COLLEGE OF NURSING

GOVERNMENT INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL SCIENCES, GREATER NOIDA

Unit-III
NURSING FOUNDATIONS-I
HISTORY OF NURSING & NURSING AS A
PROFESSION
Lecture No:1
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PRESENTED BY: MS. ABHILASHA FRANCIS, Tutor, College of Nursing, GIMS

COURSE MAPPING

GENERL OBJECTIVE OUTCOME PO, CO, LO EVALUATION

MAPPING
At the end of the Unit, the At the end of the course,
students will be able to : Student will understand
1. Develop understanding of various clinical aspects P2,CO2,L2 Essay
the philosophy, objectives, related to patient care and Short answers
theories and process of skills in techniques of Long answers
nursing in various nursing and practice them in
supervised clinical settings. supervised clinical setting.

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 GENERAL OBJECTIVES:

At the end of lecture, students will be able to gain knowledge regarding Nursing as a
profession and confidence to apply the knowledge.
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES  Functions of nurse
 History of Nursing, History of Nursing in  Qualities of a nurse
India.  Nursing as a profession
 Contributions of Florence Nightingale.
 Criteria of profession
 Nursing – Definition – Nurse, Nursing
 Values
 Concepts, philosophy, objectives
 Code of ethics and professional conduct for
 Characteristics, nature and Scope of Nursing/ nurses 26-09-2024 3
Nursing practice
INTRODUCTION

Fig:1 26-09-2024
 DEFINITION

“The unique function of the nurse is to assist the individual, sick or

well, in the performance of those activities contributing to health or
death

its recovery (or to peaceful death) that he would perform unaided if

he had the necessary strength, will or knowledge.” .Virginia
Henderson

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 DEFINITION

American Nurses Association (ANA) defined “Nursing as the

protection, promotion and optimization of health and abilities,
prevention of illness and injury, alleviation of suffering
through diagnosis and treatment of human response, and advocacy in
the care of individuals, families, communities, and populations”.

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 HISTORY OF NURSING

❖The word “nurse” originally came from the Latin word “nutrire”, meaning to
suckle, referring to a wet-nurse; only in the late 16th century did it attain its
modern meaning of a person who cares for the infirm.
❖From the earliest times most cultures produced a stream of nurses dedicated
to service on religious principles.
❖In Europe before the foundation of modern nursing, Catholic nuns and the
military often provided nursing-like services. It took until the 19th century for
nursing to become a secular profession.
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 DEVELOPMENT OF NURSING PROFESSION
The standards of a profession typically include seven requirements:
1. Possess a well-defined and well organized body of knowledge.
2. Enlarge a systematic body of knowledge and improve education.
3. Educate its practitioners in institutions of higher learning.
4. Function autonomously in the formulation of policy.
5. Develop a code of ethics.
6. Attract professionals who will be committed to the profession for a lifetime.
7. Compensate practitioners by providing autonomy, continuous professional development,
and economic security.

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 HISTORY OF NURSING IN INDIA

