Topics in the Chapter

• Introduction
• Meristematic Tissues
→ Features of meritematic tissues
→ Classification of meristematic tissues on the basis of origin
→ Primary (Promeristem)
→ Secondary merismetic tissues
→ Classification of meristematic tissues on the basis of location
→ Apical meristem
→ intercalary meristem
→ Lateral meristem
• Permanent Tissue
• Simple permanent tissue
→ Protective tissues
→ Epidermis
→ Functions of epidermis
→ Cork or Phellem
→ Supporting Tissues
→ Parenchyma
→ Collenchyma
→ Sclerenchyma-Strengthening tissues
→ Sclereids
→ Fibers
• Complex Permanent tissues
• Xylem
→ Tracheids
→ Vessels
→ Xylem parenchyma
→ Xylem sclerenchyma
• Phloem
→ Sieve tubes
→ Companion cells
→ Phloem fibre
→ Phloem parenchyma
→ Leptome
Introduction
→ A group of cells that are similar in structure and/or work together to
achieve a particular function forms a tissue.
→ These tissues are dead, since dead cells can provide mechanical
strength as easily as live ones, and need less maintenance.
→ Plant Tissues are of two types Meristematic & Permanent tissues.

Meristematic Tissue
→ These are simple living tissues having thin walled compactly arranged
immature cells which are capable of division and formation of new cells.
Features of Meristematic tissues:
→ Thin primary cell wall (cellulosic).
→ Intercellular spaces are absent (compact tissue).
→ Generally vacuoles are absent, dense cytoplasm & prominent nuclei are
present.
→ Large numbers of cell organelles are present.
→ Active metabolic state, stored food is absent.
→ Actively dividing cells are present in growing regions of plants, example:
root & shoot tips.
Classification of Meristematic Tissues on the Basis of Origin
• Primary (Promeristem)
→ Derived directly from the meristems of embryo.
→ They consist of cells derived from primary meristem.
→ They add to primary growth of plants.
• Secondary Meristematic Tissues
→ Formed by permanent tissues.
→ These are having cells derived from primary permanent tissue.
→ They usually add to the diameter of plants.
Classification of Meristematic Tissues on the Basis of Location
• Apical Meristem
→ It is present at the growing tips of stems and roots.
→ Cell division in this tissue leads to the elongation of stem & root, thus it
is involved in primary growth of the plant.
• Intercalary Meristem
→ It is present behind the apex.
→ It is the part of apical meristem which is left behind during growth period.
→ These are present at the base of leaf & internode region.
→ These lead to the increase in the length of leaf (Primary), example: in
grass stem, bamboo stem, mint stem etc.
• Lateral Meristem
→ It is also called as secondary meristem.
→ It occurs along the sides of longitudinal axis of the plant.
→ It gives rise to the vascular tissues.
→ Causes growth in girth of stem & root.
→ They are responsible for secondary growth.

Permanent Tissue
→ The permanent tissues are composed of those cells which have lost
their capability to divide.
→ They have definite shape, size and thickness. The permanent tissue
may be dead or living.
→ The division & differentiation of the cells of meristematic tissues give rise
to permanent tissues.
→ In cell differentiation, developing tissue and organs change from simple
to more complex forms to become specialized for specific functions.
→ The cells of permanent tissue loose the capacity to divide and attain a
permanent shape, size and function.
• Permanent tissues are classified into two types on the basis of Structure
and Composition i.e. Simple Permanent Tissues and Complex Permanent
Tissues.

Simple Permanent Tissues

→ These are made up of same type of cells which are similar structurally
and functionally.
→ They include two types of tissue Protective tissues and Supporting
Tissues.
• Protective Tissues: These tissues are primarily protective in function.
→ They consist of Epidermis and Cork/Phellem.

