General Chemistry

Unit 3

Chemistry
Calculations

CHEM 111 (Fall 2024)

Molecular Mass Formula Mass
the sum of the atomic masses
For a single For a formula
molecule O H2O : water unit
H H
Example: Molecular Mass of Water Used for ionic
compounds
= 1.008 amu 2 + 16.00 amu
= 18.02 amu / molecule

Molar Mass of Molecule:

?
mass in grams of 1 mol of molecules (unit is g/mol)

Example: Molar Mass of Water

= 18.02 g/mol
Counting ….
A mole is a unit for a specific number:
1 mole = 6.022 x 1023 things (particles, atoms, photons, etc.)
(also known as Avogadro’s number, NA)

Mole of atoms = 6.022 x 10 23 atoms

Mole of X = 6.022 x 10 23 X
Example: 8
Converting between g, atoms and moles O
Oxygen 16.00
16 g/mol
mass number
5 mols of oxygen
mass ?? mass of 48 g
How many moles of oxygen?
80 grams
3 moles
1 mol = 6.022  1023 particles
How many oxygen atoms?
1.807 x 1024 oxygen
atoms 4
 Avogadro’s Number
= 6.0221421 × 1023

National Mole Day

October 23rd
From 6:02 AM to 6:02 PM

[Link]
5
Moles
mole = number of particles

equal to the number of atoms in 12 g of C-12 (12C)

1 atom of C-12 weighs exactly 12__________
amu
1 mole of C-12 weighs exactly 12__________
g
The number of particles in 1 mole is called
Avogadro’s Number = 6.0221421 × 1023

1 mole of C atoms weighs 12.01 g

and has 6.022 × 1023 atoms

6
What does 1 mole amount look like?
mass for one mol for each element is different each other.

1 mol of carbon (C) is 12.011 g 1 mol of sulfur (S) is 32.065 g

1 mol of mercury (Hg) is 200.59 g

1 mol of copper(Cu) is 63.546 g 1 mol of iron (Fe) is 55.845 g

All of them are 6.022 × 1023 atoms

Summary: Useful Conversions
molecules  moles
Mass of
Mass of element
compound
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐶 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑂2
Molar Mass 12.01 𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝐶
Molar Mass 44.01 𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑂2

Chemical Moles of
Moles of element
formula compound
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐶 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑂2
NA 6.022 × 1023 NA 6.022 × 1023
𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐶 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑂2

Atoms of
Atoms of element
compound
Percent composition
the mass % of each element in the compound.
Experimental method: Combustion Analysis

mass of each element per 100 g of compound

AxByCz
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐴 𝑖𝑛 𝑤ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑒
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠%A = × 100
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑒
𝒈
𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝑨 𝒊𝒏 𝟏 𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝒐𝒇 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅 ( )
𝑴𝒂𝒔𝒔 % 𝒐𝒇 𝑨 = 𝒎𝒐𝒍 × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝒈
𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝟏 𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝒐𝒇 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅 ( )
𝒎𝒐𝒍
Molar mass
Obtaining Molecular Formulas
Empirical formula = smallest whole number ratio.
The molecular formula is a multiple of the empirical formula (mass of full molecule)

Empirical Molecular
Formula ×n= Formula
n is a whole number
Find using % composition
and molecular weight
Combustion analysis: To burn a known mass of compound and weigh the amounts of product made
generally used for organic compounds containing C, H, O
all the original C forms CO2, the original H forms H2O, the original mass of O is found by subtraction

From the masses of all the constituent elements in the original, the empirical formula can be found
Example: Determining the empirical formula
from the percent composition.
A combustion analysis experiment was preformed which measured the mass
percent of C, H and O in Benzoic acid. It was found to contain 68.8% C, 5.0% H,
and 26.2% O by mass. What is its empirical formula?

Cx HyOz
represent mole-mole ratios
Example … empirical formula (2)
68.8% C, 5.0% H, 26.2% O
100.0 grams of benzoic acid would contain:
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 C
68.8 𝑔 C × = 5.73 𝑚𝑜𝑙 C
12.0 𝑔 C

1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 H
5.0 𝑔 H × = 5.0 𝑚𝑜𝑙 H C:H:O=
1.0 𝑔 H
5.73 : 5.0 : 1.64

1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 O
26.2 𝑔 O × = 1.64 𝑚𝑜𝑙 O
16.0 𝑔 O
not quite a whole
number ratio
Example … empirical formula (3)
C:H:O = 5.73 : 5.0 : 1.64
Divide each number by the smallest of the three:

5.73 mol C

5.0 mol H

1.64 mol O
Example: Determining the Molecular Formula
A hydrocarbon has the empirical formula CH2. Its molecular weight is
70.0 amu. What is its molecular formula?

