Cambridge IGCSE™

GEOGRAPHY 0460/22
Paper 2 February/March 2024
MARK SCHEME
Maximum Mark: 60

Published

This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and candidates, to indicate the requirements of the
examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not indicate the
details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began, which would have
considered the acceptability of alternative answers.

Mark schemes should be read in conjunction with the question paper and the Principal Examiner Report f or
Teachers.

Cambridge International will not enter into discussions about these mark schemes.

Cambridge International is publishing the mark schemes f or the February/March 2024 series f or most
Cambridge IGCSE, Cambridge International A and AS Level components, and some Cambridge O Level
components.

This document consists of 12 printed pages.

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Generic Marking Principles

These general marking principles must be applied by all examiners when marking candidate answers.
They should be applied alongside the specific content of the mark scheme or generic level
descriptions for a question. Each question paper and mark scheme will also comply with these
marking principles.

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 1:

Marks must be awarded in line with:

• the specific content of the mark scheme or the generic level descriptors for the question
• the specific skills defined in the mark scheme or in the generic level descriptors for the question
• the standard of response required by a candidate as exemplified by the standardisation scripts.

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 2:

Marks awarded are always whole marks (not half marks, or other fractions).

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 3:

Marks must be awarded positively:

• marks are awarded for correct/valid answers, as defined in the mark scheme. However, credit
is given for valid answers which go beyond the scope of the syllabus and mark scheme,
referring to your Team Leader as appropriate
• marks are awarded when candidates clearly demonstrate what they know and can do
• marks are not deducted for errors
• marks are not deducted for omissions
• answers should only be judged on the quality of spelling, punctuation and grammar when these
features are specifically assessed by the question as indicated by the mark scheme. The
meaning, however, should be unambiguous.

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 4:

Rules must be applied consistently, e.g. in situations where candidates have not followed
instructions or in the application of generic level descriptors.

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 5:

Marks should be awarded using the full range of marks defined in the mark scheme for the question
(however; the use of the full mark range may be limited according to the quality of the candidate
responses seen).

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 6:

Marks awarded are based solely on the requirements as defined in the mark scheme. Marks should
not be awarded with grade thresholds or grade descriptors in mind.

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Further points related to the marks scheme.

1 The mark scheme allows one mark per correct point. The points in the mark scheme are
generally written on single lines, separated by semi-colons.

2 Allow all reasonable alternative expressions and terms.

3 Alternative answers are indicated by a forward slash (/).

4 Non-essential parts of an answer are placed in brackets (..…..).

5 For clarification, essential parts of an answer may be underlined in the mark scheme.

6 In all answers, it is possible to score more than one mark per line of writing, including where
numbered spaces are provided for the candidate’s answer.

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Marking annotations

Examiners use the following annotations:

Annotation Meaning

Correct point

Incorrect point

Benefit of the doubt given

Irrelevant to the question being

asked

Material that does not answer the

NAQ
question

Point has been repeated

TV Point is too vague

Two or more ideas have been

linked together for credit

Omission mark; the answer does

^ not go quite far enough to gain a
mark

Highlight used to show a

significant part of the response or
Highlight can be used with another

annotation e.g.

Brackets used to show a

significant part of the response or
[] can be used with another
annotation e.g.

Used to show that questions with

no response have been checked
and all additional pages have been
checked

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Question Answer Marks

1(a)(i) golf (course). 1

1(a)(ii) power line/electricity line. 1

1(a)(iii) deciduous forest. 1

1(a)(iv) entrance to underground excavation/cave entrance museum/musée. 1

=0
Cave.

1(a)(v) regional road/D68. 1

=0
Main road.

For question (a) credit first answer given in each part.

1(b) 991690. 1

1(c) footpath/walking; 2
paragliding/hang-gliding; (accept hand-gliding)
tourist train (train touristic)/by train/railway;
using the road (other road)/driving.

=0
main road
bridle path /signposted trail
cycle track
skiing
cable car.

1(d)(i) N/NNW. NW = 0 1

1(d)(ii) 2750(m) (tolerance 2550–2850 m). 1

1(d)(iii) 12° (tolerance 9–16°). 1

For question (d) credit first answer given in each part.

