1

Heating
Ventilation &
Air
Conditioning
System
Desgin
Bridging the Gap to Success

[Link]

TOPIC: HVAC Basics- Part-1

BRIDGE
academy Cert No: SIS180422S037

Bridg T.C.M
No: 118, Lake Circus, Kolabagan, Dhaka-1205 Bridg TCM
 2

1. Introduction to HVAC System

1.1 What is HVAC?

HVAC stands for Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning. We use HVAC system wherever we need
to control characteristic of air and ventilation, e.g home, commercial space, industry.

Heating + Ventilation + Air Conditioning

Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) is the technology of controlling indoor air
parameters and meet the desired condition. And desired condition is influenced by necessity. For
instant, in commercial and residential projects we look for human comfort with utmost importance,
while in industry, hospital and labs we consider operational condition to meet product quality or
environment to operate with utmost importance.

AC, stands for Air Conditioning- Air conditioning (often referred to as A/C, or air con) is the process
of controlling the temperature and meet the set temperature value.

The system must be able to increase the temperature or decrease the temperature in
comparison with ambient temperature as required. If the system can perform cooling only,
we call it Air Cooler not Air Conditioner.

V, stands for Ventilation- is the process of replacing or exchanging air within a defined space. It is the
process of introducing outdoor air from ambient condition and exhausting some of the room air to
the ambient condition.

As we inhale and exhale air inside a closed room the air quality in terms of breathability
comforts falls down. To make it proper we need Fresh Air out Outdoor Air. The quantity is
followed after ASHRAE Ventilation standard 62.1

H, stands for Heating- we need heating to control the temperature and sometimes we can use
combination of cooling and heating to control humidity.

Parameters that HVAC controls:

Parameters e.g Units

Temperature 22°C °C, F,K
Humidity 60% %, Grain Per Pound
Air Quantity 550 CFM / 20 ACPH LPM, CFM, CMH, ACPH
Air Quality (Particle ISO Air Class 6,7,8 Particle counts
Control)
Air Pressure/Air 15 Pa Pa, inch of water, bar,
flow atm, psi
Fresh Air 15 CFM LPM, CFM, CMH
 3

1.1.1 Heating:

Heaters are appliances whose purpose is to generate heat (i.e. warmth) for the building.

Types of Heating System:

1. Centralized Heating System (Boiler, Hot water, Heat

pump).

2. Localized System (Room Heater, AHU Heater).

Central heating system provides warmth to the whole

interior of a building (or portion of a building) from one
point to multiple rooms. When combined with other
systems in order to control the building climate, the whole
system may be an HVAC (heating, ventilation and air
conditioning) system. Example of heating system are Water
Heating, Steam Heating, Electric Heating.

In localized system heat source is dedicated to a Figure 1: Central heating system

particular room or application.

1.1.2 Ventilation
Ventilation is the process of changing or replacing air in any space to control temperature or remove
any combination of moisture, odors, smoke, heat, dust, airborne bacteria, or carbon dioxideand to
replenish oxygen.
Types of Ventilation
1. Natural Ventilation
2. Forced Ventilation
Passive ventilation or Natural ventilation is the process of supplying air to and removing air
from an indoor space without using mechanical systems. It refers to the flow of external air
to an indoor space as a result of pressure differences arising from natural forces. There are
two types of natural ventilation occurring in buildings: wind driven ventilation and
buoyancy-driven ventilation.

Wind driven ventilation arises from the different pressures created by wind around a
building or structure, and openings being formed on the perimeter which then permit flow
through the building.
 4

Figure 2: Natural Ventilation

Figure 3: Natural Ventilation

Buoyancy-driven ventilation occurs as a result of the directional buoyancy force that results
from temperature differences between the interior and exterior. Since the internal heat
gains which create temperature differences between the interior and exterior are created by
natural processes, including the heat from people, and wind effects are variable, naturally
ventilated buildings are sometimes called "breathing buildings".
 5

Figure 4:buoyancy-driven ventilation

1.1.3 Air Conditioning, an air conditioner is a system that is used to cool down a space by removing
heat from the space and moving it to some outside area. The cool air can then be moved throughout
a building through ventilation.

Types of air conditioning system:

1. Local air conditioning system

a. Direct Expansion Type
i. Split Type
ii. Window Type
2. Central cooling system
a. Direct Expansion Type
i. Multi split AC/ Variable Refrigerant Flow
ii. Direct Expansion Ducted
b. Chiller based cooling system
i. Vapor Compression
ii. Vapor Absorption

Local Air Direct

Conditioning Expansion
System Type

Split AC Window AC
 6

Central Air Direct

Conditioning Expansion
System Type

Variable Refrigerant Ducted Split

Chiller
Based

Vapor Compression Chiller Vapor Absorption Chiller

Figure 5: Types of Air Conditioning System

Let’s learn this in great details, later in this chapter.

1.2 Direct Expansion Type Air Conditioning System:

A direct expansion air conditioning unit, also called a DX unit, cools indoor air using a condensed
refrigerant liquid. It is the type of air conditioning unit most commonly used in homes.

The Air Conditioner we use at home as Figure 6 is Split type ac where refrigerant (R22, R32, R410
etc.) is compressed from vapor state (thus vapor Compression) and directly expanded (thus DX
system) which can be explained by the reverse Carnot model.

Reversed Carnot Cycle, is a totally reversible cycle which consists of two reversible isothermal
processes and two isentropic processes.

1.2.1 Let’s Understand a Single Unit DX type air Conditioner:

Figure 6: Single Unit DX Type Air Conditioner

 7

How we cool it down?

Scenerio-1

Scenario -2
 8

Scenario - 3

Scenario -4
 9

How refrigerant base air conditioner works?

Figure 7: DX, Vapor Compression cooling system

[Link] To learn this in great detail we need to learn something about heat and Energy.

Figure 8: Change of temperature (K) and state of water with enthalpy

 10

There are two types of heat that we experience:

1. Sensible Heat
2. Latent Heat

Latent Heat:
Latent heat can be understood as energy in hidden form which is supplied or extracted to
change the state of a substance without changing its temperature.

Sensible Heat:
When an object is heated, its temperature rises as heat is added. The increase in heat is
called sensible heat. Similarly, when heat is removed from an object and its temperature
falls, the heat removed is also called sensible heat. Heat that causes a change in
temperature in an object is called sensible heat.

Enthalpy:
Enthalpy is a property of a thermodynamic system, defined as the sum of the system's
internal energy and the product of its pressure and volume.

The unit of measurement for enthalpy in the International System of Units (SI) is the joule.
Other historical conventional units still in use include the British thermal unit (BTU) and the
calorie.

[Link] Three stage of materials:

Solid:
Molecules are closely bonded with each other in a fixed position
Liquid:
Molecules are loosely bonded. They are not in a fixed place and can run over each other.
Gas:
Molecules are at a distant of each other and there is no bonding.
 11

[Link] Effect of pressure on boiling point:

Boiling point is the point of temperature where liquid starts to boil and retains temperature until all
of the liquid turn into gas and with the difference of temperature boiling point changes in different
liquid.

