GRADE 11& 12 ALL MAP WORK NOTES AND GIS J+ MAP WORK CALCULATIONS + Distance + Area + Gradient and its meaning + Magnetic declination , Magnetic bearing and their importance + Cross-section + Vertical exaggeration + Intervisibility + Free hand cross section + Contour line landforms + Definition and application of data integration, data layering buffering, remote sensing + Spatial and attribute data + Vector and Rasta data + Spatial resolution + Sources of data BASIC MAP WORK SKILLSMeee deals map paul Wd is pretation et on ithe ee eae Trhasa ees Sate reser en oa Ee Because of a larger map scale. Topoorapie map confor interval 2m * Shown using raster data where information on a map is represented in the information on a map is represented in the form of pixels, form of points, lines and polygons. eta of Height on a map - 2 Contour lines Spot height Trigonometrical station (trig-station 2[PageProper ways of joining points on amap a Map distance FORMULA: Distance = Map Distance x Map Scale D MD x MS. > Types of distance A a Curved line distance Straight line distance > Steps on how to calculate distance on a map [Link] down the formula 0 = MO x MS 2Measure the distance between the two points on the map in em A B Straight line distance [Link] the map distace with the correct scale. Calculating disatance from Calculating disatance a topographic map from orthophoto map * Calculting distance in | D =MDxMS D =MDxMS meters (m) =MD x 500 * Calculting distanc D =MDxMS D =MDxMS km =MD x 0,5 =MD x 0,1 3[PageNB THE MEASUREMENTS USED BELOW ARE NOT CORRECT ONES D =MDxMSs = 650mX0,1 0.65 4m FORMULAR: Area = Length x Breadth A= LxB ‘© Write down the formula As LxB ‘= Measure the Length and breadth then muttiply each by map scale (U =5em x MS) (8 =3cm xMS) + Now multiply the calculated Length x Breadth to calculate the area, Write the down the calculated area in m# or km? NB The length is always the longest side and breadth shortest side 4|PageQuestion’. Calculate the area covered by the recreaction area in the topgraphic map exract below. a. Calculate area in meters (m?) =(LxMS) X (8xMS) = (1,3emx 600) x (1, 1emx 500) A=(650m) x (550m) = 357 000m? b. Calculate area in kilometers (km?) A =LXB =(LxMS) % (BxMS) =(1,3emx 05) — (1,10m x 05) A= (065m) x_—_(0,55m) = 0,36km? Question 2._ Calculate the area demarcated area in the orthophoto map exract below. a. Calculate area in meters (m2) A=LXB =(LxMS) x (BxMS) = (6 5cmx 100) x (230m x 100) 50m) x (230m) 149 500m? b. Calculate mea in kilometers (km?) x (BxMS) x (0,23emx 0,1) x (0,23m) S|Page* Gradient determines how steep or a gentle a slope is. FORMULAR FOR CALCAULATING GRADIENT |GRADIENT = Vertical Interval (VI) OR Height (H) Horizontal Equivalent OR Distance (D) GeV HE VI or H is the difference in height between the two given points. (NB always use the value at the bottom for hieght] HE or Dis the distance between the two points. 1. Write down the formula: G , 0. 7 '2. Find the two points and join the two points. 3.7o calculate (VI) minus the smallest height from the biggest and write it with its unit = 173,6m -162m =11,6 m 4. Calculate HE, first by measuring the distance between the two points in cm. ‘Then convert the map distance from em to m| |S iemeans ByUsing the correct map scale). v= |b |} "55,2 cm x 500 [if using a topographic mapll both sia8°By the numerator/ top number eed — Lem, AL = 200m + 116m ~ 2241 5, Substitute the formula & divide 2G = 1:.224,13 (Write your answer as ratio NO UNITS) CALCULATING GRADIENT FROM THE ORTHOPHOTO MAP [Link] the gradient between spot height 1706and spot height 1656. (5) [Link] down the formula : G =" OR 2. Join the two points. [Link] calculate (VI) minus the smallest height from the biggest and write it with its unit. =1706m -1656m =50 m 4. Calculate HE/D, first by measuring distance ™ between the two points in cm. Then convert map distance from em to m using the correct map scale). HEM = MD x MS =4cm x 100[if using the orthophoto] =400m 5. Substitute the formula & divide both sides by the numerator/ top number. som + 50m 4 6|PageHow to interprete the meaning of the calculated gradient Steepness 4m 224.13m travelled horizontally