Phillip Allen Sharp

Phillip Allen Sharp (born June 6, 1944) is an

American geneticist and molecular biologist who co- Phillip Allen Sharp
discovered RNA splicing. He shared the 1993 Nobel
Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Richard J.
Roberts for "the discovery that genes in eukaryotes are
not contiguous strings but contain introns, and that the
splicing of messenger RNA to delete those introns can
occur in different ways, yielding different proteins
from the same DNA sequence".[2][3][4][5][6][7] He has
been selected to receive the 2015 Othmer Gold
Medal.[8]

Sharp's current research focuses on small RNAs and

other types of non-coding RNAs. His laboratory works
to identify the target mRNAs of microRNAs
(miRNAs), and has discovered a class of miRNAs that
are produced from sequences adjacent to transcription
start sites. His laboratory also studies how miRNA
Sharp with the Winthrop-Sears Medal in 2007
gene regulation functions in angiogenesis and cellular
stress.[9][10][11][12] Born June 6, 1944
Falmouth, Kentucky, U.S.
Alma mater Union College, Kentucky (BA)
Biography University of Illinois at Urbana–
Champaign (PhD)
Sharp was born in Falmouth, Kentucky, the son of
Spouse Ann Holcombe ​(m. 1964)​
Kathrin (Colvin) and Joseph Walter Sharp.[13] He
married Ann Holcombe in 1964, and they have three Children 3
daughters.[14] Awards NAS Award in Molecular
Biology (1980)
Sharp studied at Union College and majored in
Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize
chemistry and mathematics, afterwards completing his
(1988)[1]
Ph.D. in chemistry at the University of Illinois at
Urbana-Champaign in 1969.[15] Following his Ph.D., Dickson Prize (1991)
he did his postdoctoral training at the California Nobel Prize (1993)
Institute of Technology until 1971, where he studied Novartis-Drew Award (2003)
plasmids.[16] Later, he studied gene expression in National Medal of Science
human cells at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory as a (2004)
senior scientist under James D. Watson.[16]
Scientific career
In 1974, he was offered a position at MIT by biologist Fields Biologist
Salvador Luria.[16] He was director of MIT's Center Institutions Caltech
for Cancer Research (now the Koch Institute for
Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Integrative Cancer Research) from 1985 to 1991; head MIT
of the Biology department from 1991 to 1999; and Doctoral Connie Cepko
founder and director of the McGovern Institute for students Andrew Fire
Brain Research from 2000 to 2004.[15] In 1995, the
FBI confirmed that Sharp received a letter from Ted Melissa J. Moore
Kaczynski, insinuating that Sharp would become a Richard Carthew
target of the Unabomber because of his work in Website web.mit.edu/sharplab (http://we
genetics, stating that "it would be beneficial to your b.mit.edu/sharplab)
health to stop your research in genetics."[17]
External videos
He is currently MIT Institute Professor and Professor of Biology
Emeritus and member of the Koch Institute, and was an Institute
Professor, MIT's highest faculty rank, since 1999.[15] He is also the
chair of the advisory board of the MIT Jameel Clinic.[18][19] Sharp
co-founded Biogen, Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, and Magen Meet Phillip Sharp: "What we
Biosciences, and has served on the boards of all three were able to discover was that in
companies.[20] human cells and in many other
cells of higher-order organisms,
the genes come in discontinuous
Awards and honors segments" (https://www.youtube.
com/watch?v=j_4dj7QXgrY#t=1
In addition to the Nobel Prize, Sharp has won several notable 5), MIT
awards, including the 2004 National Medal of Science,[21] the
1999 Benjamin Franklin Medal for Distinguished
Achievement in the Sciences of the American
Philosophical Society,[22] the Golden Plate Award of
the American Academy of Achievement in 1981,[23]
and the 1988 Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize from
Columbia University together with Thomas R.
Cech.[24]

Sharp is an elected member of several academic

societies, including the American Academy of Arts
and Sciences,[25] the American Association for the
Advancement of Science,[26] the National Academy
of Sciences,[27] and the Institute of Medicine of the
Phillip Sharp with George W. Bush, at the
National Academies.[28] He was elected a Foreign
National Medal of Science awards in 2006.
Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in
2011.[29][30] In 2012, he was elected the president of
the American Association for the Advancement of Science.[31] He is also a Member and Chair of the
Scientific Advisory Board of Fidelity Biosciences Group; a member of the Board of Advisors of Polaris
Venture Partners; chairman of the Scientific Advisory Board and member of the Board of Directors of
Alnylam Pharmaceuticals; advisor and investor at Longwood and Polaris Venture Funds; a member of the
Boards of Directors at Syros Pharmaceuticals and VIR Biotechnology; and member and Chair of the
Scientific Advisory Board at Dewpoint Biotechnology.
Pendleton County, Kentucky, Sharp's birthplace, named its current middle school after him.