Figure 9: Temperature vs Boiling Point

 12

Figure 10: Boiling point of different refrigerant. Low Pressure 20 PSI, High pressure 200 PSI .
 13

[Link] Measure pressure and temperature data for a vapor compression refrigeration system is
sown on figure below. The system is using R-134a
 14

Figure 11: Temperature and pressure Data for R-134 a Refrigerant.

[Link] Reverse Carnot Cycle:

• (1-2) Adiabatic compression of the working fluid

with the aid of compressor. The temperature of the
liquid rises from T2 to T1
• (2-3) Isothermal compression of the working fluid
during which heat is rejected at high temperature
T2.
• (3-4) Adiabatic expansion of the working fluid. The
temperature of the working fluid falls from T2 to T1
• (4-1) Isothermal expansion of air where heat is
absorbed at low temperature T2 from the space
being cooled.
 15

1.2.2 Multi split AC or VRF (variable refrigerant flow) or VRV (variable refrigerant volume):

Variable refrigerant flow (VRF) is an air-condition system configuration where there is one outdoor
condensing unit and multiple indoor units. The term variable refrigerant flow refers to the ability of
 16

the system to control the amount of refrigerant flowing to the multiple evaporators (indoor units),
enabling the use of many evaporators of differing capacities and configurations connected to a
single condensing unit. The arrangement provides an individualized comfort control, and
simultaneous heating and cooling in different zones. Currently widely applied in large buildings
especially in Japan and Europe, these systems are just starting to be introduced in the U.S. The VRF
technology/system was developed and designed by Daikin Industries, Japan who named and
protected the term variable refrigerant volume (VRV) system so other manufacturers use the term
VRF "variable refrigerant flow". In essence both are same.

Figure 12: Multi split VRF System

The Advantages of a VRF/VRV System

1. Packaging – These systems are configured differently, and they are able to fit in more
architecturally challenging spaces. They offer slim flat indoor units, tall flat outdoor units and
a generally high-tech look. They are quiet and come in multiple size configurations. Several
indoor units can be mated to a single outdoor unit, further improving space utilization.
2. Capacity and Efficiency – Small units can be used to efficiently heat and cool small spaces.
Multiple units can be joined together on single outdoor units – up to 5 or 6 tons in capacity
for single phase power applications (larger is three phase power is available ). Each unit also
runs at variable capacity.
3. Zoning – Rooms or areas can be heated and cooled individually with dedicated indoor units,
allowing for more flexibility and individual user satisfaction.
4. Power Requirements – These are heat pumps that do not require backup electric strips,
which often require significant amperage. This is especially helpful for homes in rural areas.

The Disadvantages of a VRF/VRV System

 17

1. Cost – In many cases, multi-zone high efficiency applications are most costly up front. More
units may also mean more maintenance cost over time, although typically not significantly
so. Some of these costs are offset by lower electric bills.
2. Lack of Interchangeable Parts and Support – If you start with a brand on your project, you
will stick with it for all components for life. Components (including controllers) cannot
consistently be swapped across brands, so it is important to buy a known, supported brand
from a quality installer. Although this technology is becoming more common, not all
technicians are versed in maintenance and repair of these systems.
3. Humidity Management – Compared with the top conventional systems, these systems do
not have the same level of humidity management and may require an auxiliary dehumidifier
in the property design. The dehumidifier becomes another machine to maintain, repair and,
at some point, replace. Coupled with dehumidification, these systems often offer the best of
all scenarios – from comfort to efficiency.

Variable Refrigeration Flow (VRF) or Variable

Refrigeration Volume ( VRV) System
A VRF air conditioning system is a particular type of heat pump air conditioning system in which one
outdoor unit can be connected to multiple indoor units. Each indoor unit is individually controllable
by its user and a variety of unit styles can be mixed & matched to suit individual tenancy
requirement. E.g high walls, cassettes and ducted units.

This system consists of number of air handling units (possibility up to 48-60) connected to modular
external condensing unit.

Not: The no of AHU’s varies as per make and location.

The refrigerant flow is varied using either and inverter controlled variable speed compressor or
multiple compressors of varying capacity in response to change in the cooling or heating
requirement within the air-cooled space.

A large building can have in the order of 50-60 indoor units, and up to 1,000 meters of refrigerant
piping to connect them to their outdoor units. The refrigerant pipe work will also be fitted with
several control boxes to create the correct flow of refrigerant to the indoor units.

Working Principle:

The indoor temperature sensor, according to actual load of the indoor unit, control the electronic
expansion valve on the refrigerant medium pipe of the indoor unit and it controls the compressor of
the outdoor unit according to the change in the refrigerant medium pressure, varying the refrigerant
volume of the system. In this way, the A/C can adjust itself automatically to mee the needs of the
change in indoor load so as to attain the goal of conserving energy.

Advantages:

1. No wastage of energy
2. Individual temperature control in possible as per zone requirement
3. Low space requirement
4. Uses HFC category of refrigerant (R134 A)
 18

Disadvantages:

1. In case of refrigerant leakage from any of the indoors, complete refrigerant will release from
the circuit. As a result, this will increase maintenance cost.
19
 20

Schematic Diagram

Compressor:
 21

Expansion

Fittings
 22

Inside Outdoor

Accumulator
 23

Oil Separator
 24

Indoor units of VRF

1.3 Central Air Conditioning System:

Central air conditioning system are of two types:

1. DX type (1.2)
2. Chiller Based
 25

Figure 13: Chiller based central cooling system.

Figure 14: Cooling Tower and Chiller Based Central HVAC System
 26

Figure 15: Central HVAC System Model

 27

1.4 Components of HVAC System.

In this session we are going to learn details about basic building components of HVAC system as
following.

1. Fan
2. Cooling & Heating Coil
3. Air Filter
4. Water Sprayer
5. Compressor

1.4.1 Fan

Why we need Fan?

Answer:

1. To create air flow

2. There can be multiple fans in the same HVAC circuit
3. Better fan gives better distribution of air

Common types of fans used in HVAC system

1. Axial Fan
2. Centrifugal fan

[Link] Axial Fan :

Axial fans are used when larger volume flows with lower pressure increases need to be boosted.

In addition to the application for ventilation of buildings or as a tube fan or duct fan, axial fans are
also used for cooling (automotive and food industry) and smoke extraction.
 28

The axial fan is designed for flow rates of up to 18,000 m³ / h, with a static pressure of 200 Pa.

The axial fans are equipped with a round wall ring.

A cost-effective and easy installation is possible in any mounting position.

 29

Axial Fan: Static Pressure

The pressure difference across the front to the back of the Fan generated by the discharged air,
which is unaffected by air flow speed.

Unit: Ps (Pa)
 30

Use of Axial fan in HVAC:

As Booster Fan

Air Conditioner Fan:

Exhaust Fan :
 31

In AHU

Axial Fan based driving system

1. Belt driven
 32

2. Direct Motor driven

[Link] Centrifugal Fan

A centrifugal fan is a mechanical device for moving air or other gases in a direction at an
angle to the incoming fluid.

