-gauge copper wire

20-amps: 12-gauge copper wire
30-amps: 10-gauge copper wire 
40-amps: 8-gauge copper wire
60-amps: 6-gauge copper wire
80-amps: 4-gauge copper wire
100-amps: 2-gauge copper wire

Normally this is not an issue, as the original circuits in your home are likely wired correctly.
However, anytime a circuit is being extended, it's critical that the new wiring is the appropriate gauge for
the circuit amperage. It is a common DIY mistake to wire with incorrect gauge size.

There are several different types of branch circuits in your home.

Dedicated appliance circuits.

These serve only one appliance and are often required by code. They can be 120- or 240-
voltcircuits and serve appliances such as electric ranges, dishwashers, refrigerators, garbage
disposers, air- conditioners, and clothes dryers. Normally, any appliance that has a motor will require a
dedicated circuit.

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Lighting circuits.
These are what they sound like— circuits that serve general lighting needs in rooms. Normally, a
lighting circuit will serve several rooms, and most homes will have several. One advantage of separating
the lighting circuits from the outlet circuits is that each room will be left with some means of lighting them if
one circuit is shut off. While working on the lighting circuit, for example, a plug-in lamp can be used to
illuminate the space.

Outlet circuits.
These are circuits that serve only general-purpose plug-in outlets. They can be specific to a room or
a group of rooms. A second-story in a small house, for example, may have one or two outlet circuits that
serve multiple rooms.

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Room circuits.
Depending on how the home has been wired, sometimes the circuit layout has all lights and
outlets in a room served by individual circuits.

CONDUCTORS AND WIRRING ACCESSORIES

CONDUCTORS AND INSULATORS
EXAMPLES

COPPER GOLD SILVER NICKLE

Electric Conductors
- are substance or materials use to convey or
allow the flow of electric current. Materials
made of metal are common
electrical conductors. ALUMINUM WATER GRAPHITE BRASS

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ZINC PLATINUM IRON TIN

TYPES OF CONDUCTORS

Metals
Most conducting materials used for practical applications are metals. For example, the wire around your
house probably uses copper as conducting materials or alloys. The electric plugs have metal in them, and
the internal mechanism of your electric irons also uses metals as their conducting material. This is because
metals have lots of free electrons and promote mobility. Some of the best metal conductors: - Silver
- Copper - Gold
- Aluminium

Non – Metals
There are some non-metals which are excellent conductors of electricity. However, most non-metals
are not good conductors of electricity. Example of non-metal conductor : - Graphite

Ionic Conductors
Conductors in their solution form are called ionic conductors. Example of an ionic solution and is a good
conductor of electricity:
- Saltwater

Semi-conductors
Although semiconductors are not as good at conducting electricity as conductors, they still have their
uses. Examples of semiconductors:
- Germanium
- Silicon

Insulators EXAMPLES

-are substance or materials that resist the

flow of electric current. Insulators are useful
for coating wires, or acting as dielectrics in
capacitors. GLASS PLASTIC CERAMIC PAPER

WOOD FABRIC RUBBER FOAM

SLATE PORCELAIN WAX ASBESTOS

TYPES OF INSULATOR
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Pin Insulator
This kind of insulator is used in distribution systems. The voltage capacity of this insulator is 11kV. It is
designed with a high mechanical strength material. These are connected in vertical as well as horizontal
positions

Suspension Insulator
This also called disc insulator and the designing of these insulators can be done using materials like
porcelain or glass. The voltage capacity of suspension insulator ranges from 11 kV to 765 kV. It is used in
overhead transmission lines by providing more flexibility.

Strain Insulator
This is similar to suspension type insulators because it is used in an overhead transmission system but its
specifications and working are somewhat different. The voltage capacity of the strain insulator is 33kV.

Shackle Insulator
These insulators are small in size, used in overhead distribution systems. The connection of this insulator
can be done by using a metallic strip. The voltage capacity of this insulator is 33 kV and works in the positions
of bend or circular turn.

Post-Insulator
These insulators are used in the substations because it is appropriate for different voltage levels. It is
arranged in a vertical position and protects transformers, switch gear and other connecting devices. The
mechanical strength of these insulators is strong.

Stay Insulator
These insulators are rectangular, used in the distribution lines. These are available in small size when
compared with other types. The arrangement of these insulators can be done among the line conductor &
earth.