(i) Epidermis

→ Epidermis forms one cell thick outermost layer of various body organs of
plants such as leaves, flowers, stems and roots.
→ Epidermis is covered outside by cuticle. Cuticle is a water-proof layer of
waxy substance called as cutin which is secreted by the epidermal cells.
→ Cuticle is very thick in xerophytes.
→ Cells of epidermis of leaves are not continuous at some places due to
the presence of small pores called as stomata.
→ Each stomata is guarded by a pair of bean-shaped cells called as guard
cells. These are the only epidermal cells which possess chloroplasts, the
rest being colourless.
Functions of Epidermis
→ The main function of epidermis is to protect the plant from desiccation
and infection.
→ Cuticle of epidermis cuts the rate of transpiration and evaporation of
water and prevents wilting.
→ Stomata in epidermis allow gaseous exchange to occur during
photosynthesis respiration.
→ Stomata also helps in transpiration.
(ii) Cork or Phellem
→ In older roots and stems, tissues at the periphery become cork cells or
phellem cells.
→ Cork is made up to dead cells with thick walls and do not have any
intercellular spaces.
→ The cell walls in cork deposit waxy substance called as suberin.
→ The cells of cork become impermeable to water and gases due to the
deposition of suberin.
→ The cork cells are without any protoplasm but are filled with resins or
tannins.
Functions of Cork
→ Cork is protective in function. Cork cells prevent desiccation, infection
and mechanical injury.
→ Imperviousness, lightness, toughness, compressibility and elasticity
make the cork commercially valuable.
→ Cork is used for insulation, as shock absorber in linoleum.
→ Cork is used in the making of a variety of sport goods such as cricket
balls, table tennis, shuttle cocks, wooden paddles etc.
• Supporting Tissues: These are supportive in function.
→ There are three types of Supporting tissues i.e. Parenchyma,
Collenchyma and Sclerenchyma.
(i) Parenchyma

→ It is the fundamental tissue.

→ Tissue first time evolved in bryophyte.
→ Thin walled cells, oval or spherical in structure.
→ Cell wall mainly composed of cellulose & pectin.
→ Large central vacuole for food & water storage.
→ Primary function is food storage.

→ Some parenchyma involved in excretory substance storage are so

called as idioblast, storing such as resin, tannin, gums & oils.
→ In typical parenchyma chlorophyll is absent.
→ Chloroplast containing parenchyma tissue are chlorenchyma which
perform photosynthesis such as mesophyll of leaves.
→ In hydrophytic plants aerenchyma (a type of parenchyma containing air
spaces) provides buoyancy.
→ Parenchyma provides turgidity to cells.
(ii) Collenchyma

→ It is the living mechanical tissue.

→ Elongated cells with thick corners.
→ Localized cellulose & pectin thickening.

→ Provides flexibility to plant parts & easy bending of various parts of plant.
→ Present only in herbaceous dicot stem.
→ Present at thin margin of leaves.
→ Few chloroplasts may be present.
→ Gives mechanical strength & elasticity to the growing stems.
(iii) Sclerenchyma (Scleras–hard) Strengthening tissue.
→ Composed of extremely thick walled cells with little or no protoplasm.
→ Cells are dead & possess very thick lignified walls.
→ Lignin is water-proof material.
→ Intercellular spaces are absent.
• Cells of sclerenchyma are of two types Sclereids and Fibres.

• Sclereids
→ These are also called grit cells or stone cells.
→ These are small cells, where lumen is so small due to higher thickening
of cell wall, as present in drup fruit (mango, coconut, walnut) in legume
seeds (Macrosclereid).
• Fibers
→ They are very long, narrow, thick, lignified cells. Lumen is large as
compared to sclereids.
They are generally 1-3 mm long.
→ In the thick walls of both the fibres and sclereids are present thin areas
called as pits.
→ Sclrenchyma Fibres are used in the manufacture of ropes, mats &
certain textile fibres.
→ Jute and coir are obtained from the thick bundle of fibres.
Difference between Parenchyma, Collenchyma and Sclerenchyma

Features Parenchyma Collenchyma Sclerenchyma

Isodiametric
cells which are
oval, spherical or Variable in
polygonal in Circular, oval or shape. Fibres
Cell shape shape. polyhedral. and sclereids.