The earliest mention of centrifugal fans was in 1556 by Georg Pawer.

 33

Centrifugal fans also offer distinct benefits:

First-rate energy efficiency. Constant airflow allows centrifugal fans to generate energy
that reaches up to 84% static efficiency. These higher efficiency levels are ideal for
sustaining larger air systems.

Enhanced durability. These fans are durable enough to properly operate in the most
corrosive and erosive environments.

Ability to restrict overloading. Certain centrifugal fans are fitted with non-overloading
horsepower curves will ensure the motor will not overload if its capacity is exceeded.
 34

High versatility. Centrifugal fans are useful for multiple airflow/pressure combinations,
and they can process several airflow conditions, including clean, dry, and wet air

Multiple sizes. These fans are available in several sizes to accommodate diverse
applications—such as those found in tight spaces or difficult to reach areas.

Parts of centrifugal fan

Difference between Axial and Centrifugal Fan

Parameters Centrifugal Fan Axial Fan

Air Flow Low High
Air Pressure High Low
Efficiency High Low
In duct Difficult Easy
application
Robustness Robust Robust
Cost High Low
Others
 35

Robust: Robustness is the capability to hold performance of a system in a non ideal condition.

1.4.2 Cooling & Heating Coil

Fin and tube heat exchangers are used extensively for heating and cooling air. They consist of one or
more rows of finned tubes connected to headers and mounted within a sheet metal casing with
flanged ends suitable for duct mounting. The heating elements are normally manufactured with
copper tubes / aluminium tubes, with the extended surfaces, or fins, being of aluminium or
sometimes copper. The most common type of finning arrangements are the rectangular fins.
Heating coils may be used with hot water or steam as the heat transfer media whilst frost pre-
heaters usually have electric heating elements. Cooling coils are classified as being either of the
water or the direct expansion type depending on the media flowing through the tubes.
 36

1.4.3 Air Filters:

A particulate air filter is a device composed of fibrous, or porous materials which removes solid
particulates such as dust, pollen, mold, and bacteria from the air. Filters containing an adsorbent or
catalyst such as charcoal (carbon) may also remove odors and gaseous pollutants such as volatile
organic compounds or ozone. Air filters are used in applications where air quality is important,
notably in building ventilation systems and in engines.

Why we need air filter?

1. To control indoor air quality.

2. To control production environment in food and pharmaceuticals

3. Infection in Healthcare

Types of air filter by MOC:

1. Fiberglass Air Filters

2. Pleated Air Filters

3. HEPA Filters

4. UV Filters

5. Carbon Filter

Application of air filter:

 37

As primary filter, G class filter with lower MERV rating are used as primary filter. Primary
filters are the first filter that comes in contact with outdoor air. The responsibility of primary filter is
to remove particle size 3µm and above.

As secondary filter, F class filters are used as secondary filter. It works on 0.3 µm to above
particle size. The responsibility of secondary filter is to provide a secondary level of filtration to
before terminal filter. It increases longevity of terminal filter by providing a intermediate level of
filtration.

Terminal filter, HEPA or H class filter are used as terminal filter its efficiency could be
99.995% and efficient across wide range of particles. Terminal filter are mostly used in the supply
terminal, sometimes it is used at AHU.

Return filter, in case of high particle generating operation inside confined space like a room,
primary filter are used in return termina.

Exhaust air filter, in case of hazardous material production facility we use HEPA filter at the
exhaust terminal so that tenants are safe.

Figure 16: Lets find out the position of filter

 38

[Link] Air Filter Classification :

 39

[Link] Fiberglass air filter:

Fiberglass air filters are made of thread of recycled glass.

Pros

• Inexpensive: You'll easily find fiberglass filters for a few dollars or less.
• Catch larger debris: Lint and dust are captured easily by fiberglass.
• Airflow: New fiberglass filters will not impede airflow. However, if you don't change your
fiberglass air filter monthly, it may become clogged and impede airflow, which will create
issues for your unit.

Cons

• Frequency: Fiberglass air filters need to be replaced every 30 days.

 40

• Quality: An especially flimsy fiberglass filter can come apart in your system, causing serious
damage, as well as putting any filtered debris back into the air.
• Less filtering capability: Because they don't have a lot of surface area, they don't filter out
smaller items like pollen, bacteria, and viruses. This makes them a poor choice for people
who suffer from allergies, asthma, and other sensitivities.
• Not recyclable: Fiberglass is not a recyclable material, and because you must replace
fiberglass filters more often, you'll be sending more trash to the landfill.

[Link] Pleated Air Filters

A pleated filter is an air filter that is made from a pliable material – polyester, cotton, or paper – that
is folded to look like an accordion and housed in a cardboard frame. The folds – or pleats – give the
filter more surface area, which allows it to capture more particles. For example, the filter media in
our MERV 13 pleated filters is made of polypropylene/acrylic fibers.

Pros

• Catch more debris: Pleated air filters have more surface area, so they capture more – and
smaller – debris. Depending on the MERV rating, they may filter out pollen, pet dander,
bacteria, and some viruses. This makes a pleated air filter a much better choice for anyone
with allergies, asthma, or similar sensitivities.
• Frequency: Pleated filters can last up to 90 days before they need to be replaced, depending
on the time of year and the environment in your home or business.
• Recyclable: Pleated air filters may be recyclable in your community. Check with your local
authorities to confirm.

Con

• Price: Pleated air filters may cost a little more

[Link] HEPA Filter

High-efficiency particulate air (HEPA, also known as high-efficiency particulate absorbing and high-
efficiency particulate arrestance, is an efficiency standard of air filter.
 41

They were invented back in the 1940s when scientists were developing the atomic bomb, and
they’re just a mat of randomly aligned fibers, made from either glass or synthetic materials. The
synthetic material is similar to what’s used in quick-dry T-shirts.

How does HEPA Works?

The answer to this question is the most fascinating thing about HEPA filters. Most of us
might start out thinking HEPA filters work like a net, like this.

HEPA works in combination with following method.

1. Direct Impact & Straining / Impaction

2. Interception
3. Diffusion

Direct Impact & Straining

That intuition is true for big particles. By “big,” we’re talking typically larger than 1 micron.
For comparison, a human hair is about 50 microns wide. So 1 micron is actually quite small.
 42

But these “large” particles fly into a HEPA filter, they’re too big to get through, so they get
stuck. Scientists have a name for that. When particles get stuck between two fibers, they call
it “straining.”

Interception:

What happens for particles smaller than 1 micron? Let’s look at the next size range down:
0.3 – 1 microns. We’re talking about the size of a bacteria.

