Citizenship

Q1. Define the term citizenship?

- Citizenship is the legal right of a person to belong to a given country.
- A citizen is a person who is a legally recognized member of a given country.

Q2. State at least five indicators needed for social change.

- The rate of poverty in a community.
- The rate at which people give birth.
- Opportunities for education within a society.
- The life expectancy of people in a society.
- The rate of employment or unemployment.
- The rate and level of youth education access to job opportunities and other life opportunities.

Q3. Explain three roles of political parties in Parliament.

- Political parties represent the interest of their followers in the national legislature on issues.
- Parties provide a "venue" for political positions - this is because to run for a political office, one
must belong to a political party.
- Parties provide opportunities for citizens to participate in democratic processes.
- Political parties help in keeping the government accountable to various people who will serve
as public representatives.

Q4. Discuss the importance of human rights in a life.

- Human rights through the freedom of worship have enhanced peaceful co-existence among the
people despite differences in religion.
- Right to health care enables a country to have a healthy population which is crucial for national
development.
- Right to association and assembly enable us to interact freely through various activities such as
games and festivals.
- Right to media enables students to access crucial information.
- Human rights ensure that the rule of law is upheld.
- Human rights promote democracy which leads to peace and cohesion.

Q5. Write in full abbreviation of HIV/AIDS and how does HIV spread?
- HIV - Human Immune Virus
- AIDS - Acquire Immune Deficiency Syndrome
- Through unprotected sexual intercourse with infected person.
- Through mother to baby transfusion.
- Through blood transfusion.
- Through sharing sharp objects with infected person.

Q6. Ways of Spread HIV:

- Through having unprotected sex intercourse with infected person.
- Through blood transfusion.
- Through Mother to baby transfusion.
- Through sharing sharp objects with infected person.

Q7. State down at least five duties and responsibilities of a good citizen:
- Defend the country and respond to the call for national service in accordance with the provision
of the constitution and the law.
- Promote democracy, good governance and the rule of law.
- Avoid violence and promote harmony, unity, fraternity and tolerance among all people to end
ethnic, religious, geographical and political divisions.
- Safeguard and protect public funds and assist and support legal and financial obligations.
- Prevent and combat corruption and sabotage.
- Take part in general elections and responsibilities as stipulated in the constitution.
- Abide by the laws, respect, and co-operate with the appropriate agencies in the maintenance of
law and order.

Q8. Explain the importance of voting for citizens.

- It is a constitutional requirement that citizens of South Sudan should exercise their democratic
rights.
- It enables the South Sudanese to have a chance to practice their democratic right by choosing
their representatives.
- It enables the South Sudanese to choose between representatives and parties that express
policies on their behalf.
- It enables South Sudanese to choose central their elected representatives.
- It enables South Sudanese to be able to participate in the activities of their government.

Q9. Explain the function of the High Court of Appeal.

- This is a court where the decisions of the High Court are appealed.
- The composition and procedures of these courts are determined by the law.
- The decisions of the courts of appeal shall be appealed against in the Supreme Court.

Q10. a) Mention two functions of the High Court:

- The High court listens to appeals from county courts.
- The High Court listens to cases brought to stand and has jurisdiction over the cases.

b) Explain five importance of the High Court.

1. The High Court serves as the appeals court where decisions of lower courts can be challenged.
2. The High Court determines the composition and procedures of the courts, ensuring
consistency and proper administration of justice.
3. The High Court's decisions carry significant weight, as they can be appealed to the Supreme
Court, providing a higher level of judicial review.
4. The High Court's jurisdiction over certain cases helps establish its authority and importance in
the judicial system.
5. The High Court's role in listening to appeals from lower courts helps ensure fairness and
proper application of the law across different jurisdictions.
Q11. Explain the following terms:
i) State government:
- The territory of South Sudan is composed of 32 states governed based on decentralization.
ii) Local government:
- The local government is based on urban and rural councils.
iii) National government:
- The National government is the institution around which the people of South Sudan are
politically, economically, socially and culturally organized.
iv) Nationality
Q12. What are the sources of public revenue to the national government?
- Oil and minerals revenue.
- National Personal Income tax.
- Corporate and business profit tax.
- Custom duties and import tax.
- Air ports and river transport revenue.
- Excise duties.
Q13. Explain five rights of women:
- Women are given full and equal dignity with men.
- Women have the right to equal pay for equal work and other related benefits with men.
- Women have the right to participation in public life equally with men.
- Women have the right to own property and share in the estate of their deceased husbands
together with any surviving legal heir of the deceased.
- Provide maternity and childcare and medical care for pregnant and lactating women.
Q14. Discuss necessary methods of conflict resolution:
- Traditional methods: This is where elderly people, community chiefs, and spiritual leaders are
involved in solving conflict.
- Arbitration: This is the use of third party to help in resolving the conflict.
- Litigation: This is where the court of law is involved in solving the disputes.
- Negotiation: This is where the parties in conflict consult one another in order to resolve their
conflicts.
- Diplomacy: This is used when there is a conflict between nations.

