1. What is Django?

 Answer: Django is a high-level Python web framework that promotes rapid

development and clean, pragmatic design.
 Key Points:
o Follows the “Don’t Repeat Yourself” (DRY) principle.
o Includes built-in tools for ORM, authentication, and templating.

2. Explain Django's MTV architecture.

 Answer: MTV stands for Model-Template-View, a variant of the MVC pattern.

 Key Points:
o Model: Handles data and database interactions.
o Template: Renders HTML, with dynamic data from the model.
o View: Processes user input, interacts with the model, and returns a response.

3. How does Django handle database migrations?

 Answer: Using Django’s migrations framework, managed by the makemigrations

and migrate commands.
 Key Points:
o Automatic detection of changes in models.
o Migration files are created for schema changes.

4. What is a Django model?

 Answer: A Django model is a Python class that maps to a database table.

 Key Points:
o Defines fields and behaviors of the data.
o Supports various field types like CharField, IntegerField, etc.

5. How do you define relationships in Django models?

 Answer: Using ForeignKey, OneToOneField, and ManyToManyField.

 Key Points:
o ForeignKey: Many-to-one relationships.
o OneToOneField: One-to-one relationships.
o ManyToManyField: Many-to-many relationships.

6. What are Django templates?

 Answer: Django templates are a way to generate dynamic HTML content.

 Key Points:
o Use template language with tags and filters.
o Supports template inheritance.

7. Explain the use of Django admin interface.

  Answer: The Django admin interface provides a web-based tool for managing
models.
 Key Points:
o Automatic admin interface for models.
o Customizable using ModelAdmin.

8. What is Django ORM?

 Answer: Django ORM is an abstraction layer that allows interaction with the
database using Python code instead of SQL.
 Key Points:
o Allows database queries using Python objects.
o Supports various relational databases.

9. How does Django handle form validation?

 Answer: Using Django Forms and ModelForms, which include built-in validation.
 Key Points:
o Automatic validation for fields based on data types.
o Custom validation using clean() methods.

10. What is a Django view?

 Answer: A Django view is a Python function or class that receives a web request and
returns a web response.
 Key Points:
o Can be function-based (FBV) or class-based (CBV).
o Handles business logic and data presentation.

11. Explain Django’s middleware.

 Answer: Middleware is a way to process requests globally before they reach the view
or after the view processes them.
 Key Points:
o Can modify requests and responses.
o Used for tasks like authentication and logging.

12. What are Django signals?

 Answer: Signals allow certain senders to notify a set of receivers when an action has
taken place.
 Key Points:
o Used to decouple code.
o Common signals include pre_save, post_save.

13. How does Django handle static files?

 Answer: Django uses the STATICFILES_DIRS and STATIC_URL settings to serve static
files.
  Key Points:
o collectstatic command gathers static files in one directory.
o Configurable for development and production.

14. What is a Django context?

 Answer: Context in Django templates is a dictionary mapping variable names to

values.
 Key Points:
o Passed from views to templates.
o Allows dynamic content rendering.

15. How do you implement authentication in Django?

 Answer: Using Django’s built-in authentication framework.

 Key Points:
o Supports user login, logout, and registration.
o Middleware for session management.

16. What is a Django URL dispatcher?

 Answer: The URL dispatcher uses a set of patterns to route URLs to views.
 Key Points:
o Uses regex or path converters.
o Configured in urls.py.

17. How do you handle file uploads in Django?

 Answer: Using FileField or ImageField in models and handling them with

MEDIA_URL and MEDIA_ROOT.
 Key Points:
o File storage settings.
o Proper form handling in views.

18. What are Django generic views?

 Answer: Generic views provide pre-built views for common tasks like displaying
objects or forms.
 Key Points:
o Include ListView, DetailView, etc.
o Reduces repetitive code.

19. Explain Django’s caching mechanism.

 Answer: Django supports various caching backends like in-memory, file-based, and
database caching.
 Key Points:
o Configurable with CACHE settings.
o Supports view and template caching.
20. What are Django REST framework (DRF) serializers?

 Answer: DRF serializers convert complex data types, such as querysets, into JSON.
 Key Points:
o Support validation and transformation.
o Useful for APIs.

21. How does Django handle session management?

 Answer: Django uses a middleware to handle sessions, storing session data on the
server side.
 Key Points:
o Session data is saved in the database, cache, or file system.
o Configurable session backends.

22. What is Django's CSRF protection mechanism?

 Answer: Django uses a CSRF token to protect against cross-site request forgery
attacks.
 Key Points:
o Automatically included in forms with {% csrf_token %}.
o Middleware checks the token for validity.