Particles this size can fit between the gaps in the filter. But they have a problem. They’ll try
to follow the air around a HEPA filter fiber, but they are a bit heavy. So some of them don’t
move fast enough and thus end up getting stuck. Scientists call this “interception.”
 43

Diffusion:
OK, so do the particles below that size get through? For the really small particles (less than
0.3 microns), the science gets weirder. These particles that small have so little mass that
they actually get bounced around like a pinball when they hit gas molecules (that’s
called Brownian Motion). So, they move in random zigzag patterns.
 44

These particles are so small they could easily fit through HEPA filters. But sadly (for their
freedom) and happily (for our lungs), they don’t fly in straight lines. Because they fly in
zigzag patterns, they end up hitting the fibers and getting stuck. Scientists call that diffusion.
Here’s how all three capture mechanics work:
And here’s how the three different mechanics work for different particles sizes. Straining
and impact capture large particles; interception captures medium particles; and diffusion
captures the smallest particles.
 45

What is MPPS?

Where those two mechanics intersect is the hardest particle size to capture. That’s because
it’s not quite so small for diffusion to work its full strength, and it’s not quite large enough
for straining to work its full strength. Call it the “weak spot” of HEPA filters. This dip in the
graph is called the most penetrating particle size.
 46

[Link] UV Filter

UV air purifiers are designed to use short-wave

ultraviolet light (UV-C light) to inactivate airborne
pathogens and microorganisms like mold, bacteria
and viruses. They have the same ultimate goal of all
air purifiers: to reduce indoor air pollutants.

Ultraviolet is split into three sections:

1. UV-A light: 315–400 nanometers with

photons that vibrate just a little faster than
visible light.
2. UV-B light: 280–315 nanometers, with
photons that vibrate even faster.
3. UV-C light: 100–280, with photos that vibrate
the fastest and carry the most energy.
Figure 17: UV Air Filter in AHU /FCU
The way UV-C light air purifiers work is quite simple.
As discussed above, they are designed to use UV lamps that can potentially alter the DNA of
microorganisms and inactivate or destroy them. Depending on the material of the emitter (e.g.,
phosphor or quartz,) this light may be blueish or may not be visible to the human eye. Usually,
 47

residential units use mercury lamps that emit UV-C light at a wavelength of 254 nm, according to the
EPA.

Perhaps the most important negative aspect of UV air purifiers, UV-C radiation has been proven to
transform the oxygen in the air into ozone (Slonim et al, 1969). This happens through photolysis–
when light causes oxygen (O2) to break apart into two individual atoms and combine with other
oxygen molecules to create ozone (O3). This can happen with the UV-C lamps mentioned above,
especially if they are uncoated.

[Link] Carbon Air Filter

Activated carbon has special properties that allow it to remove volatile organic compounds (VOCs),
odors, and other gaseous pollutants from the air. It accomplishes this in a way that is different from
other air purifiers like HEPA that only filter particle pollution from the air. Carbon air filters trap gas
molecules on a bed of charcoal, a process that has a surprisingly colorful history.
 48

Figure 18: Activated Carbon Air Filter.

First, what is charcoal or carbon? These interchangeable terms refer to the remnants of incomplete
combustion. Only the readily combustible material in the wood has burned away, either because of
insufficient heat or poor supply of oxygen

How is carbon activated? Activated carbon is carbon that has undergone some additional processing
to make it better at trapping gas molecules. First, it is injected with hot air, carbon dioxide, or steam,
which creates a lattice of tiny pores in the carbon, vastly increasing its surface area. This creates
many more places for molecules to become trapped and makes the carbon far more effective as a
filter medium.

How does it works? Carbon air filters remove pollutants from the air with a process known as
adsorption. Note that this is different from absorption. In absorption, the substance you want to
remove (let’s say water) is absorbed into the structure of the absorbent (like a sponge), but it
doesn’t become a part of the absorbent on a molecular level. Therefore, when you absorb water
with a sponge, the water does not become chemically bonded to the sponge. It just fills in the spaces
inside it.

Carbon filters on the other hand use ad-sorption, not ab-sorption. The key difference here is that
during adsorption the pollutants stick to the outside of the carbon. Whereas with absorption, the
pollutants are absorbed inside the structure itself–as with the sponge.

Carbon is a lattice of carbon atoms connected to each other. The activation process is so important
because the increase in surface area gives gases a greater area to stick to. When a molecule of some
gaseous substance comes through the carbon, it can stick to the surface of the bed, provided there is
an open adsorption site.
 49

Drawbacks of Activated Carbon Air Filter.

1. Filter replacement. Replacing saturated carbon filters may become inconvenient and
expensive. It can also be a hard to determine when your carbon filter needs replacing as
there are no visible signs when it is fully saturated. You just have to guess or rely on the
manufacturer’s replacement recommendations.
2. Cannot remove particle pollution. Carbon air filters remove many organic compounds from
the air, but as mentioned above, they cannot address particulate pollutants. These particles
may include allergens like dust and pollen, or even those from secondhand or wildfire
smoke–the latter of which can be especially dangerous in the near term.
50
51
 52

1.4.4 Water Sprayer

Water sprayer is a part of humidification system. In operation where humidification is a crucial need
water sprayer are been widely used. It sprays water directly to the air and thus adds humidity in the
process.

Figure 19: AHU with Water Sprayer

Figure 20: Water Sprayer humidification solution for AHU

A duct-based or AHU (air handling unit) humidifying system works by adding water mist to the
airflow in an air duct. Central to the system is the air handling unit itself, shown here in the middle of
the lower part of the installation. For a principle diagram, see illustration below.
 53

Figure 21: Nozzles are usually 500-600 mm apart which creates 5µm Mist

This type of air humidifying system is typically used in commercial buildings such as offices,
museums, theatres, hospitals etc., where control of air humidity is essential both for the wellbeing
of people and for the preservation of material and equipment.

Figure 22: This diagram shows the central part of the duct-based system - the AHU. On the left,
water mist in injected into the chamber from the correct distance. The separator pads on the right
ensure that no droplets enter the air duct, only water mist.
 54

Figure 23: Sprayer are used along with droplet separator.

1.7 Dehumidification

A dehumidifier is an electrical appliance which reduces and maintains the level of humidity in the air,
usually for health or comfort reasons, or to eliminate musty odor and to prevent the growth of
mildew by extracting water from the air. It can be used for household, commercial, or industrial
applications. Large dehumidifiers are used in commercial buildings such as indoor ice rinks and
swimming pools, as well as manufacturing plants or storage warehouses.

There are many different types of dehumidifier, however most common type dehumidifier in the
industry is:

1. Desiccant type dehumidifier

2. Refrigerant type dehumidifier.

1.7.1 Desiccant-Based Dehumidification:

 55

Unlike “cold-coil” dehumidification, which removes moisture from the air by condensing it on a cold
surface, desiccant dehumidification relies on adsorption or absorption. This EN reviews recent
advances in the application of desiccant dehumidification in commercial and institutional buildings.

Figure 24: Desiccant Dehumidifier.

Figure 25: Desiccant type dehumidifier

 56

Figure 26: Desiccant Type Dehumidifier.

An introduction to desiccants:

Desiccants are substances that attract water-vapor molecules from the air via an adsorptive or
absorptive process.