Q16. List down at least five functions of South Sudan Parliament:

- Representing the people of South Sudan (Constituency).
- Making laws (Constitution).
- Approving the National budget.
- Ratifying international treaties, conventions and agreements.
- Overseeing Ministries about the performance of their ministries.
- Approving appointments as required by the constitution or law.
- Performing any other function as determined by the constitutional or the law.

Q17. Explain five features that contribute to sustainable development:

- Some community activities create awareness on environmental concerns, which is a key
component on sustainable development.
- Some community activities emphasize eco-friendly construction methods.
- Community activities that monitor and educate the people on the effects of industrial waste on
the ecosystem.
- Community activities also create awareness of the need for protection of natural habitats to
achieve sustainable development.
- Community activities aim to achieve sustainable development through environmental
protection.
Q18. Discuss four causes of Conflict locally, failure will be sustainable:
- Difference in Opinion.
- Failure to fulfill expectations of the other person.
- Failure to Appreciate the rights and freedoms of other people.
- Hatred or failure to interact with others due to biased.
- Status threat, this is where an individual feels that his/her status is being threatened by another
person.

Q19. What is Pragmatic theory of non-Violence?

- Pragmatic theory is a theory where non-Violence is preferred because it is more effective than
Violence.

Q20. Write down three forms of non-Violence approach according to:

Gandhism:
- Protest and persuasion e.g. public statement.
- Non-Cooperation where people refuse to work normally, and may stay at home, Protest
immigration.
- Intervention - this is active disruption of people such as obstruction of businesses.

Q21. State five strategies for developing an argument:

- Knowing about the topic.
- Knowing what seems to be important about the topic.
- How does the topic relate to other issues that you know?
- What don't you know about the topic?
- etc.

Q22. Explain five achievements of the United nation since its establishment:
- The United Nations has encouraged member countries to settle their disputes peacefully.
- The UN has imposed sanctions on countries that threatened peace in the world.
- Peace-keeping missions have been sent to areas with civil conflict such as South Sudan and
Somalia.
- Through the International Court of Justice, it has settle disputes between countries peacefully.
- The UN has been involved in addressing the social and economic plight of refugees created by
natural disasters.

Q23. State at least five roles of Peace and Security Council:

- To promote peace, security and stability in the African Continent.
- Provide early information on possibilities of conflict areas to enable preventive diplomacy.
- Providing disaster management and humanitarian action.
- Peace intervention and support operation.

Q24. a) Define Consumerism:

- Is a continual expansion of one's demands and tastes for goods and services.

b) Mention five South Sudanese Consumers rights:

- Right to safety, state and good quality.
- Right against unfair or unjust Transaction.
- Right to Implied warranty of quality.
- Right to demand quality services.
- Right against false or misleading representation.
- Right to Compensation for damages and loss.

c) State five responsibilities of Consumers:

- Review all your documents after buying Commodities.
- Use the product or Service in line with terms and conditions.
- Ask questions about anything that is unclear on Commodities or Service.
- Carefully read all information provided on goods and Service.

Q25. State down five attributes of Peace in given Society:

- Nonviolence
- Harmony
- Cooperation
- Justice
- Forgiveness

Q26. Explain at least five labors right in South Sudan:

- Right to fair wage and safe working conditions
- Right to form and join trade unions
- Right to collective bargaining
- Right to strike
- Right to social security and welfare benefits

Q27. Define Restorative Justice:

- Restorative Justice is a process of bringing the offender into communication and mutual
agreement than punishing the offender for the crime committed.

Q28. Define Armistice:

- Armistice is an agreement between the conflicting parties by ending their differences.

