What is Data Encryption?
Data encryption translates data into another form, or code, so that only people with
access to a secret key (formally called a decryption key) or password can read it.
Encrypted data is commonly referred to as ciphertext, while unencrypted data is called
plaintext. Currently, encryption is one of the most popular and effective data security
methods used by organizations. Two main types of data encryption exist - asymmetric
encryption, also known as public-key encryption, and symmetric encryption.
The purpose of data encryption is to protect digital data confidentiality as it is stored on
computer systems and transmitted using the internet or other computer networks. The
outdated data encryption standard (DES) has been replaced by modern encryption
algorithms that play a critical role in the security of IT systems and communications.
These algorithms provide confidentiality and drive key security initiatives including
authentication, integrity, and non-repudiation. Authentication allows for the verification of
a message’s origin, and integrity provides proof that a message’s contents have not
changed since it was sent. Additionally, non-repudiation ensures that a message sender
cannot deny sending the message
What is 'Decryption'
Definition: The conversion of encrypted data into its original form is called
Decryption. It is generally a reverse process of encryption. It decodes the encrypted
information so that an authorized user can only decrypt the data because
decryption requires a secret key or password.
One of the reasons for implementing an encryption-decryption system is privacy.
As information travels over the Internet, it is necessary to scrutinise the access from
unauthorized organisations or individual
What is a digital
signature?
A digital signature is an electronic, encrypted,
stamp of authentication on digital information
such as email messages, macros, or electronic
documents. A signature confirms that the
information originated from the signer and has
not been altered.
Signing certificate To create a digital
signature, you need a signing certificate, which
proves identity. When you send a digitally-
signed macro or document, you also send your
certificate and public key. Certificates are issued
by a certification authority, and like a driver’s
license, can be revoked. A certificate is usually
valid for a year, after which, the signer must
renew, or get a new, signing certificate to
establish identity.
Note: You can learn more about public and private keys in this article.
Certificate authority (CA) A certificate
authority is an entity similar to a notary public. It
issues digital certificates, signs certificates to
verify their validity and tracks which certificates
have been revoked or have expired.
Digital envelope definition
A digital envelope (or a digital wrapper) is a secure digital data container that protects
an electronic message through data authentication and encryption. Digital envelopes
are the equivalent of placing a letter into a sealed envelope to make it more secure and
resistant to tampering. A digital envelope is encrypted twice using both the secret and
public key encryption methods.
What makes digital envelopes secure
A digital envelope uses two encryption layers for security: secret (also known as symmetric) key
encryption and public key (also known as asymmetric) encryption.
Secret key encryption is used for encoding and decoding the message.
Public key cryptography sends a secret key to the receiving party over a network. No plain text
communication is required.
The internet is a global network of interconnected computers and other
devices that allows for the transmission and exchange of data and
information. It enables individuals and organizations around the world to
connect, communicate, access information, and engage in various online
activities.
The internet uses a standardized set of protocols, such as TCP/IP
(Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol), to facilitate the transfer of
data between devices. These protocols ensure that data packets are properly
addressed, routed, and delivered to their intended destinations.
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Anatomy Of Internet:
How Internet Works
Anatomy of the Internet
refers to the study of
structure. The Internet is
hierarchical in structure.
At the top there are
very large (ISPs)
Internet Service
Providers such as VSNL,
DSL. These
national ISPs connect
together and exchange
data at Network Access
Point (NAP)
Anatomy Of Internet:
How Internet Works
Anatomy of the Internet
refers to the study of
structure. The Internet is
hierarchical in structure.
At the top there are
very large (ISPs)
Internet Service
Providers such as VSNL,
DSL. These
national ISPs connect
together and exchange
data at Network Access
Point (NAP)
Anatomy Of Internet:
How Internet Works
Anatomy of the Internet
refers to the study of
structure. The Internet is
hierarchical in structure.