Disc Insulator
The disc insulators provide a cost-effective solution for medium & low polluted environments and these are
designed with high-grade raw materials. These insulators are well-known in the broad market because they
are mostly used in transmission & distribution lines.

Good Conductors

are those substance with extremely low resistance to current flow. It refers to those which allow
electricity to pass through them easily.

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Good Insulators

are those extremely high resistance to current flow and moderate resistance to load resistors

Conductor insulator
are made in numerous types designated by letters according to kind of insulation used; also served as
physical shield of the wire against heat, water, or other elements of nature. Insulation is rated by voltage
from 300 to 15000 Volts. If the insulation used is above the its specified rating, the risk of breakdown is
high which might cause short circuit and arcing that may result to fire. Ordinary conductor wires for building
are normally rated 300 to 600 volts

Resistance
are already discussed, is due to friction below the flow of current, and the conductor as well as the
insulator. There is no such thing as perfect insulator, because conductors, insulator, and resistors are
resistive materials.

Wires and Cables

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Wire and Cable are either

1.Stranded Wire
2.Solid wire

Wires- are those electrical conductors 8mm²(AWG No.8) and smaller in size
Cables are those that are larger than the wires
Stranded Wires-consist of group of wires twisted to form a metallic string
Cord-is the term given to an insulated stranded wire

Mil-Prior to the adaption of the metric system (SI) all electrical wires and cable series were expressed
in terms of AWG (American Wire Gauge). The word mil that is equal to 1/1000 of an inch was used to
describe or measure a round wire diameter. If a wire has a diameter of one mil, it has cross sectional area of
one circular mil.

TABLE 3-1 CHARACTERISTICS OF SELECTED INSULATED CONDUCTORS FOR GENERAL WIRING

TRADE NAME TYPE LETTER OPERATING APPLICATION
TEMPERATURE PROVISION

Moisture and Heat KWH 75ºC Dry and Wet

Resistant Rubber Location
Thermoplastic T 60ºC Dry Location

Moisture Resistant TW 60ºC Dry and Wet

Thermoplastic Location
Moisture and Heat THHN 90ºC Dry Location
Resistant
Moisture and Heat THW 75ºC Dry and Wet
Resistant Location
Thermoplastic
Moisture and THWN 75ºC Dry and Wet
Heat Resistant Location
Thermoplastic
Moisture and XHHW 90ºC Dry Location
Heat Resistant
Cross Linked
Thermosetting
Polyethylene 75ºC Wet Location

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Silicon Asbestos SA 90ºC Dry Location

Asbestos and AVA 110ºC Dry Location

Varnish Cambric

The following formula and conversion factor is presented for reference in

computing the are of wires and cable sizes

Circular mil = d² Square mil= 3.1416 r²

Conversion Factor
Square mil Square inch x .000001
Square inch Square mil x .1,000,000
Square mil Circular mil x 0.7854
Circular mil Square mil x 1. 273
Millimeter Inches x 25.4
Square millimeter Circular mil x 0.00050607

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DIFFERENT TYPES OF CABLES

1. Amored cable- is fabricated assembly

of insulated enclosed in flexible metal sheath

2. Metal Clad cable- a factory assembled

cable of one or more conductors each
individually insulated and enclosed in metallic
sheath in interlocking type of a smooth
corrugated tube

3.Material Insulated Cable- a factory insulated

with a highly compressed refractory mineral
insulation enclosed in a liquid gas light
continuous copper sheath

4. Non-metallic Sheath Cable- is a factory

assembly of two or more isolated conductors
having a moisture resistant flame retardant and
non-metallic material outer shoot

5.Shielded Non-metallic Sheated Cable- a factory

assembly of two or more insulted conductors in an extruded
core of moisture resistant of flame retardant material
covered with an overlapping spiral metal tape

6. Underground Feeder and Branch Circuit Cable- a

misture resistant cable used for underground connections
including direct burial in the underground as feeder or
branch
circuit

7.Service Entrance Cable- a single multi-conductor

assembly provided with or without an overall covering;
primarily used for service wires
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8. Power and Control Tray Cable- is a factory assembly of two or more isolated
conductors with or without associated bare or covered grounding under a metallic
sheath

9.Flat Cable Assemblies- an assembly of parallel conductors formed integrally with

an insulating material web designed
especially for field insulation in metal surfaces or raceways