on the ground 4122244 means that for every2241m travelled horizontally on the ground there isa steepness of im, Question; Which gardient is steeper between 1:224.1 and 1:8? SC er CR Cee ECR OCLs and the land become steeper compared to 224.13m. How to determine whether the slope of the calculated gradint is steep or gentle ERAS “] Gentle slope because contour line are far apart. if contour lines are closely packed. if contour lines are far apart. - Therefore the gradient 224.1 from the above map is gentle because contour lines are far apart.HOW TO DETERMINE DIRECTION OF AN OBJECT What is the direction of point A from B? + Join the two points with a ruler. + Locate the direction from the point where it is written from. ( draw the 8 cardinal points next to where it says from get an accurate direction). + The direction of point A from B is south west. ae mmelecamlctadeli) Ty -F Sa SO ety — ee Steps for measuring true bearing awe bearing accurately learners must be abl * Join the two points with a ruler * Draw the North line on the point where it says from. * Place the 0” of your protractor at the top of the North line and move your protector clockwise from 0°. * Read your bearing where the \inejoining And) touches the protector. NB. Measure the angle from the true-north line clockwise B[ PageMeasure the true bearing RSRHRGI=TEHERHIOS to trig station 381. Definition of concepts * Magnetic Declination (MD) is an angle between True (TN) and Magnetic North (MN), True North (TW) is'8 fixed point on the globe where all Tees Nath AUN. ise sped P va Exam RACE N magnetic declination and hy is it important to calculate the current magnetic dechnation? { Mins datscnie te conSaTiepietisl ket [Link] is the magnetic declination useful o Accurate to'a person using a map ona field trip? “Easy access of a Gestination using a compass «It determines the true north To calculate Magnetic bearing you must be able to lentify the following from a topographic ma ,ue.n _ [nformation from Stellenbosch map nod Mean magnetic declination 25° 03'W of True North (March 2015) Mean annual change 7’ Westwards (March 2015-FEB2016) Source from NOAA “National Geophysical Data Centre” * The year the map was made is..2015 [the correct year is the one at the top]. + The mean annual change and its direction is... 3’ West + The mean magnetic declination... 25 °03'West of Truth North 9|PageSTEPS OF CALCULATING MAGNETIC DECLINATION AND MAGNETIC BEARING. [Link] difference in years : Current year minus- year in which map was made. ‘2024-2015 =9 years '=7’ W [please also write the direction!) Differ in years x Mean annul change = Syrs x 7'W =63’W convert if 60 & above =1° 03'W. '[Link] Mean Magnetic declination :25° 03’West of True North (wat clas [Link] Mean annual change from map: [Link] Total Annual Change (TAC): 5 Calculate Magnetic Declination (MD): MMO &, TAC a canes eta a ' eee: eee MAGNETIC DECLINATION OR MD 26°_06’West of True North }[Link] True Bearing: 8° [Measure TB from the map] [Link] Magnetic Bearing (MB) Use All SEVEN Sté?s To CALCULATE =78° + 26° 06" | MAGNETIC BEARING. = 104° 06’West of True North Activity1: Bearing and magnetic bearing [Link] the true bearing from trig beacon 367 to trig beacon 366.___—__ [2] 2. Measure the true bearing from spot height 1284 to trigonometrical station 370. ia}3. Refer to the map clip worksheet and the information of magnetic bearing below. Calculate the current magnetic bearing from trig beacon 367 to trig beacon [Link] the following steps. ~ Mean magnetic declination 25° 03'W of True North (March 2015) Mean annual change 7’ Westwards (March 2015-FEB2016) Source from NOAA “National Geophysical Data Centre” (a)Difference in years: (b) Mean annual change (c)Total annual change: (a) Mean magnetic declination (e) Magnetic deciination: (f) True bearing (9) Magnetic bearing, COORDINATES + show the exact position of a place on a map. + When reading coordinates latitude comes first and longitude last. 2527CA RUSTENBURG (WEST) The above coordinates shows that Rustenburg West is located at 25° South of the Equator line of latitude and 27° East of the Greenwich Meridian longitude line. 25° 27’ 22” 25 degrees (°), 27 minutes('), 22 seconds (") [PageLatitude and longitude degrees + When locating the coordinates of a place, first find the latitude coordinates, followed by longitude coordinates. s OUT ERC ORIG 29° 00° PGR Peer AEE towards the SOUTH Cla 12|PageHow to locate latitude coordinates | A Locate the coordinates of trig station 97. 