Uneven Lignified
Thin cellulosic thickening on secondary cell
Cell wall cell wall. their cell wall. wall present.

Cytoplasm Abundant Present Absent

Present (Living Present (Living Absent (Dead

Nucleus tissue) tissue) tissue)

Vacuoles Large vacuole Vacuolated Absent

Intercellular
spaces Present Absent Absent

Dicot stems,
Basically petiole and
packing tissue, beneath the Dicot
all soft part of epidermis. hypodermis,
plant-pith, Absent in bundle sheath,
cortex, medullary monocot and pericycl, seed,
Occurrence rays. roots. pulp of fruits.

Provide tensile Protection from

strength, stress and
mechanical strain,
Food storage, support, mechanical
Functions photosynthesis. photosynthesis. strength.
Complex Permanent Tissues
→ It consists of more than one type of cells which work together as a unit.
→ It helps in transportation of organic materials, water & minerals.
→ It is also known as conducting or vascular tissue.
→ Xylem & phloem together form vascular bundles.

Xylem
→ It is also known as wood and is a vascular and mechanical tissue.
→ Thick walled cells are found in the form of tubular passages.
→ Xylem consists of four types of cells called as elements Tracheids,
Vessels, xylem parenchyma and xylem sclerenchyma.

(i) Tracheids
→ They are elongated angular dead cells (primitive elements) mainly
involved in conduction of water and minerals in gymnosperms.
(ii) Vessles
→ They are advance element (generally found in angiosperms).
→ Vessels are cylindrical tube like structures placed one above the other
end to end which form a continuous channel for efficient conduction of
water.
(iii) Xylem parenchyma
→ They are small & thick walled parenchymatous cells subjected for
storage of starch (food).
(iv) Xylem sclerenchyma
→ Thy are non-living fibres with thick walls and narrow cavities provide
mechanical support.
→ Except xylem parenchyma all other xylem elements are dead.
→ The annual rings present in the trunk of a tree are xylem rings.
→ By counting the number of annual rings, we can determine the age of
a tree.
Phloem

→ They also consist of both parenchymatous and schlerenchymatous cells.

→ Phloem consists of four types of element which are Sieve tubes,
Companion cells, Phloem fibre and Phloem parenchyma.
(i) Sieve tubes
→ Sieve tubes are slender tube like structures made up of elongated, thin
walled cells placed end to end.
→ The end walls of sieve tube cells are perforated by numerous pores,
called as sieve plates.
→ Nucleus of sieve cell degenerates at maturity. However, cytoplasm
persists, because of protoplasmic continuation of sieve tube with
companion cell through plasmodesmata.
→ Sieve cells possess slime protein or protein which is concerned with
growth and repair of sieve cells.
(ii) Companion cells
→ Companion cells have dense cytoplasm and prominent nuclei.
→ Sieve cells & companion cells are so called sister cells because they
originate from single mother cell.
(iii) Phloem fibre
→ They give mechanical support to sieve tubes.
(iv) Phloem parenchyma
→They store food and help in radial conduction of food.
(v) Leptome
→ Main part of phloem involved in conduction of food, which is sieve tube.
→ In xylem, only unidirectional movement is possible while in phloem
bidirectional movement can occur.
→ In phloem, except phloem sclerenchyma all elements are living.

Features Xylem Phloem

Cells: Living/dead Dead Living

Cell walls: Thickness Thick Thin

Material Lignin Cellulose

Permeability Impermeable Permeable

Cross walls None Sieve plates

Cytoplasm None Yes

Function Carries water and salts Carries sugars

Direction of flow Upwards Down and up

Special features Fibres Companion cells