lumbar, partandskeleton.

metacarpals,
the clav1clehumerus,and femur,
cavitybones
bones.
vertebrac
(the thejawbone)COCCY lungs.
costal
peripheral
limbs symmetry.
of (right
stapesabove and consistsand body.fibula.
facialoral small (4 ribs,
cOCcyx axial bones1include body.
(lower
33 5thoracic, heart scapula1incude
and just of of
consists
5
bones,hip tarsals, femur.
5 the
stapes.
s the bone.
and three neck, consists of the skeleton ibody
and
nose, malleus, mandible and
pairsprotects the bilateral
with two They
in
bone bone
in
4.1):cranial are 12 vertebrae), of They carpal 7 is isbody the sesamoid
These the 12 is
skeleton consists fibula, body
has appendicular
cervical, thatlimbs of limbs: longin flat
(Fig. ear, Incus,inlocatedItspine: of Itstermum. 4.1): limbs:
consists the bone
smallest largest
of eyes, 05sicles: the consists skeletonskeleton 8 phalanges.
14
and
Fects
lateresting
KSoma
1 phalanges.
14
and the
largest
includes the ulna, tibia, in in
up
madebrain, ear: bone).
below
sImallest
or sacral
column
7include geal Skeleton
vertebrae). Appendicular
appendicular (Fig.It
anchor girdle: upper bone.
collar
or It
lower bonebone long the
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and parts
humanAppendicular 1radius,girdle: 1patella, the
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skeletonprotects
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arnd
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of of
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left).
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largest is
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specialized
bonestissue for such various blood
bone. and requiredviscera produces into body.
structures the skeletal grouped skeleton human
long
marrow.
of
locomotion.toattachment
a bone. consists
of supportinner morrow appendicular of
the
its
boneofsupplysesamoid up or
sclerous System are skeleton partofaxis
with
made rigid the minerals.
movements.
andnerve cartilage body and protectprovides skeleton central
central
bone ossification.
of weight-bearing, bone
Skeletonprovides
Greek).Skeleton
arecalled
human
skeleton
Appendicular
2. axial
bonesCQ
206
and features
of bones theRed in thethe
ofcomposition
blood, types These Skeleton production: of skeleton
store 1. hasinbones
bones
ofTypescomponents
in in platelets.
and
cells Axial isto
skeleton
of special the tissuedried help Skeleton close
ter
Chap parts,laws
various
of
cartilages. of
Functions Hard Bones body 126 Skeleton
Axial
body.
in INTRODUCTION
distribution
Enumerate (skeleton-
connective
skeleton Protection:that
Movement:
80 lies
4 Inumerate
Describe
DDescribe
Competencies: Describe standing,
Support: as muscles
brain. cll
Storage:
Blood types:
Human
The
Total
Axialthat
AN2.3
AN2.1AN2.2 AN2.4 Theand Major
"
AN1.2
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. " "
"
 unctions
Bones ONES
of Bone
changes.
lhe Ihormonal cOnsists Bone
extracellular
structural
5. 4. 3. 2. 1.
muscle eyes,
P'organs Support: main
maintains
rotection: is is (smallest
Stapes
bone)
Storage: contraction
Hematopoiesis:
including Movement:
osphorus, a
a of
specialized Thoracic
cage
and ossicles
Ear
such
functions changesliving cells
Bones so matrix
and Vertebral
column Bones
Bones on
BonesshapeBones and
and RBCs, as in boned
HyoiMandible
Bone mineralized Sternum of
brain, formprovide dynamic
of of response containing type Sacrum axial
other
actWBCS,
Coccyx Ribs Skull
as act the bones of
marrow a skeleton
minerals. a asspinal body connective
storehouse and levers
shield rigid are to
tissue Fig.
as matrix.
calcium
produces
platelets cord, that and follows: physical 4.1:
that framework
support that tissue
They Bone
protects
heart, salts.
store
ofblood moves undergoes
stress that of
calcium, Bone axial
more cells
lungs, vital that and has
on nd

" Bones "

"LongClassification
1.
CLASSIFICATION
3. 2. 1.The BONESOFappendicular
inlo Based Basedbones Based
miniatureA.
bones.
longLong longIn According into than Bones
seven on on on of
Typical bones the 90% Femur boneHip
(epiphysis)
expanded
They ends They bones, thetheir are -Phalanges
skeletonMetatarsals Tarsal
bones Fibula Tibia Patella
groups development.
to bloodstream Humerus
appendicular
Clavicle
long According classified of Phalanges bonesRadius Ulna Scapula
ossify have are
length the structureshape, Metacarpals Carpal
body
elongated bones: further shape
as
in exceeds follows in calcium. skeleton
the of to three as Bones
e
thShape per Bones
of
cartilage. shaftsubdivided the (Fig.bone, ways: theThey lower
breadth of
s upper
(diaphysis) body'release limb
4.2, they
into limb
and Flowchart are
typical need.
minerals
and thickness. classified
23
two and 4.1):