Figure 27: Desiccant Wheel

Adsorption refers to a desiccant that does not change phase as it collects airborne moisture. Most
adsorbents are solids; familiar examples include activated alumina, silica gel, and zeolites (molecular
sieves). In absorption, collecting moisture changes the desiccant physically or chemically. Most
absorbents, such as solutions of lithium chloride or triethylene glycol in water, are liquids.
 57

There are literally hundreds of desiccants, each designed and manufactured for a specific task. They
can be categorized by their ability to attract and hold water vapor at specific temperatures and
relative humidities. The curve depicting this trait is a desiccant isotherm. Figure 1 shows typical
isotherms for the Type I, Type II, and Type III desiccants that are often used for HVAC applications.

Adsorbents, or “solid” desiccants, are the focus of this article. Their most common application is the
desiccant wheel, a cylindrical matrix of channels that are coated with or constructed from a solid
desiccant. To maximize moisture collection, the wheel rotates slowly—only 10 to 30 rotations per
hour—through two air streams.

“Process” air passes through one section of the wheel. Desiccant on that section adsorbs water
vapor, making the air drier than when it entered. Wheel rotation then exposes the moisture-laden
desiccant to a “regenerating” air stream that strips the captured moisture away from the desiccant
(desorption). Moisture transfer is enabled by the difference in vapor pressures at the desiccant
surface versus the air passing over it. The desiccant collects moisture when the surface vapor
pressure is lower than that of the passing air, and releases it when the surface vapor pressure is
higher. For practical purposes, since relative humidity (RH) is a function of vapor pressure, the
direction of moisture transfer can be characterized by the difference between the relative
humidities of the process and regeneration air streams.

The desiccant can retain little moisture when the regeneration-air RH is low, so water vapor will
migrate from the desiccant to the regeneration air. When the RH of the process air is high, the
desiccant can adsorb more moisture from that air stream. Maintaining an adequate difference
between the relative humidities of the process and regeneration air streams is essential to
dehumidify effectively using a desiccant wheel.

Figure 28: Typical Desiccant isotherms.

Traditional arrangements for parallel regeneration

Wheel upstream of cooling coil. Traditional parallel arrangements of desiccant dehumidification

wheels use Type I or Type II desiccants and rotate between two discrete air streams (Figure 3). The
regeneration air stream may be the building exhaust or a second outdoor air stream that’s used
solely to “regenerate” (reactivate) the desiccant. A heat source raises the dry-bulb temperature of
 58

the regeneration air, lowering its relative humidity. As a result, water vapor transfers from the
higher-RH process air (OA) to the lower-RH regeneration air (RG’).

However, the relative humidity of the air leaving the process side of the wheel (OA’) can only get as
low as the relative humidity of the air entering the regeneration side (RG’). The lower that the
regeneration-air RH is, the lower the resulting process-air RH can be. Depending on the desired
dryness, regeneration-air temperatures can range from 150°F to 300°F—hot enough that a gas-fired
burner is typically used for this purpose.

In HVAC applications, desiccant wheels were historically used to dehumidify outdoor air brought
indoors for ventilation. Figure 4 shows an example of wheel performance in this application, where a
second, dedicated, outdoor air stream regenerates the desiccant.

A desiccant wheel removes moisture from the process air stream—but for every Btu of latent heat
(moisture) removed, it adds more than one Btu of sensible heat. That is, air leaving the process side
of the wheel (OA’) is dry (at a low dew point) but hot (145°F DB in our example). Therefore, most
applications include a cooling coil downstream of the wheel to recool the process air.

Due to the costs of regeneration and recooling, traditional desiccant wheels typically are used only
when the required process-air dew point can’t be achieved with standard mechanical equipment.
(These costs become even more prohibitive as the price of natural gas rises.)

Figure 29:Desiccant dehumidification wheel

 59

Figure 30:Performance example: Desiccant dehumidification wheel upstream of cooling coil.

Wheel downstream of cooling coil.

One reason for the inefficiency of traditional desiccant systems is that the components are asked to
perform at less-than-optimal conditions. A finned-tube cooling coil is most effective when wet, but
the process air leaving the wheel requires only sensible cooling (so the coil is dry). Desiccant
performance suffers, too. Here’s why:

• Most desiccants adsorb more water vapor as the relative humidity of the process air rises. While
the RH of entering outdoor air varies widely during the cooling season, the RH of the air leaving an
active cooling coil typically exceeds 90 percent. Therefore, the highest relative humidity in the
system is directly downstream of an active cooling coil.

• Most desiccants adsorb more water vapor as the dry-bulb temperature of the process air falls.
Again, the temperature of entering outdoor air varies significantly. But during the cooling season,
the coldest temperature in the system is directly downstream of an active cooling coil.

Now, many systems are configured with the desiccant wheel downstream of the cooling coil (Figure
5), rather than upstream, to better apply the operating principles of cooling coils and desiccants. In
this configuration, the process air (OA) first passes through a DX or chilled water cooling coil, where
it’s cooled and dehumidified. Then the cool, saturated air (CA) passes through the desiccant wheel,
which adsorbs moisture from the high-RH air— lowering the dew point but raising the dry-bulb
temperature. The resulting conditioned air (CA’) is dry and warm— but not as hot as in the “wheel
upstream” configuration (Figure 3) described earlier. Water vapor transfers from the desiccant to
the regeneration air (RG’) as the wheel rotates into the regeneration air stream.

Today, the “wheel downstream” configuration is most commonly used in dedicated outdoor-air
applications, where the outdoor air is dehumidified to a low dew point and then delivered at a
 60

neutral dry-bulb temperature, either directly to the occupied spaces or to other local HVAC units. In
the example shown in Figure 6, the “wheel downstream” configuration dehumidifies the process air
to 55°F DP, while warming it to 77°F DB— roughly “neutral” compared to the space. The separate
regeneration air stream is heated to 114°F DB to lower its RH and dry out the desiccant.

Compared with the “wheel upstream” arrangement, the “wheel downstream” configuration can
dehumidify the process air to an equally low dew point and requires less recooling—perhaps none—
because the leaving dry-bulb temperature isn’t as hot. But it still requires a separate regeneration air
stream, and that air typically must be heated to dry out the desiccant. The opportunity to regenerate
the desiccant at a lower temperature means that heat from the condensing process of refrigeration
equipment can be used for this purpose.

Figure 31:Desiccant dehumidification wheel upstream of cooling coil, parallel regeneration.