The ancient records of India indicate the principles and practices of nursing. They are so clear,
intelligent and scientific, that many of them might fit into any of the modern textbook.
The nurses were usually young men, and only in special cases, women were taken for
conducting childbirth. The progress of nursing in India was obstructed by the low state of
women, the caste system, illiteracy and political unrest.
Military nursing was the earliest type of nursing. In 1664 the East India Company started a hospital
for soldiers in a house at Fort St.George, Madras.
The first sisters were sent from St.Thomas Hospital, London to this military hospital. In 1797 a Lying
- in - Hospital (maternity) for the poor of Madras was built with the help of subscriptions by
Dr.John Underwood. In 1854 the Government sanctioned a training school for midwives in Madras.
Florence Nightingale was the first woman to have great influence over nursing in India and had a
close knowledge of Indian conditions, especially army. She was interested in the nursing service for
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the civilian population, though her first interest was the welfare of the army in India.
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 HISTORY OF NURSING IN INDIA (CONT..)
In 1865, Miss Florence Nightingale drew up some detailed "Suggestions on a system of nursing for
hospitals in India". Graduates were sent out from the Nightingale School of Nurses at St.Thomas
Hospital, England to start similar schools in our country.
St Stephens Hospital at Delhi was the first one to begin training the Indian girls as nurses in
1867. In 1871, the first School of Nursing was started in Government General Hospital, Madras
with 6 months Diploma Midwives program with four mid- wife students. Four lady
Superintendents and four trained nurses from England were posted to Madras.
Between 1890 and 1900, many schools, under either missions or government, were started in
various parts of India. In the yearly twentieth century, National Nursing Associations were
started.
In 1897, Dr.B.C.Roy did great work in raising the standards of nursing and that of male and
female nurses.
In 1908, the trained nurses association of India was formed as it was felt to uphold the dignity 10
and the honor of nursing profession. 26-09-2024
 HISTORY OF NURSING IN INDIA (CONT..)
In 1918, training schools were started for health visitors and dais, at Delhi and Karachi. Two
English nurses Miss Griffin and Miss Graham were appointed to give training to and to
supervise the nurses.
In 1926, Madras State formed the first registration council to provide basic standards in education
and training.
The first four year basic Bachelor Degree program were established in 1946 at the RAK college
of nursing in Delhi and Vellore.
With the assistance from the Rockfeller Foundations, seven health centers were set up between
1931 - 1939 in the cities of Delhi, Madras, Bangalore, Lucknow, Trivandrum, Pune and Calcutta.
In 1947, after the independence, the community development programme and the expansion of
hospital service created a large demand for nurses, auxiliary nurse midwives, health visitors,
midwives, nursing tutors and nursing administrators.
The Indian Nursing Council was passed by our ordinance on December 31st 1947. The council 11
was constituted in 1949. 26-09-2024
 HISTORY OF NURSING IN INDIA (CONT..)
In 1956, Miss Adrenwala was appointed as the Nursing Advisor to Government of India. The
development of Nursing in India was greatly influenced by the Christian missionaries, World
War, British rule and by the International agencies such as
W.H.O. UNICEF, Red Cross etc.
The first master’s degree course, a two-year postgraduate program was begun in 1960 at
the College of Nursing, Delhi.
In 1963, the School of Nursing in Trivandrum, instituted the first two years post certificate
Bachelor Degree program.
The associations such as International Council of Nurses, the nurses auxiliary of the CMA of
India,
T.N.A.I. Indian Nursing council and State level Registration Council are closely connected
with promotion and the upliftment of the nursing profession.
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PRESENT SCENARIO OF NURSING IN INDIA

13

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PRESENT SCENARIO OF NURSING IN INDIA (CONT..)

14

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 15

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CONCEPT OF MILITARY NURSING

16

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CONCEPT OF MILITARY NURSING (CONT..)

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CONTRIBUTIONS OF FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE

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 HISTORY OF FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE

Florence Nightingale was born May 12, 1820 in Florence, Italy. She was
an English social reformer and statistician and is credited with being the
founder of modern nursing.

Nightingale’s most famous contribution occurred during the Crimean

War. On October 21 of 1854, Nightingale and a staff she trained were
sent to care for wounded soldiers at the Ottoman Empire.

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CONTRIBUTIONS OF FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE

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CONTRIBUTIONS OF FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE (CONT..)

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 OBJECTIVES OF NURSING

❖ To prepare nurses who will give expert bedside nursing care in the hospital and
community.
❖ To provide integration of health and social aspect of theory and practice in
generalized public health nursing.
❖ To provide an adequate, sound scientific foundation to understand the functioning of
body and mind in health and disease.

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PHILOSOPHY OF NURSING

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 PHILOSOPHY OF NURSING (CONT..)