29° Foo! ai How to find the latitude coordinates 6° 4g, 2am _ Latitude in (°), minutes ('), seconds(“) p (1b Latitude:29° 45’ 22”S . x How to calculate seconds: /- [Link] the whole block distance towards _/ the southwards direction using mm =42mm [Link] the distance from the begging of the block to the given position =16mm 3. Simplify like this = x60 = 22" 42 How to locate longitude coordinates How to find the longitude coordinates Latitude in (°), minutes ('),seconds(“) Latitude:26° 00’ 32”E How to calculate seconds: ‘[Link] the whole box distance towards the astwards direction using mm =44mm [Link] the distance from the begging of the block to the given point =23mm \4 ay Simplify like this be & 60 =32" 44 13 [PageTYPES OF SLOPES Gentle slope: contour lines are far _| [Steep slope: contour lines closely packed apart. e.g. low land such asa valley. | |each other. e.g. upland, hill/mountain LEFF | Valley 14|[PageConcave and convex slope + Aconcave slope is steep at the top + Weonvexslope is gentle at the top and gentle at the bottom. and steep at the bottom. * Onamap contour lines are closely Ona map contour lines are far packed at the top and far apart at apart at the top and closely the bottom . packed at the bottom. Concave slope Cross section of concave and convex slopes Convex slope: Gentle at the top and Concave slope: steep at the steep the bottom top and gentle the bottom Stepped or terraced slope -when contour lines continue to be gentle or steep. 15 [PageUtilisation or uses of slopes Gentle slopes Steep slopes + Suitable for settlement + Not good for farming because because they are easy to dig.) they have thin infertile soils * Suitable for crop farming + Steep slopes are used for because they have fertile sheep and goat farming. soils. + They are used for tourist attraction e.g. mountains Cross-section + Across section is the side view of a land scape. Cross sections use contour lines to determine the height of a land scape. Vertical scale gp gtomgom, ‘Seale 50 000 16|PageWhat are contour lines? are lines joining places of the same height on a map. + Contour interval -the difference between two contour lines. + -Always determine the contour interval before drawing a cross- section. Steps on how to draw a cross section on a map [Link] the TWO point and join them. Then analyse the contour interval. a7 [PageSteps on how to draw a cross section on a map 1,Place a straight edge of paper along the two points and mark them a paper. [Link] every contour line that crosses the line and write it height on the paper Also mark features such as rivers, roads, cultivated land, dam, trig beacon etc. Hiking track Fem 5 Vertical, scale SH az Horizontal scale 1:50 000 ae Drawing a cross section between from point A to point B [Link] the VS and horizontal axis graph. Then plot the VS values by checking for the lowest and highest contour line value .e.g. since the contour lines values ranges between 880-960. 5, Place the marked edge of the paper along the HS. When the value on the edge of paper corresponds with the value on the VS mark the position with a cross [x] . Also highlight the identified features and name them. [Link] your points with your freehand. 