Skeleton
 Textbook of General Anatomy
Bones
Flgt 3. Bones
Short
" 2.
Irregular
" Bones
" 4. surfaces.
These6 B. Typical
bones
long
vertebrae.for They scapula. For TheyThese Examples: humerus
Miniature
Length
e.g.widtbones
hLong>
- metacarpals only
eg. have
- epiphysis long
onebones HumerUs
exumples: example: form found bone
Miniature fibulaand - Theymarrow.
They
have arc are Examples: TheyThese Examnples:

irregular plate-like, Carpals small

boundaries have are or inlie have
Bones Bones the Miniature
shortor
short vertically tarsals
Cuboidal
carpals, Short
e.g. bones
and
Metacarpals, shorter
only Humerus, a bones
long
Metacarpals
(wrist limbs. Modified
bonos
long
formingshape. of flat
of cuboidal
medullary
vault one than long
in Clavicle
bonybones. bones)
the
base of
epiphysis,typicalbones: radius,
cavity metatarsals, sternum ribs, Flat
eg. bones
Plate-lke
skull, and in body cavity Fig.
of shape. ulna, bonos
Short
to Flowchart 4.2: Tarsals
skull, tarsals MCQ long and
ribs,
protect that ypes
Theyphalanges. bones. femur, are
hip (in contains vertebraebones,
hieg
Irregular
p Classification
sternum, mostly Irregular-shaped bones bonesof4.1: of
bones, organs. tibia,
foot). have bones bones
Classification Pneumatic
Maxilla bones
Flat
Sesamoid
Bones
Q. 6. Pneumatic
" 5.
" Bones based
Rib
or
that Write ethmoidare ForTheseThese cavities
max1lla
eg
air-filled
(Table
4.1pressure
Fxamples:
). Resist 5. 4. 3.Functions 3. 2.
2. 1. 4.Peculiarities(sesame=
1. Definition: Pneumatic
Containbones on
of
They TheyThey They friction a
Act develop calledexample:
MaintainAlter Prevent short are
contain bones their
as bones. shapes Cavity/sinus
the of do do
ossify
develop seed Sesamoid
Patella, pulley
friction of
of in noteparanasal located
direction on Maxilla, The air-filled
the sesamoid not not sesamoid tendon the
have have after in patella
pisiform eg
Develops
tendons
muscle
Supernumerary in
Sesamoid
bones
local for inArab) muscle sesamoid around Accessory Irregular
bones
pisiform, of bones air
air-filled Vertebra
Haversian
periosteum. tendons.
birth. with Sutural
oftendon
circulation muscle bones sinuses.frontal spaces
muscle (Flowchart
bones: tendons arebones. the or or
bone
fabella, and seed-like cavities bone,nasal or bones
Wormian
supernumerary
pull system. during at sutural
bones
e.g
present
Occas1onally Sesamoid
bones
bone the
cavities.
cavity.
4.2). bones Patella
riders' sitebony sphenoid,in
movemnents of these
bones
pressure
nodules
bones bones
and
 AccesSOry or (below
7 lendon bone)
" attachnent metacarpal
Tendon bone)radial
Tendon of Tendon TendonLateralTendonTendon ofSiteTABLE
bone)professional
the riders)
" " Examples:
patella
cubiti. Jhese ulnar
resonarnce
Pneumatic
hematopoietic
function.
perforn Flatbefore
life,Ossification
intervening birth. themetatarsal
ends at 3. 2. 1.vesalianum,
Clavicle 4.1:
All 1/( (Q All the of side ofhead of Examples:
talus,short Itand It It
their thepartlybody, of side of
most bones isdoes bones peroneus flexor
hcad of
flexor adductor adductor
quadriceps ulnaris
flexor
carpi Sites
with of
metacarpals is
th¹ leiesliiig head of Flowchart
distal Fais Suturalor thegastrocnemius of
of ofconsist only not cuboid of
hallucis pollicis
bones spongy
calcaneum,bones which ossifies considered are 1st of sesamoid Patella,
sound the have Supernumerary Bones longus head
pollicis longus Haversian
systemNo No
Ossify
after
birth
Develop bones
tendon in Sesamoid
end long not metatarsal 1st femoris Peculiarities
flat 0ssify in bone) longus
metacarpal periosteun 4.2:
make of have medullary brevis of pisiform,
vibration. bone twWo exceptmembrane bone always (near 1st (on (in
bones and as Wormian bones Sosanoid
and in
the epiphysis modified (on
cartilage
andplates cuboid rnetatarsals that its fabella,
first present.
skull and and cavity, sesamoidbones
Two sesamoid bone
One Riders' Pisiform Name
boneFabellaPatella
marrow of lies bones, sesamoid
bone
One Occasionally
prcsent
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ends partly long rider's
lighter compact bones, after at horizontally of Mainta1n
Circulation direction
local Prevent
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muscle pull Alterpulley
cavity. bones Os sesamoid Functions
of their have in bone
birth, trigonum,
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proximal
In and because:
help bones except in bone
adult and start first the
in os
Developmental
Classification " " " " " " " "
hierestk)
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bones.
Ossification
According riders. surfaces. Most Failure with
trigonium.
Failure Os
Accessory Ossification
Accessory except
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covered byPatellacharmbers.
cold. P'aranasalof
3. Membranous
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bone,called The
Developmentally, bones.
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the an th e inspired
membrane Cartilaginous
clavicle,
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parietal),
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bones membranes. rest
bones commonest long
of end
is
hyoid
visceral endochondral except bones and bone these of of epiphysis. sesarnoidbones air
in of tubercle
bones bones the
is fibula), of bones of
fusion fusion
the bones center These sinuses
the derived of to sterni bones.
are cement is the of largest air
mandible, limbs bones inferior the isbones the bone
bone,bones.
first and the tendon maybones the are air and
vertebrae, bones: For in
site madegrowing MCQ considered may ulna of of ofFor may in
most are maintain
bone part from dermalprocessare adults of olecranon
be -’ styloid talus
-> example: skull be body sesamoid not sinuses thus
For partly(humerus, (maxilla).
ossification. example,
bones
facial of
nasal up teeth os also and
of temporal, of bilateral
mistakenpatella formed
in of
examples: the They classified bone of end adductor vesalianun. with suture, are true
mandible.
the the and process be ear humidity
get act
in
bones:
thoracic bones: concha. both are covercd bones bone.
bones cartilage. bones of and heterotopic Failure
the formed by
bodypharyngeal ossify iliac
marrow also and cubiti. process ossicles infectedin as
radius, bone compact for rest and
appearance
occipital, They For They as: most they of air-conditioning
to Ear are crest bones. longusfractures.Clinical as and
cage. in of 5th of ofby it A/CQ by they
ossify.ossicles,somatic examples: formation aspiration have of fusion forms temperature
Forpartly ulna, the vaultossify in arndvascular bone the periosteum
arches children. muscle metatarsal
ulna nonfusion common
smooth bone of are
sphenoid
example,ossify cartilage of spongy of suturalextra
styloid bories. femur, part as with not
are Long skull in tact -’the
the or is in it
in 25