Other activities
In October 2010, Sharp participated in the USA Science and Engineering Festival's Lunch with a
Laureate program where middle and high school students got to engage in an informal conversation with
a Nobel Prize-winning scientist over a brown-bag lunch.[32] Sharp is also a member of the USA Science
and Engineering Festival's Advisory Board.[33] In 2011, he was listed at #5 on the MIT150 list of the top
150 innovators and ideas from MIT.[34]

He is an editorial advisor to Xconomy,[35] and is a member of the Board of Scientific Governors at The
Scripps Research Institute.[36] He has also served on the Faculty Advisory Board of the MIT-Harvard
Research Journal and MIT Student Research Association.[15]

In 2016, Sharp helped organize[37][38] the Laureates Letter Supporting Precision Agriculture (https://ww
w.supportprecisionagriculture.org/nobel-laureate-gmo-letter_rjr.html), written to oppose efforts by
Greenpeace to ban GMOs and Golden Rice in particular.

Selected publications
Petersen C.P.; Bordeleau M.E.; Pelletier J.; Sharp P.A. (February 17, 2006). "Short RNAs
Repress Translation after Initiation in Mammalian Cells" (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.molcel.
2006.01.031). Mol Cell. 21 (4): 533–42. doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2006.01.031 (https://doi.org/10.
1016%2Fj.molcel.2006.01.031). PMID 16483934 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1648393
4).
Cheng C.; Sharp P.A. (January 2006). "Regulation of CD44 Alternative Splicing by SRm160
and its Potential Role in Tumor Cell Invasion" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PM
C1317625). Mol Cell Biol. 26 (1): 362–70. doi:10.1128/MCB.26.1.362-370.2006 (https://doi.
org/10.1128%2FMCB.26.1.362-370.2006). PMC 1317625 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pm
c/articles/PMC1317625). PMID 16354706 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16354706).
Tantin D.; Schild-Poulter C.; Wang V.; Hache R.J.; Sharp P.A. (December 1, 2005). "The
Octamer Binding Transcription Factor Oct-1 is a Stress Sensor" (https://doi.org/10.1158%2F
0008-5472.CAN-05-2399). Cancer Res. 65 (23): 10750–8. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-05-
2399 (https://doi.org/10.1158%2F0008-5472.CAN-05-2399). PMID 16322220 (https://pubme
d.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16322220).

Grishok A.; Sharp P.A. (November 29, 2005). "Negative Regulation of Nuclear Divisions in
Caenorhabditis Elegans by Retinoblastoma and RNA Interference-related Genes" (https://w
ww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1297700). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 102 (48):
17360–5. Bibcode:2005PNAS..10217360G (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005PNAS..1
0217360G). doi:10.1073/pnas.0508989102 (https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0508989102).
PMC 1297700 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1297700). PMID 16287966
(https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16287966).

Sharp P.A. (October 7, 2005). "1918 Flu and Responsible Science" (https://doi.org/10.112
6%2Fscience.310.5745.17). Science. 310 (5745): 17. doi:10.1126/science.310.5745.17 (htt
ps://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.310.5745.17). PMID 16210500 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.ni
h.gov/16210500).

Miskevich F.; Doench J.G.; Townsend M.T.; Sharp P.A.; Constantine-Paton M. (April 15,
2006). "RNA Interference of Xenopus NMDAR NR1 in vitro and in vivo". J Neurosci
Methods. 152 (1–2): 65–73. doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2005.08.010 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2
Fj.jneumeth.2005.08.010). PMID 16182372 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16182372).
S2CID 25844342 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25844342).
Hong J.H.; Hwang E.S.; McManus M.T.; Amsterdam A.; Tian Y.; Kalmukova R.; Mueller E.;
Benjamin T.; Spiegelman B.M.; Sharp P.A.; Hopkins N.; Yaffe M.B. (August 12, 2005). "TAZ,
a Transcriptional Modulator of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Differentiation". Science. 309 (5737):
1074–8. Bibcode:2005Sci...309.1074H (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005Sci...309.10
74H). doi:10.1126/science.1110955 (https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1110955).
PMID 16099986 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16099986). S2CID 1958224 (https://api.s
emanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1958224).

