NewSpace:

The Emerging Commercial

Space Industry

Gary Martin 2015

NASA Ames Research Center
 Learning Outcomes

At the end of this lecture you should be able to:

1) Describe space regimes where commercial space is
starting to take hold
2) Describe in what areas entrepreneurial companies
are developing new markets
3) Name a few companies that are examples of the
commercial space revolution
4) Discuss how governments can facilitate the birth of
this new industry

2
 Why is this lecture important?

• We are at a turning point in the history of space exploration

and development – the cusp of a revolution, new industries
are being born that use space in many non-traditional ways

• The established military industrial space sector is no longer

the only game in town

• Increased competition and new capabilities will change the

marketplace forever

• Everyone interested in working in the space sector will be

effected

3
 3 – I Links
 Small Sats  Explore the Moon and Mars
 Disruptive Technology  Asteroids
 + More  + More
ENG SCI

 Historic Time
HUM Making Space
PEL
Assessable
 Space Treaties
 Public-Private Partnerships
NewSpace  + More

 + More
APP HPS

 Earth Resources  Transportation

 Space Resources MGB  Habitation
 + More  Life Support Systems
 Organizational  + More
 Business Strategy
 + More
4
 Outline

• Regimes for NewSpace

Opportunities
– Suborbital
– Orbital
– Deep Space
• Example NewSpace
Companies
• Government’s Role in
Promoting NewSpace
• Organizations Promoting
NewSpace

5
 What is NewSpace?

• HobbySpace.com
“Alt.space, NewSpace, entrepreneurial space, and other labels have been
used to describe approaches to space development that different
significantly from that taken by NASA and the mainstream aerospace
industry.”
• From Wikipedia:
“NewSpace, alt.space, and entrepreneurial space are umbrella terms for
a movement and philosophy often affiliated with, but not synonymous
with, an emergent private spaceflight industry. Specifically, the terms are
used to refer to a community of relatively new aerospace companies
working to develop low-cost access to space or spaceflight technologies
and advocates of low-cost spaceflight technology and policy.”

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 Regimes for NewSpace Opportunities
Suborbital

• Description:
– Spacecraft reaches space 100 km (62 miles) or
higher but does not have the forward velocity
to go into orbit (e.g. 7.7km/s at 300 km)
• Tourist Industry
– Companies are selling tickets for the suborbital
experience, trips for $250K Virgin Galactic to
$95K/$100K XCOR per seat
• Research
– Microgravity (around 4 minutes)
– Upper atmospheric measurements
– Technology demonstrations
– Life Science experiments
• Point-to-Point Travel
– Travel from one location on Earth to another
through space
– Challenging technical problems
– Long-term goal not a current focus 7
 Regimes for NewSpace Opportunities
Orbital
• Description:
– Low Earth Orbit (LEO) between 180 – 3000 km
– High Earth Orbit (HEO) – Geocentric 35,786 km
• Tourist Industry
– Spend long periods of time in microgravity at
ISS or on private space stations
– Space Adventures: 7 private citizens to ISS (8
missions – $20M – $40M per trip)
• Research/Applications
– Conduct experiments continuously in the orbital
environment (microgravity and life sciences)
– Launch small sats from ISS
• Satellite Servicing
– Service satellites, put them in proper orbits,
refuel, fix and upgrade systems

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 Regimes for NewSpace Opportunities
Deep Space
• Description:
– Lagrange points, Moon, Asteroids, Mars and beyond
• Tourist/ Explorers
• Ultimate in exotic experiences
• The Inspiration Mars Foundation
• $750M per seat to the Moon; Golden Spike
• Research
– Enabling Humans to be productive and happy in
space; in-space economy
– Developing new materials and processes to create
new markets and improve life
• Mining and In Situ Resource Utilization
– Examples: Propellants, metal & materials
processing, and building materials
• Servicing a space-based economy
– Examples: 3D printing in space, space
manufacturing
• Settlement
– Moving human civilization to Moon and Mars
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 Mars
Moon
Orbital