Skeleton
 Textbook of General Anatomy
Bone
Lamellae cavities
Visible
Structure naked
eyeAbsent
(on FeatureTABLE
" E
Locations StrengthmarroW Haversian
systemexamination) B. A.
ásed
"
4.4):
(Fig. Compressive
The Thus, Tensile Wolff to
Wolff's Sone microscope):
femur.resistsboneCalcar A.
B. remodelling, stresS 4.2: 2. Microscopic Macroscopic
Compact
2.tion) Aructural
1. Classification A
1. on
e
toPressure
thcancellous Lamellar
Intissue cavities.
visible
have
that Tension tensile suggestsinierestng Differences bones, Wrap Woven
collagen
wovenanastomosing
curved
plates.lamellae bone Cancellous (Fig. the
shearingfemorale the line
force and law: spongy
liespressure and classification,
4.3, method
lamellaelamellaeof force strain. callus bones called
deep weight and helps that The bones,
inner
Diaphysis Strong
rigid
andAbsent
outerand long of Regularly Present Dense
arranged
Irregular solid
and Compactbone bones. fibers, are bones
forces is bones between weft classification classification
bones Table
a inducesosteogenesis Wolff's Facts bones, of
to
lamellae.
vertical which compressive tables at consist arranged consists
lamellae. do
between the transnission.which on fracture For ofand (spongy examination
show not 4.2):
lesser law of compact woven bone there
bonebone skull have the
plate are examples, of
are two or as of (naked-eye bones
the
trochanter arranged is crystals.
repair fabric, Inthin
are (cxamination or
of arranged resorption
formation, directly
forces trajectory irregular
tbones,
bones bones,
inner
of absorbernt
core
bones,short
Flat flexible,
shock
MorePresent Absent
Composed Spongy
culae trabeof Present bone and
randomly Haversian
trabecularvisible
ncck densc types epiphysis compact as
or spongy site. branching plates
at younghence It follows: are
and ofcause proportional bony cavities.
cancellous of right parallel resembles examinaclassified
femur. lamellae (removal)
whereas theory of spicules bones arranged systenm. of bones)
shaft angles long bones, bony under
bone fetalcalled and
of It to of

"PARTS (Coronal Fig.