1(e) conical/cone-shaped; 2
steep;
concave sides (or description);
1465 m high;
mountain/mountainous/hill(s)/hilly
rocky;
gentler/less steep to north / steeper to south;
flatter on top.
^
1465.
=0
High.

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Question Answer Marks

1(f) 4
grid grid both neither
feature square square grid grid
A B squares square

a Christian religious building ✓

land >800 m above sea level ✓

a fountain ✓

a temporary water course ✓

1(g) in a valley/on valley floor/built between hills; 3

narrow (valley);
steep sides (valley);
grown up more than one valley/at confluence (of two valleys)/route focus/
nodal point/many roads connect at Royat;
linear;
follows/along/next to/near/close to road(s)/(D68);
follows/along/next to/near/close to river/la Tinetaine;
sloping (gradient) (ignore steep/gentle, e.g. on steep/gentle slopes =1);
below 600 m/at approximately 500 m/accept any figure between 500 and
600 m.

^
U/V shaped
located in a hilly area
many road connections (TV)
river/road goes through/present
around a road
river flows in the settlement.

=0
on a steep area (needs reference to slope)
on highland/on lowland
temporary watercourse.

Question Answer Marks

2(a)(i) 3.8% (tolerance) 3.6–3.9%. 1

2(a)(ii) 0–4 (yrs). 1

2(a)(iii) males 15–64: (small/moderate) increase/decrease or remains the same then 2

increase;
people aged 65+: live longer/(small) increase.

2(b) 32.7(%). 1

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Question Answer Marks

2(c) males most likely to migrate/females most likely to stay at home; 3

crop failure;
to find a job; (men leave village to find a job = 2)
to earn more money;
(men leave village to find a better paying job = 3)
mechanisation in agriculture;
unemployment;
males go away to study;
women stay behind to look after the family/tend the house.

^
tradition forbids woman from working.

=0
men do harder/more dangerous jobs so are more likely to die
men more likely to get sick working in bad conditions
females required to give birth
female mortality rate is lower than males
females are less educated
reference to males in the military/wars
lack of contraception/birth rates.

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Question Answer Marks

3(a) natural arch; 6

perpendicular to beach/longer than wide;
narrow;
lines of weakness above;
jagged edges/bare/weathered rock.

^
sticks out into the sea
=0
vegetation on top of arch.

headland;
vegetation/grass on top;
made of chalk/limestone/white rock;
(small) cave/arch/has steep cliffs;

^
sticks out into the sea

bay;
wide;
curved;

cliffs;
tall/steep;

stack/stump;
just above water level/low;
worn down/eroded;
isolated/rocky outcrop
oval shaped.

cave;
a small opening/gap in the headland;
an enlarged crack.

Named features 3@ 1 mark (Reserve)

Description 3@ 1 mark (max. 1 mark per feature) (Reserve)
Credit similar description only once.
Description must refer to a correctly identified landform.
Do not credit details of processes.
Do not credit landforms described as part of the process of formation of
others, e.g. a cave leading to an arch/stack leading to stump.
Max. one mark for reference to vegetation.

=0
beach
wave-cut platform
sand dune.

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Question Answer Marks

3(b) steeper at the front than at the back/ridge/berm; 2

front more eroded (by destructive waves)/steeper part where waves break;
deposition by constructive waves;
position moved up beach by storms and spring tides;

line of seaweed/debris;
deposited where the waves break/marks the high tide line;

made of sand/shingle;
due to attrition/corrasion;
material derived from erosion of cliffs by the waves;
more constructive than destructive waves so sand is deposited/deposited by
constructive waves/strong swash vs weak backwash;

curved;
due to wave refraction;

beach cusps;
the result of wave movement;
the smaller the waves the closer together the cusps;

sand dunes;
deposited by onshore winds/(movement of dry sand on beach).

Reasons must refer to a correctly named feature.

Feature can be credited in the reasons section.
Feature = 1@ 1 mark
Reason = 1@ 1 mark

^
gently sloping beach.

=0
low-lying beach.

Question Answer Marks

4(a) foreign tourists – rapid/exponential increase or rapid then slow increase; 2

domestic tourists – some/slow/gradual/steady increase;
both/tourists overall increase;
domestic are fewer/foreign higher;
increase is slower in domestic tourists;
2017–2019 both even out.

Needs comment on both or comparison for 2 marks.

^
foreign tourists increase
domestic tourists remained constant.