Houbaviy H.B.; Dennis L.; Jaenisch R.; Sharp P.A. (August 2005). "Characterization of a
Highly Variable Eutherian microRNA Gene" (http://www.rnajournal.org/cgi/content/full/11/8/1
245). RNA. 11 (8): 1245–57. doi:10.1261/rna.2890305 (https://doi.org/10.1261%2Frna.2890
305). PMC 1370808 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1370808).
PMID 15987809 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15987809).

Sharp P.A. (June 2005). "The Discovery of Split Genes and RNA Splicing" (https://doi.org/1
0.1016%2Fj.tibs.2005.04.002). Trends Biochem. Sci. 30 (6): 279–81.
doi:10.1016/j.tibs.2005.04.002 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tibs.2005.04.002).
PMID 15950867 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15950867).

Johnson D.M.; Yamaji S.; Tennant J.; Srai S.K.; Sharp P.A. (March 28, 2005). "Regulation of
Divalent Metal Transporter Expression in Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells Following
Exposure to Non-haem Iron" (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.febslet.2005.02.035). FEBS Lett.
579 (9): 1923–9. doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2005.02.035 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.febslet.200
5.02.035). PMID 15792797 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15792797). S2CID 26592792
(https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:26592792).

Neilson J.R.; Sharp P.A. (April 2005). "Herpesviruses Throw a Curve Ball: New Insights into
microRNA Biogenesis and Evolution". Nat Methods. 2 (4): 252–4. doi:10.1038/nmeth0405-
252 (https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnmeth0405-252). PMID 15782215 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nl
m.nih.gov/15782215). S2CID 930447 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:930447).

Grishok A.; Sinskey J.L.; Sharp P.A. (March 15, 2005). "Transcriptional Silencing of a
Transgene by RNAi in the Soma of C. elegans" (http://www.genesdev.org/cgi/content/full/19/
6/683). Genes Dev. 19 (6): 683–96. doi:10.1101/gad.1247705 (https://doi.org/10.1101%2Fg
ad.1247705). PMC 1065722 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1065722).
PMID 15741313 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15741313).

Sharp P.A.; Sharp, P (January 1, 2005). "Phillip Sharp Discusses RNAi, Nobel Prizes and
Entrepreneurial Science". Drug Discov Today. 10 (1): 7–10. doi:10.1016/S1359-
6446(04)03329-X (https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1359-6446%2804%2903329-X).
PMID 15676292 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15676292).

Lee K.B.; Sharp P.A. (December 7, 2004). "Transcription-dependent Polyubiquitination of

RNA Polymerase II Requires Lysine 63 of Ubiquitin". Biochemistry. 43 (48): 15223–9.
doi:10.1021/bi048719x (https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fbi048719x). PMID 15568815 (https://pub
med.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15568815).

Mansfield J.H.; Harfe B.D.; Nissen R.; Obenauer J.; Srineel J.; Chaudhuri A.; Farzan-
Kashani R.; Zuker M.; Pasquinelli A.E.; Ruvkun G.; Sharp P.A.; Tabin C.J.; McManus M.T.
 (October 2004). "MicroRNA-responsive 'Sensor' Transgenes Uncover Hox-like and Other
Developmentally Regulated Patterns of Vertebrate MicroRNA Expression" (https://doi.org/1
0.1038%2Fng1421). Nat. Genet. 36 (10): 1079–83. doi:10.1038/ng1421 (https://doi.org/10.1
038%2Fng1421). PMID 15361871 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15361871).
Fairbrother W.G.; Holste D.; Burge C.B.; Sharp P.A. (September 2004). "Single Nucleotide
Polymorphism-based Validation of Exonic Splicing Enhancers" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.go
v/pmc/articles/PMC514884). PLOS Biol. 2 (9): E268. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0020268 (http
s://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0020268). PMC 514884 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p
mc/articles/PMC514884). PMID 15340491 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15340491).

Novina C.D.; Sharp P.A. (July 8, 2004). "The RNAi Revolution". Nature. 430 (6996): 161–4.
Bibcode:2004Natur.430..161N (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004Natur.430..161N).
doi:10.1038/430161a (https://doi.org/10.1038%2F430161a). PMID 15241403 (https://pubme
d.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15241403). S2CID 4341565 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:43
41565).
Ventura A.; Meissner A.; Dillon C.P.; McManus M.; Sharp P.A.; Van Parijs L.; Jaenisch R.;
Jacks T. (July 13, 2004). "Cre-lox-regulated Conditional RNA Interference from Transgenes"
(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC478580). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 101
(28): 10380–5. Bibcode:2004PNAS..10110380V (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004PN
AS..10110380V). doi:10.1073/pnas.0403954101 (https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0403954
101). PMC 478580 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC478580).
PMID 15240889 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15240889).