10.Flat Conductor Cableconsist of 3 or more flat copper conductor placed edge

separated and enclosed with in an insulating assembly

11.Medium Voltage Cable- a

single multi-conductor solid dielectric insulated cable at 2000 volts or higher

AMPACITY OF ELECTRICAL CONDUCTOR

AMPACITY
is defined as the ability of a wire or a conductor to carry current without overheating conductor
resistance to a current flow, generate not only heat but also contribute to the voltage drop expressed in
the following equation:

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Voltage drop in wire= Circuit current x Resistance of wire P= I x ( I x R)

Power loss in wire= Circuit current x Voltage drop P= I² R

Power Loss

is equal to the component resistance times the current squared (PL=RI²).

this power loss being converted into heat, must be dissipated
a small wire diameter can safely carry more current in proportion to its weight

Conductors Ampacity

is determined by the maximum operating temperature that its insulation can withstand continuously
without overheating current flow and conductor's resistance normally generates heat. Thus, the
operating temperature depends upon the amount of current flow, wire resistance, and environment.
Environment refers to either enclosed or open condition on which the wire is placed. The ampacity or
ability of the conductor to carry load, increases, as the sizes of conductor increases

Derating of Conductor's Ampacity

means that the full amount of allowable ampacity is reduced to a certain percentage due to the
environmental condition it is exposed of and the number of wire placed inside the conduit the current
rating of wire in a free air environment is higher that those placed inside the conduit

RACEWAY

Raceway- are channel designed for holding wires cables that are euther of metal,plastic, or any
insulating medium

The common types of raceways for household wiring installation are:

1. The conduits
2. The connectors and other accessories

Other Types of Raceways

Aside from conduits the connectors, there are other type of raceway such as

1. Conduit coupling, elbows and other fittings 

2. Conduit supports, such as clamps, hanger, etc.
3. Cable trays, cable bus, etc.
4. Metal raceways
5. Nonmetal raceways and other

CONDUIT

Conduit pipe

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INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE

Is the most common electrical raceway used in all types of construction. Electrical conduit is a
tube or raceway used to house and protect electrical wires within a building or structure. From data
centers to underground subways to ports and bridges, electrical conduit is an integral part of the
modern world around us. Depending on the application there are many different types available

CLASSIFICATIONS OF CONDUITS

1. Metallic such as steel pipes, aluminum, etc.

2. Non-metallic such as plastic and the like

With Respect to its make, Conduit may be Classified as:

1.Rigid metal
2. Flexible metal
3. Rigid non-metal
4. Flexible non-metal

The Purpose of Electrical Conduit are:

1. To provide a means for the running wires from one point to another
2. To physically protects the wires
3. To provide a grounded enclosure
4. To protect the surroundings against the effect of fault in wiring
5. To protect the wiring system from damage by the building and the occupants
6. To protect the building and the occupants from damage by the electric system

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INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE

Connector
- a metal sleeve usually made of copper that is slipped over and secured to the butted ends of
conductors of making a joint is otherwise called splicing sleeve.

OUTLET AND RECEPTACLES

Outlet and Receptacles

an outlet is a point in the wiring system at which current taken supply utilization equipment. In a
simple term, an outlet is any point that supplies an electric load.

An outlet usually consists of a small metal or non-metal box into which a raceway and or cable ends

Different kinds of outlets

1. Convenience outlet
2. Lighting outlet
3. Receptacle outlet

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purposes only and not for commercial distribution,”

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INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE

Convenience Outlet or Attachment Cap

is a device that is by insertion into a receptacle establishes connection between the conductor of the
flexible cord and the conductor connected permanently to the receptacle

Wall outlet
the common wall outlet is called convenience outlet and to call it wall plug is incorrect. A plug is
another name for the attachment cap on the wire coming from a device or appliances.

Lighting outlet
is an outlet where one or more receptacle is installed.

Receptacle Outlet
is an outlet where one or more receptacle is installed. Aside from the outlets, there are also other
wiring accessories such as:

The Junction Box

is an outlet. By definition, it does not supply current to utilization device.

Pull Box
is a box with a blank cover that is inserted one or more runs or raceway to facilitate pullingin the
conductors

Receptacles
are contact device installed at the outlet for the connection of a single attachment plug. It is included
in the general classification of wiring devices. It includes all receptacles and their matching cap (plug),
wall switches, small dimmers, and outlet box mounted lights.

Switches and the like a switch is a device that opens or closes the circuitry in an electric current.

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purposes only and not for commercial distribution,”

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