At the top there are
very large (ISPs)
Internet Service
Providers such as VSNL,
DSL. These
national ISPs connect
together and exchange
data at Network Access
Point (NAP)
Net etiquette, also known as netiquette, refers to the set of rules and guidelines for polite and
respectful behavior when interacting with others on the internet. It ensures that online
communication is courteous, constructive, and conducive to a positive online environment. Here
are some key principles of net etiquette:
1. Be Respectful: Treat others with respect and courtesy, just as you would in face-to-face
interactions. Avoid offensive language, personal attacks, or derogatory comments. Remember
that there are real people behind online profiles, and their feelings and opinions matter.
2. Use Appropriate Language: Use proper language and avoid excessive use of capital letters
(which can be perceived as shouting). Avoid using offensive, discriminatory, or inappropriate
language that may offend or harm others.
3. Be Clear and Concise: When communicating online, strive to be clear and concise in your
messages. Use proper grammar, punctuation, and spelling to ensure your message is easily
understood. Avoid using excessive abbreviations or slang that might confuse others.
4. Think Before You Post: Take a moment to consider the impact of your words before posting or
commenting. Be mindful of the potential consequences and the tone of your message. Remember
that once something is posted online, it can be challenging to retract or undo.
5. Respect Privacy: Respect the privacy of others. Avoid sharing personal information or private
content without consent. Be cautious about sharing personal details, such as addresses, phone
numbers, or financial information, in public online spaces.
6. Give Credit and Cite Sources: When sharing or referencing content from others, give proper
credit and cite your sources. Plagiarism is not only unethical but also a violation of intellectual
property rights.
7. Stay on Topic: Stay focused on the topic at hand when participating in online discussions or
forums. Avoid derailing conversations with unrelated or off-topic comments. If you want to
discuss a different subject, start a new thread or find an appropriate forum.
8. Be Patient and Tolerant: Online discussions can sometimes become heated or contentious.
Practice patience and tolerance when engaging in such discussions. Listen to different
perspectives and engage in constructive dialogue rather than resorting to personal attacks or
aggression.
9. Use Private Channels for Personal Conversations: If you need to have personal or sensitive
conversations, consider using private messaging or other secure channels instead of public
forums. Respect the context and purpose of different online spaces.
10. Report Abuse or Violations: If you come across behavior that violates net etiquette or online
community guidelines, report it to the appropriate authorities or moderators. Help create a safe
and respectful online environment by actively addressing and reporting abusive or inappropriate
behavior.
By following these net etiquette principles, you can contribute to a positive and respectful online
community while enjoying meaningful and constructive interactions with others on the internet.
What Does Word Processing Mean?
Word processing is the process of creating and editing documents on a
computer. It allows a user to create documents that mimic the format and
style of a typical typewriter. It requires a computer and word processing
software. A printer may also be used to create a physical copy of the
document.
A spreadsheet is a computer application for computation, organization, analysis and storage of data
in tabular form. Spreadsheets were developed as computerized analogs of paper accounting
Microsoft Excel is a
worksheets. The program operates on data entered in cells of a table.
popular and widely used spreadsheet program,
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Firmware refers to a type of software that is embedded in electronic devices or
components, typically on a read-only memory (ROM) or flash memory chip. It
provides the necessary instructions and control code for the hardware to operate
and function correctly. Firmware is responsible for initializing and controlling the
device's hardware components, managing data flow, and implementing specific
features and functionalities. Firmware plays a critical role in the functioning and
performance of electronic devices, enabling them to operate as intended and
deliver the desired features and capabilities. It bridges the gap between hardware
and software, providing the necessary instructions and control logic to ensure
proper device operation.
Liveware" is a term that is sometimes used to refer to the human component in a
computer system or a broader technology context. It signifies the people who
interact with, operate, manage, or provide support for computer systems or
technology infrastructure. The term is derived from the analogy of "hardware"
representing the physical components, "software" representing the programs and
instructions, and "liveware" representing the human users or operators.
