Pronunciation :
The Speaking
Process
Speaking
Speaking is an essential process of
communication. People, using audible and visible
symbols, communicate message in the minds of
their listeners. It is flexible, changing as well as a
complex process.
The Speaking Process
Delivery
Analyzing Selecting Encoding Choosing a Getting
the a message the style feedback and
listeners message responding
to it
The Message: The speech process begins with the selection of message. It includes
everything that the speaker says or does, both verbally and non-verbally.
Audiences: The gathering of people. To be an effective speaker, the listeners’
familiarity with one’s audience is necessary. Speaker should know about the listeners:
Who are the listeners?
What are their ages, educational background?
Why do they want to listen to the speaker?
What is their knowledge about the topic?
What are their personal and professional needs?
What do they expect from the speaker?
The Speech Style
Speech style is the manner in which the content of the speech is presented or delivered. It
could be formal, as in technical seminar, or very informal as in casual conversation.
Encoding: Encoding in oral communication involves selecting a language, an appropriate oral
form and positive nonverbal signals. Sender encodes the message through sound, words or
symbols of language. Oral communication needs a language code which listener may easily
decode.
Response/Feedback: It is the process through which the speaker receives the information how
his message has been received by the listeners. It considered as the action or reaction of the
receiver to the message.
Conversation and oral skills: Conversation is an interactive process involving speaker and
listeners. It is a tool of social interaction. One should have the ability to converse well in both
formal and informal conditions and situations.
Types of Conversation: Formal and
Informal
Differences between Formal and Informal Conversation
FORMAL INFORMAL
1. Formal content Emotional and personal content
2. Factual May be emotional or factual
3. Formal words Informal words and expressions
4. Accepted rules and customs No fixed rules
5. Conduct of official matters Personal matters
6. Objective approach Both Objective and subjective
approach
7. Logically organized Not always structured
Strategies for good conversation
Be an active listener
Be a delicate speaker
Speak with clarity
Be simple
Use appropriate pauses
Be polite
Be friendly
Be positive
Be flexible
Be tactful
Do not argue
Be interested
Improving Fluency and Self
Expressions
Fluency is the most important characteristics of effective speech. It is
the natural flow of words without any unnecessary pauses and
repetition.
Articulation– Develop an ability to speak clearly and be careful not to
slop(unclear words), neglect, cut or omit sounds between words.
Good Pronunciation– Practice and pronounce words with proper
stress. Regional touches should be avoided.
Voice Quality – Each one has got a different voice. The quality of the
voice of a person cannot be changed but it can be improved to make a
good impression.
Analyze Your Voice Volume, speed of speaking
Accent and intonation—The rise and fall of the voice
conveys different emotions. A well planned and
balanced pitch to hold listener’s attention.
Speaking strategies /Techniques
Phonetic transcriptions are usually written in the
International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), in which each
English sound has its own symbol. It is a branch of
linguistic science. There are 26 alphabets in English
but there are 44 speech sounds. In English dictionaries,
phonetic transcriptions are necessary, because the
spelling of an English word does not suggest, how to
pronounce it.
Sound Symbols
Phonetic Transcription of words
Consonant sound-
Consonant Sound: A consonant sound is a speech
sound that is produced with stopped of air. The
voice or breath is consonant is partially hindered
by tongue, teeth and lips etc. There are 24
consonant sounds in English.
Vowel Sounds
Vowel Sound: A vowel sound is unobstructed in articulation by teeth, tongue
and lips. There are 20 vowels sound
Stress is an important feature of English language. Stress is the degree of
force with which we pronounce a sound. it means force, pressure or
emphasis.
Phonemes: A phoneme is the smallest contrastive unit in the sound system of
a language. It distinguishes one word from another. For ex—Sit and Sin can
be distinguishes on the basis of phonemes /t/and /n/,
/b/in big /p/in pig represents two different phonemes.
Words Different sound or phonemes
Bill/Pill /b/and/p/
Bed/Bat /d/and/t/
Allophones
Allophones: Allophones are a kind of phoneme that changes its
sound based on how a word is spelled. For example;
The /l/ sound is pronounced differently in 'love' and in 'wool'.
These two words contain allophones of the phoneme /l/.
The /t/ sounds in the words “hit,” “tip,” and “little” are differently
pronounced.
Diphthongs: Two vowel sounds that are pronounced together to
make one sound, for example the ‘ai’ sound in ‘fine’. A diphthong,
also known as a gliding vowel, is a combination of two adjacent
vowel sounds within the same syllable. Technically, a diphthong is a
vowel with two different targets: that is, the tongue moves during the
pronunciation of the vowel.
Allophones
Syllable
A syllable is a unit of organization for a sequence of speech sounds.
For example, the word water is composed of two syllables: wa and
ter. So each one-syllable word will be transcribed simply as
pronounced. , The words with one syllable are called monosyllabic
words like wise words with two syllables are known as disyllabic
words with more than two syllables should be known as
polysyllabic words.
Monosyllabic words: Read, Sharp, Stand, Shame etc
Disyllabic words: Acid, Active, Mobile, Factory etc
Polysyllabic words: Aeronautics, independent, introduce,
irresponsibility, examination etc
Intonation/Tone
Intonation/Tone: It refers to the rise and fall of the voice in speaking.
The tone of the voice shows the attitude of the speaker. Words like,
'tennis,' 'swimming,' and 'hiking' all rise in intonation. The ‘final
activity’, 'biking,' all fall in intonation.
There are three main tones:
Falling Tone
Rising Tone
Falling and Rising Tone
Falling Tone: When the speaker begins the sentence at high
tone and gradually falls in a falling tone. Ex. I am going.
Rising Tone: The pitch of our voice rises on the tonic syllable in
a rising tone. We used a rising tone in a polite questions,
conditional expressions, and polite request.
How is your study? [polite ]
Falling and Rising Tone: There is a change in the pitch from
high to low in a falling rising tone.
I don’t want to go to the party.
Below is the link of you tube video of intonation.
https://youtu.be/jNLp5HeOe7c