Q29. Compare and contrast the System of government between South Sudan, Kenya and USA:
Similarities:
- Both countries are having multi-party system of democracy.
- They all have an electoral body.
- They all have three arms of government.
- They share the same principles of Public services.
- Both the executives implement government policies.

Differences:
- South Sudan, Kenya and USA are headed by the president, while Britain is headed by the Prime
minister as the head of government and the King or the Queen as the head of state.
- South Sudan, Kenya and USA have three levels of government, while Britain has one level of
government.
- Britain is run by Constitutional monarchy, while South Sudan, Kenya and USA have a
presidential democratic system.
Q30. a) Define Nationalism:
Nationalism refers to political, social and economic systems that aim at promoting the interests
of a given nation.
b) State at least rights and freedom of a citizen of South Sudan:
- Equality before the law.
- Right to life and human dignity.
- Personal liberty.
- Right to family.
- Right to fair trial.
- Freedom from torture.
- Freedom from slavery.

Q31. Explain five objectives of United Nation:

- To defend the independence and territorial integrity of member states.
- To promote unity and solidarity among countries.
- To venture peace, stability and security in the continent.
- To speed up socio-economic and political integration.
- To encourage international cooperation.
- To encourage four principles of good governance.
Q32. Explain at least four principles of a good governance:
1. Accountability - Governments and their institutions should be accountable to the public and
there should be mechanisms in place to hold them responsible for their actions and decisions.
2. Transparency - The decision-making processes, policies, and actions of governments and their
institutions should be open and accessible to the public.
3. Rule of Law - All citizens and the government itself should be subject to and accountable
under the law, which should be fairly and impartially enforced.
4. Participation - Citizens should have a voice in the decisions that affect their lives and should
be able to participate in the political process.
Q33. List down three roles of police in the Court:
- Prevent, Combat and investigate Crime.
- Maintain law and public order.
- Protect people and other properties.
- Uphold and enforce the constitution and the law.
- They arrest suspects who have committed crime.
Q34. a) Discuss at least five achievements of African Union:
- It contributed to uniting countries in Africa despite the different economic, social and political
set up.
- African countries such as Angola, Zimbabwe and Namibia attained Independence through its
Liberation committee.
- It made a platform for discussing challenges affecting Africa such as Refugee Problem, foreign
interference, and dependence.
- International community such as observers from non-African states were allowed to speak as
one in the Union.
- The OATU played a huge role in the refugee crisis.
b) Mention three objectives of OATU:
- Providing material assistance.
- To provide a platform through which African problems would be discussed and strategies for
solving those problems.
- To create African identity and counter the European dominance.
- To promote African unity and solidarity.

Qn 35. Define the following terms: i) Peace making:

 Peace making is a process of settling a conflict between the disputing or conflicting

parties.

ii) Reconciliation:

 Reconciliation is the situation in which two people or a group of people become friendly
again after arguing.

Qn 36. Explain four terms that associate with peace:

 Restorative Justice: is a process of bringing the offender into conversation and mutual
agreement than punishing the offender for the crime committed.
 Retributive Justice: is a concept whereby the offender is given punishment proportional
to the crime committed.
 Armistice: is an agreement between the conflicting parties by ending their differences.
 Reconciliation: is the situation in which two people or group of people become friendly
again after arguing.

Qn 37. Discuss the Organizations that contributed in Peace making:

 Organization for Peace Relief and Development (OPRD)

 Grassroots Relief and Development Agency (GREDA)
 South Sudan Centre for Conflict Resolution (SSCCR)
 Organization for Non-Violence and Development (ONAD)
 United Nations education, scientific and cultural Organization (UNESCO)
 United Nations Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS)

Qn 38. What are the challenges facing African Union.