See also
History of RNA biology
List of RNA biologists
MIT Department of Biology

References
1. The Official Site of Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize (http://www.cumc.columbia.edu/horwitz/)
2. "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1993" (https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/
medicine/laureates/1993/). Nobelprize.org. Nobel Media. Retrieved November 12, 2014.
3. Sharp, P (2011). "Q&A: Phillip Sharp on biomedical convergence" (https://doi.org/10.1158%
2F2159-8290.CD-ND11-08). Cancer Discovery. 1 (5): 370. doi:10.1158/2159-8290.CD-
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ps://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1752-8062.2010.00197.x). PMC 5350715 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.ni
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entrepreneurial science". Drug Discovery Today. 10 (1): 7–10. doi:10.1016/S1359-
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PMID 15676292 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15676292).
 6. Shampo, M. A.; Kyle, R. A. (2004). "Phillip Sharp--Nobel Prize for discovery of "split genes" "
(https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0025-6196%2811%2962621-9). Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 79
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Sharp (b 1944)". Lancet. 355 (9220): 2085. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(05)73547-9 (https://doi.
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9. Autobiography (http://nobelprize.org/medicine/laureates/1993/sharp-autobio.html) at the
Nobel site
10. Sharp's Research at MIT (http://web.mit.edu/biology/www/facultyareas/facresearch/sharp.ht
ml) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20061206035817/http://web.mit.edu/biology/www/
facultyareas/facresearch/sharp.html) December 6, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
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Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, Massachusetts on 28 January, 29 May,
and 20 November 2003 (https://oh.sciencehistory.org/sites/default/files/sharp_pa_0268_sup
pl.pdf) (PDF). Philadelphia, PA: Chemical Heritage Foundation.
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Retrieved February 11, 2020.
13. "Joseph W. Sharp -- Woodhead Funeral Home, Falmouth, KY" (https://web.archive.org/web/
20141028155817/http://www.woodheadfuneralhome.com/memsol.cgi?user_id=23549).
Archived from the original (http://www.woodheadfuneralhome.com/memsol.cgi?user_id=235
49) on October 28, 2014. Retrieved October 8, 2013.
14. "Phillip A. Sharp - Biographical" (https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureate
s/1993/sharp-bio.html). Nobelprize.org. Nobel Media AB. Retrieved November 12, 2014.
15. "Curriculum Vitae - Phillip A. Sharp, Ph.D." (http://web.mit.edu/sharplab/cv.html) Sharp Lab.
Retrieved November 12, 2014.
16. "Short Bio - Phillip A. Sharp" (http://web.mit.edu/sharplab/shortbio.html). Sharp Lab.
Retrieved November 12, 2014.
17. "The Communiques of Freedom Club" (https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/ted-kaczynski-th
e-communiques-of-freedom-club-ted-kaczynski). The Anarchist Library. Retrieved
2021-06-24.
18. "Regina Barzilay, James Collins, and Phil Sharp join leadership of new effort on machine
learning in health" (https://news.mit.edu/2018/mit-barzilay-collins-sharp-lead-j-clinic-machine
-learning-health-1003). MIT News | Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 3 October 2018.
Retrieved November 13, 2020.
19. "People" (https://www.jclinic.mit.edu/people). J-Clinic. Retrieved November 13, 2020.
20. Biogen Idec, Inc. (2008). "Proxy statement for annual meeting of stockholders to be held on
June 19, 2008 at 9:00 A.M., local time", 7.
21. "The President's National Medal of Science Recipient Details - Phillip A. Sharp" (https://ww
w.nsf.gov/od/nms/recip_details.jsp?recip_id=5100000000428). National Science
Foundation. Retrieved November 12, 2014.
22. "Benjamin Franklin Medal for Distinguished Achievement in the Sciences Recipients" (http://
www.amphilsoc.org/prizes/franklinscience). American Philosophical Society. Retrieved
November 27, 2011.
23. "Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement" (https://achievement.or