Empirical Formula Weight = 14.0 amu

Molecular formula

14
 Another Example:
• Determining the molecular formula from the empirical formula.

• For example, suppose the empirical formula of a compound is CH2O and its
molecular weight is 60.0 g/mol.
• The molar weight of the empirical formula (the empirical weight) is only 30.0
g/mol.
• This would imply that the molecular formula is actually the empirical formula
doubled, or

C2H4O2
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin
Presentation of Lecture Outlines, 3–15
[Link] rights reserved.
Overview Chemical Reactions
Represented by a chemical equation

𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕𝒔 → 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒔

NH3 + CO2 → NH2 2 CO + H2 O

1. Include states of all reactants and products in equation (s, l, g, aq)

2. Equation must be balanced (same number of each type of atom in reactants

and products)

16
Chemical reaction
NH3 𝑔 + CO2 (𝑔) → NH2 2 CO(𝑎𝑞) + H2 O(𝑙)

Chemical Equations:

1. Description of the physical states

(g) : gas
(l): liquid
(s) : solid
(aq): aqueous (water) environment
 Balance the chemical equation
2 NH3 𝑔 + CO2 (𝑔) → NH2 2 CO(𝑎𝑞) + H2 O(𝑙)
• Reactants: • Products:
21 N 2N
63 H 6H
1C 1C
2O 2O
Coefficients of products/reactants show the number of moles or molecules.
(do not write if 1)
Do not loose or gain elements
 Example: Balancing Chemical Equations
The combustion of methane to produce carbon dioxide and water:

𝐂𝐇𝟒 + 2𝐎𝟐 → 𝐂𝐎𝟐 + 2 𝐇𝟐 𝐎

1 2 1 2

coefficients

Molecular view
Note:
You can multiply the entire equation by any number.

2NH3(g) + CO2 (g) (NH2)2CO (aq) + H2O(l)

2
4NH3(g) + 2CO2 (g) 2(NH2)2CO(aq) + 2H2O(l)

 1/2
NH3(g) + ½CO2 (g) ½(NH2)2CO(aq) + ½H2O(l)
Example: Maybe a helpful hint on balancing a chemical equation
𝐶2 𝐻6 + 𝑂2 → 𝐶𝑂2 + 𝐻2 𝑂

First, look for elements that appear

only once on each side of the equation.

Next, balance elements that appear

in two or more formulas on the same
side of the equation.
 7
𝐶2 𝐻6 + 𝑂2 → 2𝐶𝑂2 + 3𝐻2 𝑂
2

We prefer to express coefficients as

2 whole numbers.
Multiply the entire equation by 2

2𝐶2 𝐻6 + 7𝑂2 → 4𝐶𝑂2 + 6𝐻2 𝑂

 Reaction Stoichiometry
Quantitative Relations in Chemical Reactions
Stoichiometry - calculation of the quantities of reactants and products
in a chemical reaction.
“mole-to-mole” relationships in balanced equation
Example:
𝐍𝟐 𝒈 + 𝟑𝐇𝟐 𝒈 → 𝟐𝐍𝐇𝟑 𝒈

1 molecule N2 + 3 molecules H2 2 molecules NH3

1 mol N2 + 3 mol H2 2 mol NH3
 Predicting Amounts from Stoichiometry
Example: How much CO2 can be made from 22.0 moles of C8H18 in the
combustion of C8H18?
2 C8H18(l) + 25 O2(g) → 16 CO2(g) + 18 H2O(g)
2 moles C8H18 : 16 moles CO2

22.0 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶8 𝐻18 16 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝑂2

× = 176 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝐶𝑂2
2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶8 𝐻18
Mass Relationships in Chemical Equations
Example
How many grams of HCl are required to react with 5.00 g manganese
dioxide according to this equation?

𝟒𝐇𝐂𝐥 𝒂𝒒 + 𝐌𝐧𝐎𝟐 𝒔 → 𝟐𝐇𝟐 𝐎 𝒍 + 𝐌𝐧𝐂𝐥𝟐 𝒂𝒒 + 𝑪𝒍𝟐 𝒈

?g 5.00 g

Unknown = x

𝑥 = 5.00𝑔 MnO2 ×
4 𝑚𝑜𝑙 HCl
1𝑚𝑜𝑙MnO2
= 20.0𝑔 HCl ?
 Example, continued …
𝟒𝐇𝐂𝐥 𝒂𝒒 + 𝐌𝐧𝐎𝟐 𝒔 → 𝟐𝐇𝟐 𝐎 𝒍 + 𝐌𝐧𝐂𝐥𝟐 𝒂𝒒 + 𝐂𝐥𝟐 𝒈
?g 5.00 g
unknown known
(3) Convert to mass
(1) Convert to moles