 61

Figure 32:Performance example: Desiccant dehumidification wheel downstream of cooling coil,

parallel regeneration (dedicated outdoor-air application)

1.7.2 Refrigeration Dehumidifier

Electric refrigeration dehumidifiers are the most common type of dehumidifiers. They work by
drawing moist air over a refrigerated evaporator with a fan. There are 3 main types of evaporators.
They are coiled tube, fin and tube, and microchannel technology.
The cold evaporator coil of the refrigeration device condenses the water, which is removed, and
then the air is reheated by the condenser coil. The now dehumidified, re-warmed air is released into
the room. This process works most effectively at higher ambient temperatures with a high dew
point temperature. In cold climates, the process is less effective. Highest efficiency is reached above
20 °C (68 °F) and 45% relative humidity. This relative humidity value is higher if the temperature of
the air is lower.
This type of dehumidifier differs from a standard air conditioner in that both the evaporator and the
condenser are placed in the same air path. A standard air conditioner transfers heat energy out of
the room because its condenser coil releases heat outside. However, since all components of the
dehumidifier are in the same room, no heat energy is removed. Instead, the
electric power consumed by the dehumidifier remains in the room as heat, so the room is
actually heated, just as by an electric heater that draws the same amount of power.
In addition, if water is condensed in the room, the amount of heat previously needed to evaporate
that water also is re-released in the room (the latent heat of vaporization). The dehumidification
process is the inverse of adding water to the room with an evaporative cooler, and instead releases
heat. Therefore, an in-room dehumidifier will always warm the room and reduce the relative
humidity indirectly, as well as reducing the humidity more directly, by condensing and removing
water.
 62

Figure 33: Refrigeration Dehumidifier

Warm, moist air is drawn into the unit at A in the diagram above. This air passes into a crossflow
plate heat exchanger (B) where a substantial proportion of the sensible heat is transferred to a cool
supply air stream. This process brings the extracted air close to saturation. The air then passes to the
plenum chamber of the extract fan (C) where a portion of it may be rejected to outside. The amount
that is rejected can be varied and is determined either by legislation on fresh air requirements, or by
the requirement to maintain a fresh, odour free environment. The balance of the air then passes
into the evaporator coil of the heat pump where it is cooled and the moisture is condensed. This
process yields substantial amounts of latent energy to the refrigeration circuit. Fresh air is then
introduced to replace the amount that was extracted and the mix is discharged by the supply fan (G)
to the crossflow plate exchanger (B) where it is heated by the extract air from the pool. This pre-
warmed air then passes through the heat pump condenser (F) where it is heated by the latent
energy removed during the condensation process as well as the energy input to the compressor. The
warm dry air is then discharged to the room
 63

1.7.3 Desiccant dehumidifier vs Refrigerative dehumidifier:

Desiccant dehumidifier has several advantages over mechanical/refrigerative dehumidifier. Some of

the noticeable differences are:

Desiccant Dehumidification Mechanical Dehumidification

Energy efficient Yes No

Additional air-conditioner
No Yes
required

Bacterial & Fungal removal Yes No

Removes odour Yes No

For high ambient temperature

high dew point temperature
Can function equally well
most effective at over 45%
Suitability at extremely low to very high
relative humidity, higher if the
levels of humidity
air is cold. Less effective in cold
climate.

Voltage stabilizer required No Yes

Replacement cost Negligible Considerable

Few hours after inspection by

Replacement time 10 min by customer himself
skilled mechanic

Maintenance cost Negligible Considerable

Customized as per needs

Space occupied Not available in small sizes
Compact/Large

1.7 Fan Coil Unit (FCU):

A fan coil unit (FCU), also known as a Vertical Fan Coil-Unit (VFC), is a device consisting of a heat
exchanger (coil) and a fan. As part of an HVAC system found in residential, commercial, and
industrial buildings, a fan coil unit is often connected to ductwork and a thermostat to regulate the
temperature of one or more spaces as well as assisting the main air handling unit for each space. The
thermostat controls the fan speed and/or the throughput of water to the heat exchanger using a
control valve.
 64

Figure 34: Fan Coil Unit

Owing to their simplicity and flexibility, fan coil units can be more economical to install than ducted
100% fresh air systems (VAV) or central heating systems with air handling units or chilled beams.
Various unit configurations are available, including horizontal (ceiling mounted) or vertical (floor
mounted).

1.7.1 FCU Functionality:

The FCU functions as a fan that collects and circulates air in a space and then into the unit by
blowing it over with a cooling or heating coil. This process results in air coming out of the unit that
can be cooler or hotter than ever before.

The FCU is a simple machine that simply

consists of either a cooling or a heating coil and
a fan. Compared to the air handling unit (AHU),
the fan coil unit is not as complex and
extensive. It’s a singular aircon system that can
stand and operate on its own to circulate air
without the existence of ductwork.

Additionally, most fan coil units function by

Figure 35: Fan Coil Unit
controlling the temperature of a space through the
 65

use of circulated cold or hot water. Oftentimes, this water is taken from a central plant that is
complete with the necessary equipment such as a cooling tower and boilers. These two then get rid
of the heat and generate hot water, respectively.

1.7.2 FCU Application

Fan coil units are prevalent in different buildings and establishments with small private spaces. Some
of these buildings usually include small to medium offices and even private casino rooms. These
units are usually controlled by local thermostats or sometimes, the building’s management system
itself. In some high-rise buildings, fan coil units are usually positioned and arranged vertically. This
arrangement results in the units being located one above the other in different floors and all
connected by the same piping loop.

Figure 36: Fan Coil Unit

Apart from these establishments, shopping centres with multiple small spaces also prefer using fan
coil units for their cooling. Since FCUs are much cheaper to purchase and install than air handling
units, these spaces normally gravitate to it for better value for money and to complement their
areas.

1.7.3 Benefit of FCU

Cheaper to procure and install than other central aircon systems - Because they commonly power
small to medium-sized spaces, fan coil units are relatively cheaper compared to an air handling unit
system and a larger central aircon system. Additionally, they are also easier to install because of
their size, resulting in more affordable installation costs than the other systems.

Individual room-level control for temperatures - Another advantage of having a fan coil unit system
is that you can be more flexible with the temperature settings by having a room-level customization
for your space.

Energy-efficient - With proper maintenance and operating, the fan coil unit system can produce a
good deal of energy efficiency that can save power and energy consumption.

1.7.4 Parts of FCU

As name refers, it a Fan and a Coil Unit ( Heating or Cooling ).

 66

Figure 37: Components of Fan Coil Unit.

[Link] Fan

Fan is a must for FCU unit. Without this there would be no air flow hence no result. Lets look at
some common fan types for Fan Coil Unit. Common used fan in FCU in are Centrifugal Fan and Axial
Fan

Figure 38: Centrifugal Fan

[Link] Coils

Coil is a must for FCU without Coil FCU can not do any Heating/ Cooling. Coil type air heat exchanger
can use different media such as hot water, chilled water, refrigerant ( in DX System ).

Figure 39: Coil of FCU

[Link] Filters
 67

Usually, a very primary grade G type filters are being used in FCU primary reason of using such filter
is to save the FCU from catching dirt and loosing efficiency.

[Link] Drip Tray

Drip tray is used to collect condensate water and remove it by pipe through gravitational force.

Figure 40: Drip Tray of FCU.

1.7.5 Types of Fan Coil Unit

Figure 41: Different types of Fan Coil Unit.

 68

1.7.6 Specification of FCU

 69

Figure 42: Fan Coil Unit Specifications.