Types" Epiphysis " Tension
forces
There the Secondary carpals
the cuboid) main
appearossification. cartilage.
Center
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e (resists
thbending Tension
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3. 2.Young
accessory OF Compact Compact
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epiphyses
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long for before
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example: center
ossification
It four centers is end the center or is of 4.3:
is the bone appears shaft It develops the and
ofepiphysis: lower part tarsals is the
protected types (Fig, part or of birth of of LONG Cormpact
tibia, tibia. of ossification upper
fension
Heads of growth consists ossification of of formation
two is
of4.6, of after except the
end the (except the in
lower ossification.
It types: aBONE end weight
Body Section
epiphyses:
by
Flowchart long of
bones. long areapreformed lamellae and
transmits
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offemur
of Pressure
lamellae
muscular
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onpulbetween
l shearing Calcar
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end the bone 4 is for Primary is of femur) the
spongy skull
femur parts talus, bones. the
articular
of Itthe primary thbonc.
e and greater (resists
-Pressure
lamellae vault
the 4.3): which and
appears neck compressive
forces) bones
radius. (fig. center center bone model
and calcaneus,Primary and calcar and
weight sometimes trochanter)
cartilage. ossify 4.5): formation
that shaft)
humerus. after that centers secondary of
fermorale
of centersforms hyaline
from birthforms and
the tor for or
 Fig.
B
Atavistic epiphysis
Atavistic
(Coracoid
Phylogenetically
independentbone
2. 4.6:
of Fig.
Tracticn
merus, For muscle. Types
the epiphysis, process 4.5:
example, same
of
It
epiphysis: epiphyses. Parts
reater, ossifies of
bone. D: scapula) of
Aberrant (Greater
lesser
trochanters
femur) and
of
epiphysis
Traction (Head of
Pressure Weight young
greater Musclepulepiphysis
l femur)
lesser later
It It A:
is is Pressure bases
Aberrant
(headOccasionally
epiphysis
present of or
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and produced growing Diaphysis Metaphysis Epiphysis
Epiphyseal
plate
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of of Epiphyseal
plate
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lesser epiphysis
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the metacarpals) bone

tubercles
of
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of
of the
" " "
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endlower
tibia, of
femur.
head head
eg ofPressUre
Transmits
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body
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" condyles of
After frombends
nutrient,
metaphysis.
Metaphysis The
"areaMetaphysis The
epiphysis
bone.plate
Thebones, At It 4. 3.
ossifies It rarebetween
osteomyelitis
there children.innutrient epiphyseal is
is epiphysis unusual Forattached
tuberclenutrition
ForAberrant independent Atavistic
in cpiphyseal of epiphysealpuberty, proliferation is a
central epiphysis
are blood in he example,
from this the tresponsible plate orexample: Flowchart
epiphyseal growing and femur of lesser
humerus e Tractions
no periosteal, long epiphyseal with Growth
end of trochanters tubercleslesser of and pressure
epiphysIs
greater .g than
Oss1fies muscle
later pul
Produced l by
region Metaphysis and after of to epiphyses
Types of
elongateda may receives fromepiphysis:
atepiphysis: talus another
primary
hairpin metaphyseal
fusion, bone. metaphyseal plate diaphysis hyaline Epiphysis
the coracoid
of
the bone, 4.3:
in bones.
settle ends completion of Plate
for cells bases shoot a (also ossification of
adult.
bends. and and cartilage Ossifies Iypes
communication profuse receives increasing It bonebone.
process talus
tubercle
posterior of
scapula, coracoid
process of e.gbone, Atavistic
independent
centershaft in is of cartilage
and in at Phylogenetically,
is but Phylogenetically
Occasionaly
of
metaphyseal Therefore, ofthebone. called
metaphysis the a occasionally
2nd epiphysis
Atavistic
with gets from
Hence, thesearteries diaphysis arteries. of growing in epiphyseS
of of most growth head of human
blood nutrition isthe to oswhich secondary
fication. the replaced length 5th trigonum).scapula,
loops actively which of
growth 2ndbases
metacarpal,
metacarpals epiphysis heads ateg.
1stofthepresent,
5thtothe of at epiphysis
longosteomyelitismicroorganisms form
is supply
arteries. bone.
of metacarpals. 1st it Aberrant
arteries,
established and are from by epiphyseal of metacarpal, present being
is center
bone growing the connects posteriorfused. it
hairpin called bone. of
cause from both long long it is
that and The an
at is
is 27