1. Political Instability and Governance Issues:

o Many African countries face political instability, often due to authoritarian
regimes, contested elections, and weak governance structures. These issues
hamper the African Union’s (AU) ability to effectively promote peace and
stability.
2. Economic Disparities and Developmental Challenges:
o There is significant economic disparity among member states, with many
countries facing extreme poverty, unemployment, and underdevelopment. This
 economic inequality makes collective economic policies and initiatives
challenging to implement.
3. Conflict and Security Concerns:
o Ongoing conflicts, insurgencies, and terrorism in various parts of the continent
pose significant challenges to the AU’s peacekeeping and conflict resolution
efforts. Countries like Somalia, South Sudan, and regions like the Sahel are
particularly affected.
4. Inadequate Funding and Resources:
o The AU often struggles with insufficient funding and resources to carry out its
programs and initiatives effectively. Many member states are unable to contribute
their full financial commitments, leading to budget shortfalls.
5. Health Challenges:
o The continent faces severe health challenges, including infectious diseases like
HIV/AIDS, malaria, and more recently, COVID-19. These health issues strain
national resources and impede socio-economic development.
6. Infrastructure Deficits:
o Inadequate infrastructure, such as poor transportation networks, limited access to
electricity, and insufficient technological infrastructure, hinders economic growth
and regional integration efforts.
7. Corruption:
o Corruption remains a significant issue in many African countries, undermining
development efforts, eroding public trust, and diverting resources away from
essential services and infrastructure projects.
8. Climate Change and Environmental Degradation:
o Africa is particularly vulnerable to the effects of climate change, including
droughts, floods, and desertification. These environmental issues threaten food
security, livelihoods, and sustainable development.
9. Youth Unemployment:
o A large and growing youth population faces high unemployment rates, leading to
social unrest, increased crime rates, and potential radicalization.
10. Integration and Cooperation Challenges:
o Despite efforts to promote regional integration, there are still significant barriers
to intra-African trade, including differing regulations, tariffs, and political
disagreements among member states.

Qn 39. What are the solutions to the challenges if so?

1. Enhancing Political Stability and Governance:

o Promote democratic governance, fair elections, and the rule of law across member
states through initiatives such as the African Peer Review Mechanism (APRM).
o Support capacity-building programs for governance institutions to strengthen
transparency, accountability, and citizen participation in political processes.
2. Addressing Economic Disparities and Promoting Development:
o Implement comprehensive economic policies aimed at poverty reduction, job
creation, and equitable growth.
 o Foster regional economic integration through initiatives like the African
Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) to boost intra-African trade and economic
cooperation.
3. Improving Conflict Resolution and Security:
o Strengthen the African Standby Force (ASF) and improve coordination with
regional peacekeeping missions to respond more effectively to conflicts and
security threats.
o Enhance mediation and dialogue mechanisms to address root causes of conflicts
and support post-conflict reconstruction and reconciliation efforts.
4. Increasing Funding and Resource Mobilization:
o Encourage member states to meet their financial commitments to the AU and
explore alternative funding mechanisms, such as partnerships with international
organizations and the private sector.
o Improve financial management and transparency within the AU to ensure efficient
use of resources.
5. Strengthening Health Systems:
o Invest in robust healthcare infrastructure, including hospitals, clinics, and
laboratories, to improve access to healthcare services.
o Enhance collaboration with global health organizations to combat infectious
diseases and improve public health outcomes through initiatives like the African
CDC.
6. Developing Infrastructure:
o Prioritize infrastructure development projects, such as transportation networks,
energy generation, and digital connectivity, through public-private partnerships
and regional cooperation.
o Leverage funds from development banks and international donors to finance
large-scale infrastructure projects.
7. Combating Corruption:
o Implement anti-corruption frameworks and strengthen legal and regulatory
institutions to fight corruption effectively.
o Promote a culture of accountability and integrity within public and private sectors
through awareness campaigns and education.
8. Mitigating Climate Change and Protecting the Environment:
o Adopt and implement climate adaptation and mitigation strategies, focusing on
sustainable agricultural practices, renewable energy, and reforestation programs.
o Strengthen regional cooperation on environmental protection and disaster
response mechanisms to address the impacts of climate change.
9. Tackling Youth Unemployment:
o Develop vocational training and education programs aligned with market needs to
equip youth with relevant skills.
o Promote entrepreneurship and support small and medium-sized enterprises
(SMEs) through access to finance, mentorship, and business development
services.
10. Enhancing Regional Integration and Cooperation:
o Harmonize regulations, tariffs, and trade policies to facilitate smoother intra-
African trade and economic cooperation.
 o Promote dialogue and collaboration among member states to resolve political
disagreements and foster a spirit of unity and solidarity.

By addressing these challenges through targeted and coordinated efforts, the African Union can
work towards achieving greater stability, prosperity, and integration across the continent.