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Question Answer Marks

4(b) Bar chart 2

paired bars for each year/a divided bar for each of cruise ship and air/one
divided bar for each year;
date/year on the x-axis;
number of people/tourists on the y-axis;
different colour/shading for cruise ship and flights;
suggested intervals for y-axis, e.g. 1 cm = 50 000 tourists;
key for different shading/ship and air.
If a divided bar is chosen allow amount of people to be on the x or y axis.

4(c) Benefits – Res. 1 4

(more) jobs/guides/employment;
increases demand for services (such as taxi companies);
increases/improves/boosts income (local people/businesses)/foreign
exchange/the economy/GDP/GNP/GNI; (max. 1)
increased investment by travel companies;
souvenirs purchased from locals;
entrance fees paid;
harbour fees for landing;
increase in tax revenue.
^
increases (local) businesses.

=0
higher wages
more hotels etc constructed.

Problems – Res 1
money is spent on the ship/with tour companies/little money spent in
towns/leakage;
part time jobs/jobs seasonal/people become unemployed;
jobs are often poorly paid;
landings cancelled due to bad weather conditions so no revenue earned;
increase in prices for locals;
increase in ports/docks to accommodate cruise ships increases the national
debt;
income for businesses not for the whole year;
ports unoccupied in off season.

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Question Answer Marks

5(a)(i) sunshine recorder/heliograph/pyranometer/a Campbell-Stokes (recorder). 1

5(a)(ii) away from buildings/obstructions/trees; 2

in an open space/area;
high up/on a raised platform/at a height (off the ground);
not near any reflective surfaces;
so it can receive direct rays of the sun/receive sunlight from all directions;

^
gets lots of sunlight.

=0
no human contact.

5(a)(iii) 12 (hours). 1

5(b)(i) wind rose or radial graph/chart. 1

^
rose graph.

5(b)ii) NW. Apply list rule if two directions given. 1

5(b)(iii) 16/16.5/17/17.5 (%); 2

10–19 km/hr.

Question Answer Marks

6(a)(i) on the edge/outskirts of the city/expansion of the city into the rural 1
areas/(boundary) between rural and urban area.

=0
away from CBD.

6(a)(ii) residential; 1
recreational facilities (allow golf, sports pitches, leisure centres etc);
roads/motorways;
farming/agriculture;
land-fill sites/recycling centres;
retail parks/supermarkets/business parks/shops/shopping mall;
parks/gardens;
woodland;
park and ride schemes/car parks;
industrial areas/factories;
hospitals;
water/power/sewage facilities;
schools.

List rule applies.

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Question Answer Marks

6(b)(i) Similarities – Res. 1 4

CBD is in the centre;
CBD is generally surrounded by higher quality housing/higher quality housing
next to/near the CBD;
industry/services along the transport route (to the SW/WSW);
there is some higher quality housing going from the centre to the west;
there is recent informal housing on the outskirts.
Similarities can be implied if goes on to talk about differences.

Differences – Res. 1
recent informal housing does not form a ring on the outskirts;
recent informal housing tends to follow the roads;
old informal housing takes up less space in Dar-es-Salaam than in the
model/more spread out;
recent informal housing also found close to the CBD/throughout the city
(unlike the model);
there is no ring of older informal housing which tends to be more scattered;
industry/services is also clustered around the river estuary/industry not limited
to one area as in Fig. 6.1/more industry/services along transport routes (than
in the model);
there is a zone of industry to the NW on the outskirts;
higher class residential does not extend all the way to the edge of the urban
area (compared with the model);
there is an area of higher class residential along the coast and to the north;
gaps of agriculture and unused land in recent informal housing (not a ring as
in Fig. 6.1).

Only allow one comparison of the amount of space taken up by a particular

land-use.
The answer should focus on location.

^
No agricultural/unused land/wetlands in the model.

=0
Agriculture and unused land/wetlands near city centre (unlike in model) .

6(b)(ii) pattern is disrupted by/presence of wetlands; 2

the presence of the ocean/coastline;
the presence of the river estuary;
mountains;
earthquake zones;
land too steep.

Credit named factors at 1 mark each (no explanation required).

Ignore nos. 1 and 2 on question paper, i.e. 2 marks can be scored in either.
Credit can be given for relevant points not on the map.

=0
agriculture
unused land.

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