g/our-history/golden-plate-awards/#science-exploration). www.achievement.org. American
Academy of Achievement.
24. "The Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize for Biology or Biochemistry" (http://www.cumc.columbia.ed
u/research/horwitz-prize/prize-awardees). Columbia University Medical Center. Retrieved
November 12, 2014.
25. "Alphabetical Index of Active Members" (https://www.amacad.org/multimedia/pdfs/alphalist.p
df) (PDF). American Academy of Arts and Sciences. November 5, 2013. Retrieved
November 12, 2014.
26. "Fellows" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140727124856/http://membercentral.aaas.org/fello
ws). American Association for the Advancement of Science. Archived from the original (htt
p://membercentral.aaas.org/fellows) on July 27, 2014. Retrieved November 12, 2014.
27. "Phillip A. Sharp" (http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/members/50570.html).
National Academy of Sciences. Retrieved November 12, 2014.
28. "Directory: IOM Member - Phillip A. Sharp, Ph.D." (https://archive.today/20141112184455/ht
tp://www.iom.edu/Global/Directory/Detail.aspx?id=0000050570) Institute of Medicine of the
National Academies. Archived from the original (http://www.iom.edu/Global/Directory/Detail.
aspx?id=0000050570) on November 12, 2014. Retrieved November 12, 2014.
29. "Professor Philip Sharp ForMemRS" (https://web.archive.org/web/20151006212638/https://r
oyalsociety.org/people/philip-sharp-12261/). London: Royal Society. Archived from the
original (https://royalsociety.org/people/philip-sharp-12261/) on October 6, 2015.
30. "Royal Society" (http://royalsociety.org/about-us/fellowship/foreign-members/). Royal
Society. Retrieved March 20, 2010.
31. "Phillip A. Sharp, Molecular Biologist and Nobel Laureate, Chosen to Serve as AAAS
President-Elect" (http://www.aaas.org/news/phillip-sharp-molecular-biologist-and-nobel-laure
ate-chosen-serve-aaas-president-elect). American Association for the Advancement of
Science. March 13, 2012. Retrieved November 12, 2014.
32. "Lunch with a Laureate" (https://web.archive.org/web/20100421005023/http://www.usascien
cefestival.org/2010festival/schoolprograms/lunchwithalaureate). Archived from the original
(http://www.usasciencefestival.org/2010festival/schoolprograms/lunchwithalaureate) on April
21, 2010. Retrieved December 9, 2010.. usasciencefestival.org (2010)
33. Furthermore, Sharp participates in the Distinguished Lecture Series of the annual Research
Science Institute (RSI), a summer research program for high school students held at MIT.
Advisors (http://www.usasciencefestival.org/about/advisors) Archived (https://web.archive.or
g/web/20100421005310/http://www.usasciencefestival.org/about/advisors/) April 21, 2010,
at the Wayback Machine. usasciencefestival.org
34. "MIT 150: The Top 50" (http://www.boston.com/news/education/higher/specials/mit150/galler
ies/top_50?pg=47). boston.com. Retrieved November 12, 2014.
35. "About" (http://www.xconomy.com/about/#The%20Xconomists). xconomy.com. Retrieved
November 12, 2014.
36. "Board of Scientific Governors" (http://www.scripps.edu/about/leadership/governors.html).
The Scripps Research Institute. Retrieved November 12, 2014.
37. Answers, G. M. O. "Dear Greenpeace: It's Time To Stand Up For Science" (https://www.forb
es.com/sites/gmoanswers/2016/07/08/gmos-nobel-laureates/). Forbes. Retrieved
2024-05-03.
38. MacDonald, Fiona (2016-06-30). "107 Nobel Laureates Just Signed a Letter Slamming
Greenpeace Over GMOs" (https://www.sciencealert.com/107-nobel-laureates-just-signed-a-l
etter-slamming-greenpeace-about-gmos). ScienceAlert. Retrieved 2024-05-03.

External links
 Center for Oral History. "Phillip A. Sharp" (https://oh.sciencehistory.org/oral-histories/sharp-p
hillip-a). Science History Institute.
Thackray, Arnold; Brock, David C.; Ashiya, Mona (November 20, 2003). Phillip A. Sharp,
Transcript of Interviews Conducted by Arnold Thackray, David C. Brock, and Mona Ashiya at
Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, Massachusetts on 28 January, 29 May,
and 20 November 2003 (https://oh.sciencehistory.org/sites/default/files/sharp_pa_0268_sup
pl.pdf) (PDF). Philadelphia, PA: Chemical Heritage Foundation.
Phillip A. Sharp (https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/449) on Nobelprize.org

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