7
4 Fig. 4.1 shows a Galilean thermometer. This thermometer is used to measure the approximate
temperature of the surrounding air.
bulb E, label: 28 °C
glass cylinder bulb D, label: 26 °C
bulb C, label: 24 °C
bulb B, label: 22 °C
water
bulb A, label: 20 °C
Fig. 4.1
The glass cylinder contains water. When the temperature of the water changes, so does its density.
Each bulb has a label printed with a temperature, as shown in Fig. 4.1. The bulbs have different
densities. At 21 °C, only bulb A is at the bottom of the cylinder.
(a) Explain, in terms of density, why bulb A is at the bottom of the cylinder and the other bulbs are
floating.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[2]
(b) The temperature of the surrounding air increases to a temperature above 23 °C.
(i) Suggest one reason why there is a delay before the temperature of the water increases
to 23 °C.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) Explain why, after this delay, bulb B sinks. Assume the bulbs do not expand.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[3]
(c) Bulbs A, B and C are now at the bottom of the cylinder. Bulbs D and E are floating.
State the possible temperature range of the water in the cylinder.
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
[Total: 7]
© UCLES 2017 0625/42/F/M/17 [Turn over
0625/42 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme March 2017
PUBLISHED
Question Answer Marks
4(a) Density of bulb A greater than the density of the water (and sinks) B1
Density of other bulbs less than the density of water (and float) B1
4(b)(i) Glass is a poor conductor of heat OR glass conducts heat at a slow rate B1
OR water has a high (specific) heat capacity
4(b)(ii) The water expands OR separation of water molecules increases B1
The water becomes less dense B1
Bulb B now has a greater density than the water (and sinks) OR Weight of bulb B more than buoyancy forces / upthrust B1
4(c) 24 oC – 26 oC B1
Total: 7
© UCLES 2017 Page 7 of 12
5
4 Fig. 4.1 shows a cold plastic spoon that has just been placed in hot liquid in a cup.
plastic spoon
hot liquid
Fig. 4.1
(a) Describe, in terms of molecules, why the temperature of the whole of the spoon increases.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [3]
(b) The plastic spoon is replaced by a metal spoon.
Describe an additional process by which the temperature of the whole of this spoon increases.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(c) The cup contains 150 g of liquid of specific heat capacity 4.2 J / (g °C). When the cold spoon is
placed into the hot liquid, the temperature of the liquid decreases from 80 °C to 56 °C.
Calculate the loss of thermal energy from the liquid.
energy loss = ......................................................... [3]
[Total: 8]
© UCLES 2018 0625/42/F/M/18 [Turn over
0625/42 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme March 2020
PUBLISHED
Question Answer Marks
5(a) conduction B1
conduction B1
radiation B1
5(b) electrons move B1
lattice / molecular / particle vibration or w.t.t.e. B1
OR free / delocalised electrons
5(c) shiny white M1
best reflector A1
© UCLES 2020 Page 12 of 15
6
5 (a) State the values of the fixed points of a temperature scale.
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) (i) The graduations on a liquid-in-glass thermometer are equally spaced.
For the equal spacing of the graduations to be correct, state:
1. an assumption that is made about the liquid in the thermometer
...........................................................................................................................................
2. an assumption that is made about the structure of the thermometer.
...........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(ii) Liquid-in-glass thermometer A has a greater range than liquid-in-glass thermometer B.
State one way the design of thermometer A is different from thermometer B.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) Liquid-in-glass thermometer C has a greater sensitivity than liquid-in-glass thermometer D.
State one way the design of thermometer C is different from thermometer D.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
© UCLES 2019 0625/42/F/M/19
0625/42 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme March 2019
PUBLISHED
Marks
M1
A1
M1
A1
Question Answer Marks
5(a) 0 °C and 100 °C B1
5(b)(i) 1 Has uniform / linear expansion OR Has equal expansion for each degree of temperature rise B1
2 Has capillary / tube of constant cross-sectional area / diameter / radius / bore / width / thickness B1
5(b)(ii) (Compared with thermometer B) B1
A has a capillary / tube of greater cross-section / diameter / radius / width
OR A contains a liquid with less expansion per degree / unit temp. rise
OR A is longer than B
OR A has a smaller bulb
5(b)(iii) (Compared with thermometer D) B1
C (has capillary / tube that is) narrower / of smaller cross-section / thinner
OR has a larger bulb OR bulb containing more liquid
OR contains a liquid with greater expansion per degree / unit temp. rise
OR contains alcohol instead of mercury
© UCLES 2019 Page 6 of 11
6
4 (a) The molecules of most liquids are, on average, slightly further apart than the molecules of a
solid.