• A theory or attitude that acts as a guiding principle for behavior.

• Nursing is viewed as both an art and a science, reflecting upon the concepts of the nursing.
Nursing is an applied discipline which expresses itself in practice, and has its foundation
rooted in scientific/empirical knowledge, theory, and research. Nursing is also expressed
as a caring, therapeutic and teaching discipline.

• The goal of nursing is optimum client wellness, and the maximum level of functioning. The
nursing interventions are evidence-based and stem from their core knowledge. The
professional nurse must appreciate the role of informatics.
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 PHILOSOPHY OF NURSING (CONT..)

Philosophy of nursing includes beliefs and values with regard to man in general & specifically man
as the learner ,teacher, nurse, client and the beliefs about health, illness, society, nursing & learning
etc..
It includes...
➢Spiritual : Religion should serve as the primary integrating factor.
➢Moral : Nurse has to develop right conscience.
➢Intellectual : to provide a systematic development & training& for fulfilment of nursing
function. 25

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 PHILOSOPHY OF NURSING (CONT..)

➢Emotional needs : nurse must be able to function as a mature, self –dependent & responsible
individual & must be able to relate well to other people.
➢Physical : to promote harmonious development, physical needs to preserve essentials of
health.
➢Social : nursing is linked with social culture ,in which nursing activities are carried out.

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 SCOPE OF NURSING

Nurses provide care for three types of clients: individuals, families, and
communities. Nursing practice involves four areas: promoting health and wellness,
preventing illness, restoring health, and care of the dying.

Promoting Health and Wellness

Wellness is a state of well- being. It means engaging in attitudes and behavior that
enhance the quality of life and maximize personal potential.
Nurses promote wellness in clients who are both healthy and ill. This may
involve individual and community activities to enhance healthy lifestyles, such as
improving nutrition and physical fitness, preventing drug and alcohol misuse, restricting
smoking, and preventing accidents and injury in the home and workplace. 27

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 SCOPE OF NURSING (CONT..)

Nurses provide care for three types of clients: individuals, families, and
communities. Nursing practice involves four areas: promoting health and wellness,
preventing illness, restoring health, and care of the dying.

Promoting Health and Wellness

Wellness is a state of well- being. It means engaging in attitudes and behavior that
enhance the quality of life and maximize personal potential.
Nurses promote wellness in clients who are both healthy and ill. This may
involve individual and community activities to enhance healthy lifestyles, such as
improving nutrition and physical fitness, preventing drug and alcohol misuse, restricting
smoking, and preventing accidents and injury in the home and workplace. 28

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 SCOPE OF NURSING (CONT..)

Preventing Illness
The goal of illness preventing programs is to maintain optimal health by
preventing disease.

Restoring Health
focuses on the ill client and it extends from early detection of through
helping the client during the recovery period.

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NURSING AS PROFESSION

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 CRITERIA OF PROFESSION

EDUCATION

CODE OF BODY OF
ETHICS KNOWLEDGE

SPECIFIC
AUTONOMY
SERVICE
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 CHARACTERISTICS OF PROFESSION

• A basic profession requires an extended education of its members, as

well as a basic liberal foundation.
• A profession has a theoretical body of specialised knowledge
leading to defined skills, abilities and norms.
• A profession provides a specific service.
• Members of a profession have autonomy in decision-making
and practice.
• The profession has a code of ethics for practice.
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• Authority to control its work.

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 CHARACTERISTICS OF PROFESSION

•Service to the society

•Extensive period of formal training
•Self –regulation
•Credentialing system to certify competence
•Legal reinforcement of professional standards
•Ethical practice
•Creation of a collegial subculture
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 NURSING PRACTICE

Nursing practice is directed towards the goal of assisting clients to

achieve and maintain optimal health in order to maximize quality of life
across the lifespan.