23. How do you create and use custom management commands in Django?

 Answer: Custom management commands are created by adding a

management/commands directory to an app and defining a Python module for the
command.
 Key Points:
o Use BaseCommand to define the command.
o Accessible via python manage.py <command_name>.

24. What is a QuerySet in Django?

 Answer: A QuerySet is a collection of database queries that can be filtered, ordered,

and evaluated to retrieve data.
 Key Points:
o Lazy evaluation.
o Supports methods like filter(), exclude(), annotate(), etc.

25. Explain the use of get_object_or_404 and get_list_or_404.

 Answer: These are shortcuts used to retrieve an object or list of objects and raise a
404 error if not found.
 Key Points:
o Simplifies error handling in views.
o get_object_or_404: Retrieves a single object.
o get_list_or_404: Retrieves a list of objects.
26. What are Django signals, and when would you use them?

 Answer: Signals are a way to allow decoupled applications to get notified when
certain actions occur.
 Key Points:
o pre_save, post_save, pre_delete, etc.
o Used for logging, sending notifications, etc.

27. How do you optimize database queries in Django?

 Answer: By using select_related, prefetch_related, and only/defer to

minimize the number of database hits.
 Key Points:
o select_related: Joins related objects in the same query.
o prefetch_related: Executes separate queries for related objects.
o only/defer: Select specific fields.

28. Explain Django's transaction management.

 Answer: Django uses transaction management to ensure data integrity and rollback
changes if an error occurs.
 Key Points:
o transaction.atomic(): A block that enforces all-or-nothing transactions.
o Automatic transactions with ATOMIC_REQUESTS.

29. What is a Django context processor?

 Answer: Context processors add common variables to the context of all templates.
 Key Points:
o Configured in TEMPLATES settings.
o Useful for global data like user info or site settings.

30. How do you create custom template tags and filters?

 Answer: Create a templatetags directory in an app and define custom tags/filters

using the @register.simple_tag or @register.filter decorators.
 Key Points:
o Must be loaded in templates with {% load custom_tags %}.
o Used to extend template functionality.

31. Explain Django’s request and response objects.

 Answer: Django provides HttpRequest and HttpResponse classes to represent HTTP

requests and responses.
 Key Points:
o HttpRequest: Contains metadata about the request.
o HttpResponse: Used to return data to the client.

32. How do you set up email sending in Django?

  Answer: Configure email backend settings like EMAIL_HOST, EMAIL_PORT,
EMAIL_HOST_USER, etc., and use send_mail or EmailMessage.
 Key Points:
o Supports SMTP and third-party services.
o Asynchronous sending with celery or django-background-tasks.

33. What is the purpose of the urls.py file in a Django project?

 Answer: urls.py maps URLs to views in Django.

 Key Points:
o Defines URL patterns for the app.
o Uses path or re_path to define routes.

34. How do you handle 404 errors in Django?

 Answer: Create a custom 404 error page by defining a 404.html template and
configuring handler404 in urls.py.
 Key Points:
o Can log 404 errors.
o Custom 404 views for dynamic content.

35. Explain the use of Django's reverse function.

 Answer: The reverse function returns the URL path for a given view name and
optional parameters.
 Key Points:
o Used in views and templates for URL resolution.
o Avoids hardcoding URLs.

36. What is a Django mixin?

 Answer: A mixin is a reusable class-based view component that adds functionality to

a view.
 Key Points:
o Used for code reuse and separation of concerns.
o Common mixins: LoginRequiredMixin, PermissionRequiredMixin.

37. How do you use the Django Debug Toolbar?

 Answer: Install and configure the django-debug-toolbar package to monitor SQL

queries, cache usage, and other debug information.
 Key Points:
o Displays panels for debugging in the browser.
o Configurable and extensible.

38. Explain the @login_required decorator.

 Answer: The @login_required decorator restricts access to a view, allowing only

authenticated users to access it.
  Key Points:
o Redirects to login page if user is not authenticated.
o Customizable with login_url parameter.

39. What is Django’s get_absolute_url method?

 Answer: The get_absolute_url method in a model returns the URL for a particular
object instance.
 Key Points:
o Used in templates and views for object-specific URLs.
o Convention for object URL resolution.

40. How do you implement custom user models in Django?

 Answer: By creating a custom user model that extends AbstractBaseUser or

AbstractUser.
 Key Points:
o Custom user manager required.
o Defined in AUTH_USER_MODEL setting.