Asteroids
Sub-Orbital
Masten Space Systems
Copenhagen Suborbital

Zero2Infinity
Xcore

Virgin Galactic
Blue Origin
Swiss Space Systems
Sierra Nevada Corporation
Nanoracks
Planet Labs

Bigelow Aerospace
Space Adventures
SpaceX
Space Adventures
Example NewSpace Companies

Orbital Sciences
Moon Express

Golden Spike
Planetary Resources
Deep Space Industries
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 Suborbital - Companies
ZERO2INFINITY

Headquarters: Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain

Founded: 2009 by Jose Mariano Lopez-Urdiales, CEO and
Founder (ISU Masters)
Major Focus: Earth/Space observation, Atmospheric
science, Drop testing and Technology demonstration
Implementation: Series of increasingly capable balloons
fly to 36 km

Capacity: For Bloon: Four passengers

and two crew
Cost: €110K (around $149K) per seat
Major Partnerships: la Caixa, Large
Spanish Bank

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 Suborbital - Companies
XCOR Aerospace
Headquarters: Mojave, California USA, with R&D
Headquarters in Midland, Texas USA and operational
base at Cape Canaveral, Florida.
Founded: 1999; Jeff Greason (President and Co-
Founder)
Major Focus: Space tourism and research
Implementation: Reusable hybrid rocket

Capacity: One passenger and one pilot

per flight of the Lynx
Cost: $95K (Mark I)/$100K (Mark II) per
Seat
Major Partnerships: January 2013
Unilever and Space Expedition
Corporation (SXC) bought 22 flights for
Global AXE Campaign. Citizens in Space
has purchased 10 flights.
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 Suborbital - Companies
Virgin Galactic
Headquarters: Las Cruces, New Mexico USA
Founded: 2004 by Richard Branson (Virgin
Group); George Whitesides (CEO)
Major Focus: Space tourism and research
Implementation: White Knight Two will air launch
rocket powered SpaceShipTwo , reusable
horizontal take off and landing.

Capacity: Up to 6 passengers and two pilots

or up to 600kg of payloads
Cost: $250K per seat
Major Partnerships: Spaceport America in
New Mexico;
Next Steps: First commercial operations
planned for 2014
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 Suborbital and Orbital Companies
Blue Origin, LLC
Headquarters: Kent, Washington USA (launch site: Van
Horn, Texas USA)
Founded: 2000 by Jeff Bezos (founder and CEO of
Amazon.com)
Major Focus: Tourism and research
Implementation: New Shepard system, rocket powered
vertical take off and vertical landing, reusable first stage
and reusable capsule – suborbital and orbital

Capacity: Suborbital : New Shepard –

3 or more passengers
Cost: Unknown
Major Partnerships: NASA CCDev 1&2
($25.7M); ULA for Atlas V

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 Suborbital and Orbital Companies
Nanoracks

Headquarters: Houston, Texas USA

Founded: 2009 CEO Jeff Manber (MirCorp)
Major Focus: On-orbit research and small sat
launch
Implementation: Nanoracks research platforms on
ISS follow cubesat form factor; cubesat launcher

Capacity: Each platform has 32 payload slots.

Cost: Educational clients: payload (1U) can be
as low as $30K, 2U is $60K. Commercial
payloads start at $60K per 1U, and non-US
payloads are charged at a higher rate.
Major Partnerships: XCOR for Suborbital,
Astrium for ISS External Platform Program,
and Entropy Engineering (2010 NASA SBIR) 15
 Orbital
Planet Labs

Headquarters: San Francisco, CA USA

Founded: Will Marshall, Robbie Schingler, Chris
Boshuizen
Major Focus: Applications; Earth Sensing
Implementation: Fleet of Small Sats called
Doves; uses modern manufacturing methods,
Flock 1 (28 satellites) launched Feb 2014

Capacity: +100 small sat; resolution 10

square feet. The company has clients in a
number of different industries, including
mapping and agriculture, but sees plenty of
room to expand.
Major Partnerships: Raised $160M in first 5
years, Draper Fisher Jurvetson (DFJ)

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 Orbital
Bigelow Aerospace
Headquarters: North Las Vegas, Nevada USA
Founded: 1999 by Robert Bigelow, Founder and
President (Budget Suites of America)
Major Focus: Commercial space stations, multiple
uses, potential customers include nations without
human spaceflight programs
Implementation: Expandable space habitat
technology based on NASA Transhab design.

