Digital System Design
Basic Logic Operations
and
Standard Logic Gates
(Lecture #1)
What is an analog signal?
2
Analog Signal
⚫ An analog signal is a signal that can take on a
continuous range of values.
3
Analog Signal
⚫ Most, if not all, physical (naturally occurring)
quantities are analog values.
− Time
− Temperature
− Pressure
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What is an digital signal?
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Digital Signal
⚫ An digital signal is a signal that can take on
only discrete (specific) values.
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What is an binary signal?
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Binary Signal
⚫ An binary signal is a signal that can take on
only two values.
− Typically represented by 0 and 1.
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Can a binary number be used to represent an
analog value?
What about accuracy (or is it precision)?
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Can a binary number be used to represent an
digital value?
How many bits are required?
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Processing Physical Quantities
⚫ The analog signal (representing the physical
quantity) must be sampled at specific
instances in time.
⚫ The sampled values must be digitized.
⚫ The digital value must be encoded in binary.
analog Sample sampled digital binary
Binary
and ADC
Encoder
Hold
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Basic Logic Operations
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AND
Definition: the output is true (1) iff both inputs
are true (1).
logical operator
F = A.B = AB = “A and B” A B A.B
0 0 0
Boolean expression
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
F
Truth table
Symbol (aka. logic gate)
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OR
Definition: the output is true (1) if either or both
inputs are true (1).
logical operator
F = A+B = “A or B” A B A+B
0 0 0
Boolean expression
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1
FF
Truth table
Symbol
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NOT
Definition: the output is true (1) if the input is
false (0).
logical operator
F = A' = “ not A” A A'
Boolean expression 0 1
1 0
Truth table
A F = A'
Symbol
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Order of Precedence
⚫ The order of precedence of the basic logic
operations is defined as follows:
– NOT
– AND
– OR
⚫ The order of precedence can be modified by
using parenthesis.
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Functionally Complete
⚫ The AND, OR, and NOT operations comprise
a functionally complete set.
⚫ All logic functions can be expressed in terms
of these logic operations.
⚫ All logic circuits can be realized using the
associated logic gates.
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NAND
Definition: the output is false (0) iff both inputs
are true (1).
F = (A.B)' = “not (A and B)” A B (A . B)'
0 0 1
Boolean expression
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
F = (A.B)'
Truth table
Symbol
shorthand for inversion
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NOR
Definition: the output is false (0) if either or both
inputs are true (1).
F = (A+B)' = “not (A or B)” A B (A+B)'
0 0 1
Boolean expression
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 0
FFFF= (A+B)'
Truth table
Symbol
shorthand for inversion
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XOR
Definition: the output is true (1) if either but not
both inputs are true (1).
F = A xor B A B A xor B
0 0 0
Boolean expression
0 1 1
logical operator
1 0 1
1 1 0
Truth table
Symbol
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XNOR (aka. Equivalence)
Definition: the output is false (0) if either but not
both inputs are true (1).
F = A xnor B
A B A xnor B
Boolean expression
logical operator
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
Symbol
Truth table
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Logic Circuits
⚫ Logic circuits are realized through the
interconnection of logic gates.
− Each logic gate represents a logical operation.
⚫ This can be done using
− discrete components
⚫ Standard Logic Gates
− programmable devices
⚫ Read-only Memories (ROM)
⚫ Programmable Logic Devices (PLD)
⚫ Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA)
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Standard Logic Gates
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Standard Logic Gates
Device Logic Gate
74xx08 Quad 2-input AND gate
74xx32 Quad 2-input OR gate
74xx04 Hex Inverter (NOT gate)
74xx00 Quad 2-input NAND gate
74xx02 Quad 2-input NOR gate
74xx86 Quad 2-input XOR gate
Note: “xx” refers to the logic family
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Standard Logic Gates
⚫ Data sheets provide essential information:
− Logic Function
− Truth Table
− Pin-out
− Electrical Characteristics
− Timing Characteristics
− Package Description(s)
⚫ This information is necessary when building logic
circuits from discrete components.
⚫ Each logic family has a unique set of characteristics.
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Standard Logic Gates: 74xx08
pin-out
Truth table
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Standard Logic Gates: 74xx32
pin-out
Truth table
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Standard Logic Gates: 74xx04
pin-out
Truth table
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Building a Logic Circuit
Circuit
Diagram
C
74xx08
B
74xx04
inputs 74xx32 F output
74xx08
A
Boolean
F = B'.C + A.B Expression
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Building a Logic Circuit
VDD
Wiring
Diagram
components
7404
wires
7408 7432
A
inputs B
C
F output
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Example
Draw the circuit diagram and wiring diagram for
the following Boolean expression:
F = A'.B + A.B'
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Example
(circuit diagram)
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Example
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Questions?
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References:
All this material taken from:
Dr craig lorie george mason
university. (2017). Gmuedu. Retrieved 18 April,
2017, from http://ece.gmu.edu/~clorie/Spring11/ECE-
331/