1.8 Air Handling Unit

An air handler, or air handling unit (often abbreviated to AHU), is a device used to regulate and
circulate air as part of a heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC) system. An air handler is
usually a large metal box containing a blower, heating or cooling elements, filter racks or chambers,
sound attenuators, and dampers. Air handlers usually connect to a ductwork ventilation system that
distributes the conditioned air through the building and returns it to the AHU. Sometimes AHUs
discharge (supply) and admit (return) air directly to and from the space served without ductwork.
Small air handlers, for local use, are called terminal units, and may only include an air filter, coil, and
blower; these simple terminal units are called blower coils or fan coil units. A larger air handler that
conditions 100% outside air, and no recirculated air, is known as a makeup air unit (MAU) or fresh air
handling unit (FAHU). An air handler designed for outdoor use, typically on roofs, is known as
a packaged unit (PU), heating and cooling unit (HCU), or rooftop unit (RTU).
1.8.1 Types of AHU
There are six factors for air handlers classifications and determine types of them based on:

1. application(where you want to use AHU?)

2. air flow control(CAV or VAV Air handlers)
3. zone control(single zone or multi zone air handlers?)
4. Fan location(Draw-through or Blow-through)
5. Direction of outlet air flow(front, up, down)
6. package model(horizontal or vertical)
 70

but first method is very usual in HVAC market. in fact most of the company advertise their products
by air handling unit applications:

1. Normal
2. Hygienic
3. Ceiling mounted

1.8.2 AHU Parts:

Figure 43: Air Handling Unit Parts.

 71

Figure 44: Parts of Air Handling Unit.

72
73
 74

[Link] Fan/Blower:

Air handlers typically employ a large squirrel cage

blower driven by an AC induction electric motor to move
the air. The blower may operate at a single speed, offer
a variety of set speeds, or be driven by a variable-
frequency drive to allow a wide range of air flow rates.
Flow rate may also be controlled by inlet vanes or outlet
dampers on the fan. Some residential air handlers in USA
(central "furnaces" or "air conditioners") use a brushless
DC electric motor that has variable speed capabilities.
Air handlers in Europe and Australia and New Zealand
now commonly use backward curve fans without scroll
or "plug fans". These are driven using high efficiency EC
(electronically commutated) motors with built in speed Figure 45: Fan Blower
control.

Multiple blowers may be present in large commercial air handling units, typically placed at the end
of the AHU and the beginning of the supply ductwork (therefore also called "supply fans"). They are
often augmented by fans in the return air duct ("return fans") pushing the air into the AHU.
[Link] Heating/ Cooling Elements
Air handlers may need to provide heating, cooling, or both to change the supply air temperature,
and humidity level depending on the location and the application. Such conditioning is provided by
heat exchanger coils within the air handling unit air stream, such coils may be direct or indirect in
relation to the medium providing the heating or cooling effect.
Direct heat exchangers include those for gas-fired fuel-burning heaters or a refrigeration evaporator,
placed directly in the air stream. Electric resistance heaters and heat pumps can be used as
well. Evaporative cooling is possible in dry climates.
 75

Figure 46: AHU Coil

Indirect coils use hot water or steam for heating, and chilled water or glycol for cooling (prime
energy for heating and cooling is provided by central plant elsewhere in the building). Coils are
typically manufactured from copper for the tubes, with copper or aluminium fins to aid heat
transfer. Cooling coils will also employ eliminator plates to remove and drain condensate. The hot
water or steam is provided by a central boiler, and the chilled water is provided by a central chiller.
Downstream temperature sensors are typically used to monitor and control "off coil" temperatures,
in conjunction with an appropriate motorized control valve prior to the coil.
If dehumidification is required, then the cooling coil is employed to over-cool so that the dew
point is reached and condensation occurs. A heater coil placed after the cooling coil re-heats the air
(therefore known as a re-heat coil) to the desired supply temperature. This process has the effect of
reducing the relative humidity level of the supply air.
In colder climates, where winter temperatures regularly drop below freezing, then frost coils or pre-
heat coils are often employed as a first stage of air treatment to ensure that downstream filters or
chilled water coils are protected against freezing. The control of the frost coil is such that if a certain
off-coil air temperature is not reached then the entire air handler is shut down for protection.
[Link] Dehumidifier
Humidification is often necessary in colder climates where continuous heating will make the air
drier, resulting in uncomfortable air quality and increased static electricity. Various types of
humidification may be used:

• Evaporative: dry air blown over a reservoir will evaporate some of the water. The rate of
evaporation can be increased by spraying the water onto baffles in the air stream.
• Vaporizer: steam or vapor from a boiler is blown directly into the air stream.
• Spray mist: water is diffused either by a nozzle or other mechanical means into fine
droplets and carried by the air.
• Ultrasonic: A tray of fresh water in the airstream is excited by an ultrasonic device
forming a fog or water mist.
 76

• Wetted medium: A fine fibrous medium in the airstream is kept moist with fresh water
from a header pipe with a series of small outlets. As the air passes through the medium
it entrains the water in fine droplets. This type of humidifier can quickly clog if the
primary air filtration is not maintained in good order.

[Link] Filters
Air filtration is almost always present in order to provide clean dust-free air to the building
occupants. It may be via simple low-MERV pleated media, HEPA, electrostatic, or a combination of
techniques. Gas-phase and ultraviolet air treatments may be employed as well.
Filtration is typically placed first in the AHU in order to keep all the downstream components clean.
Depending upon the grade of filtration required, typically filters will be arranged in two (or more)
successive banks with a coarse-grade panel filter provided in front of a fine-grade bag filter, or other
"final" filtration medium. The panel filter is cheaper to replace and maintain, and thus protects the
more expensive bag filters.

Figure 47: Air Filter

The life of a filter may be assessed by monitoring the pressure drop through the filter medium at
design air volume flow rate. This may be done by means of a visual display using a pressure gauge, or
by a pressure switch linked to an alarm point on the building control system. Failure to replace a
filter may eventually lead to its collapse, as the forces exerted upon it by the fan overcome its
inherent strength, resulting in collapse and thus contamination of the air handler and downstream
ductwork.
[Link] Mixing Chamber
In order to maintain indoor air quality, air handlers commonly have provisions to allow the
introduction of outside air into, and the exhausting of air from the building. In temperate climates,
mixing the right amount of cooler outside air with warmer return air can be used to approach the
desired supply air temperature. A mixing chamber is therefore used which has dampers controlling
the ratio between the return, outside, and exhaust air.
 77

Figure 48: Mixing Chamber.

[Link] Balancing

Un-balanced fans wobble and vibrate. For home AC fans, this can be a major problem: air circulation
is greatly reduced at the vents (as wobble is lost energy), efficiency is compromised, and noise is
increased. Another major problem in fans that are not balanced is longevity of the bearings
(attached to the fan and shaft) is compromised. This can cause failure to occur long before the
bearings life expectancy

Weights can be strategically placed to correct for a smooth spin (for a ceiling fan, trial and error
placement typically resolves the problem). Home / central AC fans or other big fans are typically
taken to shops, which have special balancers for more complicated balancing (trial and error can
cause amage before the correct points are found). The fan motor itself does not typically vibrate.
[Link] Heat Recovery
A heat recovery device heat exchanger may be fitted to the air handler between supply and extract
airstreams for energy savings and increasing capacity. These types more commonly include for:

• Recuperator, or Plate Heat exchanger: A sandwich of plastic or metal plates with

interlaced air paths. Heat is transferred between airstreams from one side of the plate
to the other. The plates are typically spaced at 4 to 6mm apart. Heat recovery efficiency
up to 70%.