Cost: $25M for 110 cubic meters for 2

months; trip cost $26.25M (Dragon) or
$36.75M (CST-100)
Major Partnerships: SpaceX and
Boeing/ULA

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 Orbital and Deep Space Companies
Space Exploration Technologies (SpaceX)
Headquarters: Hawthorne, California
Founded: 2002 by Elon Musk CEO and CTO (co-
founder of PayPal); Gwynne Shotwell (President)
Major Focus: Cargo and passengers to LEO (ISS),
Geostationary Transfer Orbit, and planetary missions
Implementation: Vertically organized, most
development and manufacturing done in-house.
Falcon launch vehicles and Dragon capsules.

Capacity: Dragon – can support up to

7 crew
Cost: For Falcon Heavy - $84M up to
6.4t to GTO; $128M greater than 6.4t
to GTO
Major Partnerships: NASA
Commercial Crew Development
(CCDev 2)
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 Deep Space
Moon Express
Headquarters: NASA Research Park, Moffett Field,
California USA
Founded: 2010, Co-Founder and CEO, Bob Richards
(ISU co-founder); Andy Aldrin, President (2014)
Major Focus: Delivering payloads to the Moon, Lunar
resource exploration, Google Lunar X Prize
Competition
Implementation: Deliver payloads, explore for
valuable resources, and lunar sample return missions

Capacity: Developing series of increasing

capable lander platforms, from ~50kg to
400+kg
Cost: For 'hard' payloads costs start
around $3M/kg and are expected to come
down to around $1M/kg over time
Major Partnerships: NASA Innovative
Lunar Demonstration Data (ILDD) program
($30M), Dynetics
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 Deep Space
Planetary Resources

Headquarters – Seattle, Washington USA

Founded: in 2010 as Arkyd Astronautics,
reorganized and renamed in 2012.
Co-Chairmen: Pete Diamandis (ISU co-
founder) and Eric Anderson (co-founder
Space Adventures)
Major Focus: Mining asteroids: Water for
fuel (in-space economy) and rare metals for
Earth uses
Implementation: Series of small
spacecraft with increasing capability.
Initial space resource development will
focus on water-rich asteroids
Capacity: N/A
Cost: Unknown
Major Partnerships: NASA Funds
Investors include; Larry Page and Eric
Schmidt (Google) and Ross Perot, Jr
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 Government’s Role in Commercial Space

• What should the role of government be in opening

the space frontier?

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 Government’s Role in Commercial Space
National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA)

• Before NASA there was NACA:

– Established in 1915 by Congress
– Developed key technologies to enabled air travel to become effective,
economical and safe
– Studied the problems of flight to identify and resolve risks that kept air
travel from being safe and commercially viable
– Government worked closely with industry to fund studies that retired
technological risks and enabled private enterprise to successfully
create a new industry

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 Government’s Role in Commercial Space
Changes at NASA

Program Characteristic Early Space Age Commercial-Oriented

Approach Approach
Owner NASA Industry

Contract Fee-Type Cost Plus Fixed Price

Contract Management Prime Contractor Public-Private Partnership

Customer(s) NASA Government and Non-

Government
Funding for Capability NASA procures capability NASA provides investment
Demonstration via milestone payments

NASA’s Role in Capability NASA defines “what” and NASA only defines “what”
Development “how” (Industry defines “how”)

Requirements Definition NASA defines detailed NASA defines top-level

requirements capabilities needed

Cost Structure NASA incurs total cost NASA and Industry cost
share

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 Government’s Role in Commercial Space
Commercial Crew Approach

Traditional NASA Development Non-Traditional Development

Goal: ISS Crew Mission Goal: Commercial Human Transport
Extensive Government Involvement Limited Government Involvement
No Cost Sharing Cost Sharing
Government Owns IP Commercial Partner Owns IP
Detailed Design Requirements Tailored Human-Rating Requirements
Unlimited Data and Lots of Deliverables Pay-for-Performance Milestones
Higher Costs Lower Costs

