IPv4 ADDRESSING
Objectives:
IPV4 Addressing Overview.
IPv4 Address Classes.
Subnet Mask
Subnetting
IPv4 Addressing Overview
• An IP address is a unique 32-bit long number that identifies a
device/node on a TCP/IP network.
• It is usually written in W.X.Y.Z format (i.e. Four Decimal numbers
separated by dots/periods).
• Each of the four decimal numbers is known as an octet (Group of 8
bits).
• An IP address contains two parts which include the network part and
the host part.
• For example in IP 192.168.1.1, 192.168.1Network Portion while .1 is
the Host Portion.
IP Address Classes
There are five classes of IP addresses namely A,B,C,D and E.
Classes A,B and C are the most widely used addresses.
Classes define which bits are used for the network ID and
those for the host IS.
They also define possible number of networks and the number
of hosts per network.
CLASS A
Address representation is N.H.H.H.
The first bit in the first Octet is always set to 0.
No. of Networks is 27=128 (Formula 2n = No. Of Networks)
No. of Hosts =224-2=16777214 (Formula 2h -2 = No. Of Hosts)
IP Range is from 1.0.0.0-126.255.255.255
Where 10.0.0.0-10.255.255.255Private Block
Used in Networks with very large number of Hosts.
CLASS B
Address representation is N.N.H.H.
First two bits in the first octet are always set to 10.
No. of Networks is 214
No. of Hosts =216-2=65534
IP Range is from 128.0.0.0-191.255.255.255
Where 172.16.0.0-172.31.255.254Private Block
Used in Medium sized Networks
CLASS C
Address representation is N.N.N.H.
First Three bits in the first octet are always set to 110.
No. of Networks is 221=2097152
No. of Hosts =28-2=254
IP Range is from 192.0.0.0-223.255.255.255
Where 192.168.0.0-192.168.255.254Private Block
Used in Small Networks.
OTHER CLASSES
Class D/Multicast
First FOUR Bits in the first Octet always set to 1110
Range: 224.0.0.0-239.255.255.255
Used to send packets to specific set of ports
Class E:Research and Experimental Activities
First FOUR Bits in the first Octet always set to 1111
Range: 240.0.0.0-255.255.255.255
Used for scientific purposes
IP CLASSES SUMMARY
IPv4 ADDRESS RULES
Network ID and Host ID bits cannot be all 1’s OR all 0’s.
Host ID must be unique to the local network ID.
Points to Note
IP 127.0.0.1 is reserved for loopback tests (allows a node to
send a test packet to itself without generating network traffic)
IP 255.255.255.255 is the all networks address used to
broadcast to all nodes on the current network.
IP 0.0.0.0 Used by Cisco routers to designate the default route
SUBNET MASK
It’s a 32 bit Number which used by hosts/Nodes to identify the
Network they belong to.
A subnet mask helps a Host to determine whether the destination
host IP Address is located on a local Network or remote Network
when sending a Packet. (ANDing operation is Used).
Hosts on the same network MUST have the same subnet mask.
Subnet Mask can be default or Custom.
DEFAULT SUBNET MASKS
ANDing
The Network ID Portion of an IP Address is revealed by ANDing the
subnet Mask to the IP address.
ANDing Rules
1 AND 1 =1
0 AND 1 =0
0 AND 0 =0
ANDing Process
Source and destination IP Addresses are converted into Binary Format.
Source Mask is Converted into binary.
Binary Versions of Source and destination IP Addresses are ANDed with
the Binary version of Source Mask.
Compare the Products (If same Hosts are on the same network
otherwise the Destination is in a remote Network and Packets will be
sent to the default gateway).
SUBNETTING
What it is?
It is the process of dividing a Large Network Address
into Smaller Network Addresses referred to as Subnets.
In IP addressing a SUBNET is a Segment in a TCP/IP
environment that uses IP addresses derived from a
single network ID.
What are its benefits?
It provides for security and organization of resources..
In larger companies subnetting allows each of the departments to have
its own secure network independent from the other networks.
Simplified Management:
It is easier to identify and isolate network problems in a group of small
networks than within one gigantic network.
It speeds up the network/optimize a network.
It reduces the broadcast domains therefore reducing network traffic thus
allowing data to reach its destination much faster.
Subnetting guidelines!!
1. Write the subnet mask (Host Part) of the given IP in binary.
2. Identify the bits to be borrowed from the host portion and turn them ON.
Number of bits to borrow is determined by the formula: 2n >=No
.of Networks Required where n represents the number of
bits needed.
3. Write the New/Custom subnet mask in decimal.
4. Determine the block size (Subnets Incremental value) by calculating the
Decimal Equivalent of the last bit borrowed.
5. Generate the table below:.
Subnets details
Subnet ID First Valid IP Last Valid IP Broadcast IP
S0
S1
……..
Sn
Sn+1
How do I fill the Table?
The first subnet_ID (S0) is always similar to the address subnetted.
Sn+1= Sn + Blocksize( Affected Octet).
First_Valid IP=Subnet_ID+1(Last Octet) Regardless of the class of IP.
Broadcast_IP=Next Subnet ID (Sn+1)-Binary1(Last Octet).
Last_Valid IP=Broadcast_IP-Binary 1 (Last Octet).
NOTE: Number of hosts per subnet is given by the formula (2h-2) where h
is the number of host bits in this case.
Subnetting Example 1!!!
Given the IP Address192.168.1.0 and a
the Mask255.255.255.0 , create 4 Subnets.
Last octet binary
Subnet mask 255.255.255.0 255.255.255.00000000
Borrow 2 bits from host part and turn them on since 2n=>4 it
implies that n=2.
Result =255.255.255.11000000
Which translates to: 255.255.255.192 (New/Custom Mask)
Block Size = 64(Fourth Octet)
Subnets Summary
Subnet ID First Valid IP Last Valid IP Broadcast IP
S0 192.168.1.0 192.168.1.1 192.168.1.62 192.168.1.63
S1 192.168.1.64 192.168.1.65 192.168.1.126 192.168.1.127
S2 192.168.1.128 192.168.1.129 192.168.1.190 192.168.1.191
S3 192.168.1.192 192.168.1.193 192.168.1.254 192.168.1.255
192.168.1.256
The Number of Valid Host IP Addresses per subnet is 26-2=62
The New/Custom subnet Mask will be 255.255.255.192
for all the Hosts.
Summary
In this lesson you have learnt:
What an IP address is
IPv4 Address Structure
IPv4 Address Classes
The Subnet mask
Subnetting
Thank you