The broad scope of nursing practice reflects all of the roles and activities
undertaken by registered nurses to address the full range of human
experiences and responses to health and illness. This includes: health
promotion, health protection, health maintenance, health restoration,
rehabilitation, and palliation.
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 FUNCTIONS OF NURSE

 Coordinator  Team player

 Communicator  Motivator

 Teacher  Delegator
 Critical thinker
 Counselor
 Innovator
 Manager
 Researcher
 Leader
 Advocate 26-09-2024 35
 RESPONSIBILITY OF NURSE

1. Preserve and Enhance the image of nursing profession.

The conduct of nursing profession is observed by peers and public as
deflecting the presence of personnel standard. The behaviour of one
member will reflect on all members of the group. So a nurse must
maintain high ethical standards.

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 RESPONSIBILITY OF NURSE (CONT…)

2. Respect the interest of the public

3. Maintain competency by continuing

learning

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 RESPONSIBILITY OF NURSE (CONT…)

4. Serve the community

Nursing profession needs to maintain high standards of profession and continuing
service to the public in competent manner.

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 QUALITIES OF A NURSE

• Self Confident

• Humility

• Honesty 26-09-2024 39
 QUALITIES OF A NURSE

▪ Loyalty

▪ Cooperative

▪ Good Listener

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 QUALITIES OF A NURSE

• Keen observer

• Good administrator

• Supervisor

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 QUALITIES OF A NURSE

▪ Capable

▪ Workmanship

▪ Responsible 26-09-2024 42
 QUALITIES OF A NURSE

▪ Capable
▪ Workmanship
▪ Responsible
▪ Accountable
▪ Competent
▪ Advocate
▪ Good human relation

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 QUALITIES OF A NURSE

▪ Accountable

▪ Competent

▪ Advocate

▪ Good human relation 26-09-2024 44

NURSING VALUES

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PERSONAL VALUES

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PROFESSIONAL VALUES

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ETHICS

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 CODE OF ETHICS

An international code of ethics for nurses was first

adopted by the International Council of Nurses
(ICN) in 1953.
1. NURSES AND PEOPLE
2. NURSES AND PRACTICE
3. NURSES AND THE PROFESSION
4. NURSES AND CO- WORKES

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 1. NURSES AND PEOPLE

The nurse’s primary professional responsibility is to people requiring

nursing care. In providing care, the nurse promotes an environment
in which the human right, values, customs and spiritual beliefs of
the individual, family and community are respected. The nurse
ensures that the individual receives sufficient information on which
to base consent for care and related

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 2. NURSES AND PRACTICE

The nurse carries personal responsibility and accountability for nursing

practice, and for maintaining competence by continual learning. The nurse
maintains a standard of personal health such that the ability to provide care is
not compromised. The nurse uses judgement

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 3. NURSES AND PROFESSION

The nurses assumes the major role in determining and

implementing acceptable standards ofclinical nursing practice,
management, research, and education. The nurse is active in developing a
core of research- based professional organization, participates in creating
and maintaining safe. Equitable social and economic working conditions in
nursing

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 4. NURSES AND CO WORKERS

The nurse sustains a cooperative relationship with co- workers in

nursing and other fields. The nurse takes appropriate action to
safeguard individuals, families and communities when their health is
endangered by a co-worker or any other person.

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 REFERENCES

 R1: I Clement. Textbook of Nursing Foundation I. 2nd Edition, Jaypee Publishers, Page no:
 R 2: Jyoti Kathwal. Textbook of Nursing Foundation for B.Sc. Nursing students. Vision
Publishers.
 R 3: Dr. Maheshwari Ganesh, Ramesh S., Priya P. M., Linda Daphane, Sejalkunvaraba.
Textbook of Nursing Foundation I. Nirali Prakashan.

 IMAGES REFERENCES:

 Figure1,2,4,5,6,7,8 : Google Images Courtesy

 I3:I Clement. Textbook of Nursing Foundation I. 2nd Edition, Jaypee Publishers
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THANK YOU

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