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 Government’s Role in Commercial Space
U.S. National Policy on Commercial Space
(June 28, 2010)

• Develop a robust and competitive U.S. commercial space sector

• Energize competitive domestic industries to participate in global markets

– Purchase and use commercial space capabilities and services to the maximum
practical extent

– Actively explore the use of inventive, nontraditional arrangements for

acquiring commercial space goods and services

– Refrain from conducting U.S. Government space activities that preclude,

discourage, or compete with U.S. commercial space activities

– Pursue potential opportunities for transferring routine, operational space

functions to the commercial space sector where beneficial and cost-effective.

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 Government’s Role in Commercial Space
U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)

• Created Office of Commercial Space Transportation

– Regulate the commercial space transportation industry, only to the

extent necessary

– Encourage, facilitate, and promote commercial space launches by the

private sector

– Recommend appropriate changes in Federal statutes, treaties,

regulations, policies, plans, and procedures;

– Facilitate the strengthening and expansion of the U.S. space

transportation infrastructure

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 Government’s Role in Commercial Space
Why Commercial

• Why Commercial?
– Commercial companies must be competitive and
governments have other priorities (safety, jobs, etc.)
– Example: comparison of SpaceX to NASA Development
Costs
• NASA initial estimates using its normal cost estimating
software for Falcon 9 were 10 times more expensive
than SpaceX actuals
• Even when NASA made adjustments its estimates were
still 4 times more

• Conflicting goals
– US Congress focused on jobs in their districts
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 Role of Government
NASA Programs to Stimulate Commercial Space - Updated

• Commercial Orbital Transportation Services (COTs) 2006

– NASA investment $800M produced 2 new launchers 2 new ISS cargo carriers
• Commercial Crew Development (CCDev) 2009 - 2011
– Stimulate development of privately operated crew vehicles
• Commercial Crew Integrated Capability (CCiCap) 2012 – 2014
– Advance multiple integrated crew transportation systems
– Develop a Commercial Transportation System capability to LEO
• Commercial Resupply Services
– 12 missions for SpaceX and 8 missions for Orbital Sciences ($3.5B)
• Collaborations for Commercial Space Capabilities - SAAs
– Advance private sector development of emerging products and services
commercially available to government and non-government customers
• Flight Opportunities Program 2010 – Suborbital
– Commercial Reusable Suborbital Research Program (CRuSR) – supports
commercial suborbital spaceflight by providing a steady, guaranteed market
for research payloads.
– Facilitated Access to Space Technology (FAST) – funding microgravity research
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 Alternatives to Government Funding (New)

• Google Lunar X-Prize (GLXP) 2007 - 2016

– Eighteen teams currently in competition for $30M in prizes
– Land a robot on the Moon then travel more than 500m and transmits high
definition images and video to Earth

• NASA Innovative Lunar Demonstration Data - Indefinite delivery/indefinite quantity

(IDIQ) contracts totaling up to $30.1M
– Astrobotic Technology Inc., Pittsburgh, Pa.
– The Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, Inc., Cambridge, Mass.
– Dynetics Inc., Huntsville, Ala.
– Earthrise Space Inc., Orlando, Fla.
– Moon Express Inc., San Francisco
– Team FREDNET, The Open Space Society, Inc., Huntsville, Ala.

• Crowdfunding
– Kickstarter: Lunar Space Elevator (Liftport Group), CubeSat Ambipolar Thruster
(CAT) (University of Michigan), Arkyd Telescope $1.5M (Planetary Resources),…
– Spire

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Organizations Supporting New Space
• Students for the Exploration and Development of Space
(SEDS)
– 1980 founded by the same 3 founders as ISU, to
promote space exploration and development.
• National Space Society
– 1987 promotes living in and working in space. The
organization is located in many countries.
• Space Frontier Foundation
– 1988, dedicated to free enterprise and human
settlement of the Solar System
• Space Access Society
– 1992, dedicated to reducing the cost for commercial
access to space.
• Commercial Spaceflight Federation
– 2005, promotes commercial human spaceflight, high
levels of safety, and shares best practices and expertise
throughout the industry. 30
 Wrap Up