State one other difference between the molecular structures of a solid and a liquid.
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) A glass tube passes through a stopper and into a glass flask. Fig. 4.1 shows that the flask is
completely full of a liquid and that there is also some liquid in the tube.
stopper
glass tube
glass flask
liquid
Fig. 4.1
The flask is immersed in a large beaker of very hot water. At first, the level of the liquid in the
tube falls, but after a short time it rises.
(i) Explain why, at first, the level of the liquid in the tube falls.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[3]
(ii) Explain why the liquid level in the tube stops falling and starts to rise.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
[Total: 6]
© UCLES 2017 0625/43/O/N/17
0625/43 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme October/November
PUBLISHED 2017
Marks
B1
B1
B1
M1
A1
B2
B2
Question Answer Marks
4(a) molecules of solid arranged in lattice / in organised pattern / without gaps / orderly / fixed structure B1
4(b)(i) glass heated first or at first liquid not heated / does not expand / takes time (to heat up) or glass poor conductor B1
glass expands B1
capacity / volume of flask increases B1
4(b)(ii) liquid (starts to) warms up B1
liquid expands more than the solid / glass B1
© UCLES 2017 Page 3 of 7
8
5 (a) (i) In the space below, draw a labelled diagram of the structure of a thermocouple
thermometer. Include the device from which a reading is taken.
[3]
(ii) A thermocouple thermometer is used to measure the temperature of the flame of a small
candle.
State two reasons why the thermocouple thermometer is suitable for this application.
1. .......................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
2. .......................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(b) State and explain any effect on the sensitivity of a liquid-in-glass thermometer of:
(i) reducing the diameter of the capillary tube
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
(ii) increasing the volume of the liquid-filled bulb.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
[Total: 9]
© UCLES 2018 0625/41/O/N/18
0625/41 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme October/November 2018
PUBLISHED
Question Answer Marks
5(a)(i) 2 different metals labelled B1
2 junctions between different metals B1
Correctly connected meter B1
5(a)(ii) Any two of: B2
Suitable for high temp measurement OR has wide range
Has low value of thermal capacity OR absorbs only a small
quantity of thermal energy / heat
Measures temperature at a point OR small size
Responds quickly
Can be used for remote sensing
5(b)(i) More sensitive B1
Thread moves further (for same expansion) B1
5(b)(ii) More sensitive B1
Greater expansion / more liquid (from bulb) B1
© UCLES 2018 Page 9 of 14
9
5 A metal container is used to cook food. The metal container has thick walls. Hot cooking oil at a
temperature of 120 °C is poured into the container.
(a) The outside surface of the container gets hot. Some thermal energy passes through the metal
because vibrating atoms in the metal collide with neighbouring atoms and transfer energy to
them.
Explain how the rest of the thermal energy is conducted through the metal container to the
outside surface by another process.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [3]
(b) The outside surface of the container is brightly polished and shiny.
Explain how this reduces the power that needs to be supplied to keep the oil at the correct
temperature.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [3]
(c) The metal container is spherical. The spherical container has a smaller surface area than a
long, thin container of the same volume.
Explain the advantage of using a spherical container.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 7]
© UCLES 2020 0625/41/O/N/20 [Turn over
0625/41 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme October/November 2020
PUBLISHED
Question Answer Marks
5(a) electrons mentioned B1
electrons travel (a great distance) through the metal or (vibrating) atoms hit (free) electrons B1
electrons hit (distant) particles or transfer energy (to distant atoms) B1
5(b) shiny surfaces are poor emitters (of radiation) B1
infrared / radiation / mentioned B1
less energy lost or lost energy does not need to be supplied B1
5(c) less thermal energy emitted or less space for energy to be lost B1
© UCLES 2020 Page 13 of 17