Figure 49: Recuperator

 78

A recuperator is a special purpose counter-flow energy recovery heat exchanger

positioned within the supply and exhaust air streams of an air handling system, or in the
exhaust gases of an industrial process, in order to recover the waste heat. Generally,
they are used to extract heat from the exhaust and use it to preheat air entering the
combustion system. In this way they use waste energy to heat the air, offsetting some of
the fuel, and thereby improves the energy efficiency of the system as a whole.

• Thermal Wheel, or Rotary heat exchanger: A slowly rotating matrix of finely corrugated
metal, operating in both opposing airstreams. When the air handling unit is in heating
mode, heat is absorbed as air passes through the matrix in the exhaust airstream, during
one half rotation, and released during the second half rotation into the supply airstream
in a continuous process. When the air handling unit is in cooling mode, heat is released
as air passes through the matrix in the exhaust airstream, during one half rotation, and
absorbed during the second half rotation into the supply airstream. Heat recovery
efficiency up to 85%. Wheels are also available with a hydroscopic coating to provide
latent heat transfer and also the drying or humidification of airstreams.

Figure 50: Thermal Wheel

A thermal wheel, also known as a rotary heat exchanger, or rotary air-to-air enthalpy
wheel, energy recovery wheel, or heat recovery wheel, is a type of energy recovery heat
exchanger positioned within the supply and exhaust air streams of an air-handling
system or in the exhaust gases of an industrial process, in order to recover the heat
energy. Other variants include enthalpy wheels and desiccant wheels. A cooling-specific
thermal wheel is sometimes referred to as a Kyoto wheel.

• Run around coil: Two air to liquid heat exchanger coils, in opposing airstreams, piped
together with a circulating pump and using water or a brine as the heat transfer
medium. This device, although not very efficient, allows heat recovery between remote
and sometimes multiple supply and exhaust airstreams. Heat recovery efficiency up to
50%.
 79

Figure 51: Run around Coil.

[Link] Vibration Isolator

The blowers in an air handler can create substantial vibration and the large area of the duct system
would transmit this noise and vibration to the occupants of the building. To avoid this, vibration
isolators (flexible sections) are normally inserted into the duct immediately before and after the air
handler and often also between the fan compartment and the rest of the AHU. The rubberized
canvas-like material of these sections allows the air handler components to vibrate without
transmitting this motion to the attached ducts.

Figure 52: Vibration Damper.

The fan compartment can be further isolated by placing it on spring suspension, neoprene pads, or
hung on spring hangers, which will mitigate the transfer of vibration through the structure.
[Link] AHU Structure
 80

Air Handling Unit is designed in accordance BS EN

1886 & Eurovent. It is constructed of high
strength extruded aluminum pentapost and
internal post with double modular skin insulation
material. The patented frame channel design
allows three identical pieces to be bolted
together to form a composite corner piece. Both
of this features form the rigid frame of the AHU.
The unit wall is made up by Double Skin
Polyurethane foam (PU) insulation panel with 0.5

Figure 54: Aluminum pentapost attached to 3-

legged injection Nylon corner piece

mm high strength pre-painted steel as

external skin and 0.5 mm galvanized steel (GI)
as internal skin. Besides, there are optional
thicknesses: 0.8mm, 1.0mm and 1.2mm of
skin material. The PU foam insulation
thickness can be 25mm or 50mm with density
40 kg/m3 , which provides an overall thermal
Figure 53: Cabinet Appearance conductivity, k = 0.017 W/(m·K). This cabinet
construction reduces significantly the sound
level from the fan of an AHU. The cabinet construction is maintenance friendly through easy access
to all components. The panels may be removed from all units sections without compromising the
unit rigidity which is ensured by the aluminum frame. The AHU Unit is designed to low energy
consumption and little condensation due to high thermal insulation and airtight casings to EN 1886.
[Link] Thermal Break Profile:
This is a new and high quality thermal break aluminum profile which can enhance performance of an
AHU. It is constructed of two parts of extruded aluminum joint together with thermal barrier made
out of nylon. The nylon is sandwiching the inner and outer layers of extruded aluminum. This design
could render the formation of an effectively isolated thermal layer between the inner and outer side
of the profiles so that the release of thermal energy via AHU could be ultimately minimized. The
thermal bridging factor of the assembled DDM Air Handling Unit is designed to meet BS EN 1886,
Class TB2. The thermal break profile only available for cabinet with 50mm thickness. The thermal
bridging for Standard DDM AHU are TB3 (50mm) and TB4 (25mm). How to define a good AHU? It can
be determined by: no air leakage and minimum heat loss through the AHU. The benefit of thermal
break property showed as below increase the life of AHU and also save their operation cost for using
long term. In addition, it is an ideal design for high end performance
 81

Figure 55: Thermal Break Profile.

Benefit of Thermal Break Profile

i) Increased Energy Efficiency –System energy efficiency is improved by lowering the heat
loss.
ii) Unit condensation minimized –Exterior condensation is potentially damaging or creating
hazardous conditions.
iii) Probability of moisture migration into panel interior, which can degrade the insulation, is
eliminated in this thermal break profile.
iv) Cut-off in an attempt to achieve energy conservation.
v) Improve sound insulation.
1.9 Air Duct
Ducts are conduits or passages used in heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) to deliver
and remove air. The needed airflows include, for example, supply air, return air, and exhaust air.
Ducts commonly also deliver ventilation air as part of the supply air. As such, air ducts are one
method of ensuring acceptable indoor air quality as well as thermal comfort.
A duct system is also called ductwork. Planning (laying out), sizing, optimizing, detailing, and finding
the pressure losses through a duct system is called duct design.
1.9.1 Duct basic construction
There are two main categories for ductwork material;
• Flexible ductwork
• Rigid or metal ductwork
[Link] Flexible ductwork: As the name explains, flexible ductwork can easily curve and offer more
opportunities for fitting them in tighter spaces. They are a popular option and usually tubular and
 82

made of spring steel wire and enclosed inside a 2-ply, polymer plastic.

Figure 57: Flexible insulated duct.

Material for ductwork includes rubber, stainless steel, polyurethane,

silicone, PVC, neoprene-dipped polyester fabric. The best flexible air
filter duct for commercial buildings in extreme climates are made from
silicone, PVC, rubber, and stainless steel. They have an inbuilt
resistance to heat and cooling that guarantees long-lasting
productivity.

Figure 56: Thermoflex insulated

flexible duct.
 83

Figure 58: Flexible duct

Rubber and polyurethane are the best at abrasive resistance. However, silicon cannot handle interior
damage because of extreme weather resistance. On the other hand, silicon and PVC are best at
handling air and moisturized environments.

Application of flexible duct:

 84

A: Supply grille connection B: Duct work in critical spaces.

C: Portable home AC D: Air Condition system for temporary gathering.

85