1) You can now describe the different regimes where

commercial space is starting to take hold
2) You can list some examples of areas where
entrepreneurial companies are developing new markets
3) You can name a few companies that are examples of the
commercial space revolution
4) You can discuss how governments can facilitate the birth
of this new industry

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Back-Up

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 Technical and Policy Issues to Consider

• Outer Space Treaty - 1967

– Precludes sovereignty over off-world territory by nations
– Principle of property rights in space is not clearly defined
– Most likely world governments would not recognize any claims of
rights - serious risk that investments would be challenged under
the current framework
• Moon Treaty 1979
– Not ratified by nations who could reach the Moon on their own
– Bans any ownership of any extraterrestrial property by any
organization or person, unless that organization is international
and governmental.
– Requires all resource extraction and allocation be made by an
international regime.

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 References 1
• Page 6: NewSpace definition: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NewSpace and
http://www.hobbyspace.com/NewSpace/index.html
• Page 7: Research areas - Next Generation Suborbital Researchers Conference 2013;
http://www.boulder.swri.edu/NSRC2013/Site2/Home2013.html , and diagram:
http://www.spacefuture.com/archive/flight_mechanics_of_manned_suborbital_reusable_launch_vehicles_
with_recommendations_for_launch_and_recovery.shtml
• Page 8: Orbital: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_tourism , ISS: NASA image, Bigelow Space Station:
http://meflyrocket.wordpress.com/2011/03/17/the-future-of-commercial-spaceflight-and-space-tourism/
• Page 9: http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Technology/Building_a_lunar_base_with_3D_printing and NASA
Image
• Page 11: ZERO2INFINITY: http://www.0ll00.com/ and http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/08/24/bloon-
space-balloon-pictures-video_n_935415.html
• Page 12: XCOR Aerospace: http://www.xcor.com/ and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XCOR_Aerospace
• Page 13: Virgin Galactic: http://www.virgingalactic.com/ and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Galactic
and http://www.forbes.com/sites/michaelvenables/2013/02/08/interview-steve-isakowitz/
• Page 14: Blue Origin: http://www.blueorigin.com/ and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Origin
• Page 15: Nanoracks: http://nanoracks.com/ and http://ssl.engineering.uky.edu/missions/international-
space-station/nanorack-cubelabs/
• Page 16: Planet Labs: http://www.planet.com/; Lurio Report 2014;
http://techcrunch.com/2015/01/20/planet-labs-95m/
• Page 17: Bigelow Aerospace: http://www.bigelowaerospace.com/
• Page 18: SpaceX: http://www.spacex.com/
• Page 19: Moon Express: http://www.moonexpress.com/ and discussions Bob Richards

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 References 2
• Page 20: Planetary Resources: http://www.planetaryresources.com/ and
http://crave.cnet.co.uk/gadgets/planetary-resources-to-mine-asteroids-with-robots-50007745/
• Page 22:NACA: http://history.nasa.gov/SP-4406/chap1.html
• Page 23 and 24: NASA HQ Presentation 2014: ‘Why Commercial Space and Why are we doing it’; Phil
McAlister HEOMD
• Page 25: Space Policy: http://www.space.commerce.gov/general/nationalspacepolicy/
• Page 26: FAA Policy: http://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/ast/about/
• Page 27: Developing Cislunar Space Using the COTS Model, White Paper by Bruce Pittman & Dr. Daniel J.
Rasky
• Page 28: Flight Opportunities: https://flightopportunities.nasa.gov/ and Commercial Certification Process
and Accomplishments, Nov 15, 2012, NAC Meeting, Phil MacAlister; CCDev Status January 2013 (video):
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IvVdD6qqROM
• Page 29: Commercial Spaceflight Federation http://www.commercialspaceflight.org/ ; National Space Society
http://www.nss.org/ ; Space Access Society http://www.space-access.org/ Students for the Exploration and
Development of Space http://seds.org/ ; Space Frontier Foundation http://spacefrontier.org/

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