Skeleton
 Textbook of General Anatomy Periosteal
arteries
Nutrient
artery
2. 1. Blood BLOOD
3. 2. Epiphysealarteries.
1. 4. 3. (Fig. The Writea Q. or
end. formcenter
Typical
and of two of
Metaphyseal fuses Thefibula.unites
MCQ Compoundepiphysis 2 he
to
and
ligamentous
attachments.
Metapl1yseal These metaphysis.
Periosteal
Ramify and periosteal
artery
vascular
anastomose medullary obliquely Nutrient typical
4.7 , secondary
metaphys1s
cavity foramen
and Divides
Supply Nutrient
nutrient
through
Enters
shaft
metaphysis
neighboring
arteries. Volkmann's small long Supply SUPPLY
later end According a of yearsfusi3on
descending
branches form branches short last. interest.rg re
nutrient are supplies Flowchart long of longsingle
ossification. of
inner
parallel bone
artery: earlier,
into artery beneath arteries: arteries. area hairpin ofnote OF called isthe The epiphysis
cavity.through or bones
center epiphysis
to
ascending
2/3rd and or morecanal bone on
ofwith -
through Long BONES lo ng
exception th e
arteries.
juxla-epiplyseal medullary long branches, ascending juxta-epiphyseal It 4. 4 ): blood of have mahence
y
of loops. Each is
Bone growingbone, l aw In
cortex,
reinforcenumerous totThese he Therefore, th e enters ossification and and
and supply epiphyseal, supplied supply such they
are bone. of
cortex. a to oftwfinally O havemorediaphysis
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whichthese nutrient the end
which ossification,
the numerous Area and of thisepiphyses, cases, are
e
tathe
metaphysis by long of rule
branchesararteries: outer
metaphysis,enterdivides Then middle four the has which
fuse thshorter
al an in
the inner descending, arteries
Numerous
arteries
periosteum
beneath
Ramify
Supply small
Periosteal
arteries derived supplied:
metaphyseal, bo1es. is wi th
Flowchart 1/3rd the
foramen.it
sets
epiphysis
bone. lower the centers one females
appears one than
muscular
They andsmall 2/3rd of ,
of intodivides lvd diaphysis. secondary
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Blood epiphyseal ernter
of
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1/3rd from enter of the
Nutrient number It arteries that first, each
4.4: cortex.arteries. cortex most loops in shaft of to
Clinical
hairpin of supply and the and the intoruns
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cortex
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small called
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at vessels.Short 2. except1.that: isThe 1. shortBlood
2. supply Epiphyseal Periosteal
Metaphyyseal Supply arteries
arteries metaphysis
hairpin
Shows
bendsEnter bones of bone Inand lts similarblood the Inand Its
or Fig.
long adults, supply
of They
circulus
Osteomyelitis bones adults,nutrient bone nutrient
forms miniature 4.7:
in bone and forms to
supply typical of arteries:
children of enter Blood
arteries are the and the a
replaces the a
plexus.artery long
shortOther vasculosus
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supplied to
plexUs.artery blood replace
periosteal long long the They supply
more the Bones
nutrient enters supplyshort entersbonesbonesbones: epiphysis arise of
common epiphysis
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Epiphyseal
arteries typical
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arteryEpiphyseal
form the or
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at of Epiphyseal
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of shaft bonesbones shaft blood to the
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 Verlebra1. 3. 2.
"BONEOF
" STRUCTURE Integration
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arteries.2.
of nodes. of in they Venous I not
nutrient
Explanation: Femur
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Small
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through
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the
Nutrient
and cancellous nutrient
ongest
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cross-section, innervated accompany vessels vesscls two
alled of drainage artery the
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tissue Endsborne 29
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of nutrientsadjacentLacunae is (Fig.
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matrixperpendicular osteocytes surrounded state, run These matrix or
are 4.10):(concentric on form and activity.
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to
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periosteal
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bone. ossification Volkmann's
Haversian
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of OF canals extracellular
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periosteum ligaments
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s tendons, helps marrow as
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31

Skeleton