moles moles
(2) Convert to moles A to
moles B

1𝑚𝑜𝑙MnO2 4 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝐻𝐶𝑙 36.5𝑔 HCl

5.00𝑔 MnO2 × × × = 8.40 g HCl
86.9𝑔MnO2 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 MnO2 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 HCl
Example: Combustion Analysis
Combustion of a 0.8233 g sample of a compound
containing only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen produced
the following:
CO2 = 2.445 g
H2O = 0.6003 g

Determine the empirical formula of the compound

Unbalanced chemical rxn: 𝐶𝑥 𝐻𝑦 𝑂𝑧 + 𝑂2 → 𝐶𝑂2 + 𝐻2 𝑂

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Example: Combustion Analysis
1. Calculate the moles of C and H:
1 mol CO2 1 mol C
2.445 g CO2 x x = 0.05556 mol C
44.01 g CO2 1 mol CO2

1 mol H2O 2 mol H

0.6003 g H2O x x = 0.06662 mol H
18.02 g H2O 1 mol H2O

2. Calculate the grams of C and H

12.01 g C
0.05556 mol C x = 0.6673 g C
1 mol C

1.008 g H
0.06662 mol H x = 0.06715 g H
1 mol H
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Example: Combustion Analysis
3. Find the grams of O by difference, then the moles of O
0.8233 g compound – (0.6673 g C + 0.06715 g H) = 0.0889 g O

1 mol O
0.0889 g O x = 0.00556 mol O
16.00 g O

4. Find the mole ratio by dividing by the smallest

number of moles
0.05556 mol 0.06662 mol 0.00556 mol
C: = 10 H: = 12 O: =1
0.00556 mol 0.00556 mol 0.00556 mol

C10H12O
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Limiting Reagent

Limiting reactant ( or reagent): the reactant that is entirely consumed

when the reaction goes to completion.

Method:
Determine which reactant would give the least amount of product
Limiting Reactant

Products

Limiting Reagents

Excess Reactants

31
 Example: Determining Limiting Reagent
𝐙𝐧 𝒔 + 𝟐𝐇𝐂𝐥 𝒂𝒒 → 𝐙𝐧𝐂𝐥𝟐 𝒂𝒒 + 𝐇𝟐 𝒈
If 0.30 mol Zn is added to 0.52 mol HCl, how many moles of H2 are produced?

Determine how much product would be made if each reactant fully reacted?
𝟏 𝐦𝐨𝐥 𝐇𝟐
𝟎. 𝟑𝟎 𝐦𝐨𝐥 𝐙𝐧 × = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟎 𝐦𝐨𝐥 𝐇𝟐
𝟏 𝐦𝐨𝐥 𝐙𝐧

𝟏 𝐦𝐨𝐥 𝐇𝟐
𝟎. 𝟓𝟐 𝐦𝐨𝐥 𝐇𝐂𝐥 × = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟔 𝐦𝐨𝐥 𝐇𝟐
𝟐 𝐦𝐨𝐥 𝐇𝐂𝐥
% Yield & Theoretical Yield
Theoretical yield
- the maximum amount of product that can be obtained from given
amounts of reactants (calculated).

Actual Yield
% Yield = 100
Theoretical Yield

obtained from Measured from

the stoichiometry experiment

Things Don’t Always Go as Planned!

 Example (continued): What is the percent yield of H2?
𝐙𝐧 𝒔 + 𝟐𝐇𝐂𝐥 𝒂𝒒 → 𝐙𝐧𝐂𝐥𝟐 𝒂𝒒 + 𝐇𝟐 𝒈
Theoretical yield of H2 = 0.26 mol (or 0.52 g) H2.

If the actual yield (measured in experiment) had been 0.22 g

H2, then

𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
% 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 = × 100
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
Summary
Concepts
• The Mole
• Molecular/Molar Mass
• Balancing Reactions
• Stoichiometry
• Mass Percent Composition
• Empirical/Molecular Formula
• Combustion Analysis
• Limiting Reactant
• Percent Yield

3 | 35
Summary
Equations
amu
Atomic Mass =
atoms
amu
Molecular Mass =
molecules
g
Molar Mass =
mol
mass of A in the whole
Mass % of A = x 100%
mass of the whole

Actual Yield
Percent Yield = × 100%
Theoretical Yield

3 | 36 36