SCIENCE EXAM SUMMARY
Differences between chemical reaction and physical reaction.
In a physical reaction, it only changes the state, the form or the physical properties of a substance,
but without altering or changing its chemical properties.
EXAMPLE: Melting ice. It starts as a water in a solid state, and when we melt it, it goes to a liquid state.
While in the chemical reaction, this type of reaction occurs when the reactants transforms and a new
substance is being produced or changed during the reaction, by the rearrangement of the bonds
and the molecular structure. We can evidence if a chemical reaction is happening, if there is a large
temperature change, bubbles, or a color change.
EXAMPLE: Burning paper, we can know that a chemical reaction is taking place because the
temperature of the paper increases a lot.
Changes that take place in a chemical reaction.
During a chemical reaction, as mentioned before, the evidence for us to know that this type of
reaction is happening, is by two ways
- The chemical formula: When we have a chemical formula where the reactants are arranged
in a different way than in the products, is because, a chemical reaction has occurred.
Example
- Visible changes: While doing a chemical reaction, you may also notice that the temperature
changes, or some bubbles start appearing, or the color can change.
Endothermic and exothermic reaction.
An endothermic reaction is when the reaction is cooler than the
surroundings, meaning it doesn't release heat, instead, it absorbs it.
While the exothermic reaction occurs when the reaction is hotter
than the surroundings meaning it releases heat.
Anions and cations
Anion = An atom that as more protons than electrons, resulting with more positive charge
Cation = Has more electrons, than protons, resulting in negative charge
Metal and no metal elements (periodic table)
Metals are good conductors of heat and electricity and are malleable (they can be hammered into
sheets) and ductile (they can be drawn into wire). Most of the metals are solids at room
temperature, with a characteristic silvery shine (except for mercury, which is a liquid). Nonmetals are
(usually) poor conductors of heat and electricity, and are not malleable or ductile; many of the
elemental nonmetals are gases at room temperature, while others are liquids and others are
solids. The metalloids are intermediate in their properties. In their physical properties, they are more
like the nonmetals, but under certain circumstances, several of them can be made to conduct
electricity.
Covalent and ionic bonds.
Covalent and ionic bonds are two types of bonds. When two atoms are able to exchange electrons,
a covalent bond is established, for example, between two non-metals there is a covalent bond.
However, an ionic bond is produced when the "sharing" is so uneven that one electron from atom A is
lost, but in atom B is gained. An example of it is the ionic bond between a metal and a non-metal.
Octet rule
The octet rule is a chemical rule of thumb that reflects the theory that main-group elements tend to
bond in such a way that each atom has eight electrons in its valence shell, giving it the same
electronic configuration as a noble gas. The rule is especially applicable to carbon, nitrogen, oxygen,
and the halogens, but also to metals such as sodium or magnesium. Other rules exist for other
elements, such as the duplet rule for hydrogen and helium, or the 18-electron rule for transition
metals.
The valence electrons can be counted using a Lewis electron dot diagram as shown at the right for
carbon dioxide. The electrons shared by the two atoms in a covalent bond are counted twice, once
for each atom. In carbon dioxide each oxygen shares four electrons with the central carbon, two
(shown in red) from the oxygen itself and two (shown in black) from the carbon. All four of these
electrons are counted in both the carbon octet and the oxygen octet, so that both atoms are
considered to obey the octet rule.
The quantity of valence electrons depends on the column they are located in the periodic table