18|PageCross section from point A to point B 2 E § g [Link] $H até Horizontal scale 1:50 000 How to draw a free hand cross section = Join the two given points and nalyse the contour lines or the height shown on the map. + If you know the land form draw its freehand cross- section. ys + Ifyou don’t know the landform check the height or contourlines and ask yourself: | am going to walk up or down? fs the slope steep Segentie? + The land form shown on the map is fl becauselt is steep sided with a fat top Mesa freehand cross section 19|PageHow landforms are shown by contour lines on a map/free hand cross sections ee Conicalhil- seep Pateau-soep ses | ess-sewpsodupand | Sut. seeped send ‘ound tha fat top Sided andlor wth a pointed top anes ill reehand DITA Passigapiporta deeplow | | Ridge-elongated high lying area “Saddle is low area between two up uplands. Ridge free hand ction be a ston (\LA 20|PageTHE VERTICAL EXAGGERATION + is the amount by which the vertical scale of a cross section is bigger than the horizontal scale. Formula Vertical exaggeration = Vertical Scale Horizontal Scale vs VE = HS Horizontal scale 1:50 000 Steps on how to calculate vertical exaggeration [Link] down the formula: VE = * HS 98 [Link] down both the VS and HS Then E| convert the VS to cm by multiplying it by 100. 6 W VS =1cem: 5m 5] 94 =1em: 8 =Lcm:500cM —ConertSmtocm bymulipingwth 100 | 20- HS = 1cm:50.000 Sens 00:500 > . 1,1 me a iE 0550000 88 [Link] and times by the HS x —1_. 50.000 Horizontal scale 1:50 000 BO A = 100 times 2i[Page* To determine intervisibility place aruler between the two points. + Between point A and B there is ecause there a low land that is not blocking your view. * Between point C and D therelis) ecause there an upland that block your view. GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM (' What is hical Information system or GIS? + is a. computer based system that is used to capture, analyse and store data that can be used to display geographical information. i + Planning how to build infrastructure such as roads and bridges. + Planning on how to build basic facilities such as schools, hospitals and houses. * To predict weather conditions such as a cold front and floods. + Used for disaster management such as floods, drought, fire etc. * Used to for census (counting population in a country). «Used to study rocks, slopes and soils + Used for conserving resources e.g. afforestation, Nature reserves, dams. + Used by farmers to check factors that influence farming. y 2|Pagesoftware Hardware [Component Function [Link] -information captured in the GIS system. “tools used to store captured information. COMPONEI OF GIS -Hardware| -computer or PC used for operating the GIS system. people Methods [Link] | -required to process the GIS system. 0) es ISmethoa | -Tules for operating the GIS system. Spectral resolution [Remote sensing Data | Buffering, Spatial resolution, Database Data layering ONCEP Date security Vector and rasta data RED Data capturing Spatial & attribute data Data querying {Data standardistion. {Data manipulation, Data intearation. 23 [PageDefinition of fifteen GIS concepts Data -collection of raw information. + Database-the storage of collected data + Data capturing- processing collected information + Data querying -retrieving of information from database + Data security-ways of protecting data e.a. password, software locking. + Data standardisation- these are standard common ways of data. For example: All topographic maps in South Africa are standardised because they have the same map scale 1: 50 000, contour interval etc. Importance of data standardisation + Tt makes easy access of accurate data. + It helps to compare collected data. * Data Integration-combining different sources of data. + Data layering-is the stacking of information on top of each. + Buffering-is the demarcation or marking on a geographical feature. + Remote sensing-is collecting information without being in physical contact the object. + Spatial_data-information about the location of geographical feature on a map. + Attribute data-descriptive information about the location of geographical feature ona map. + Vector data-spatial data shown in the form of points, lines and polygons. asta _data-spatial data shown in the form of pixels. + Resolution/ spatial resolution-is the level of clarity of a geographical feature. + Spectral resolution-the total wavelengths of an object that can be captured by satellite image sensors. GIS APPLICATION The following are used to explain the application of GIS * Data integration * Data layering * Buffering + Remote sensing * Spatial resolution 24 [PageApplication of data integration in GIS + Data integration-combining different sources of data QUESTION: A new shopping center wil be apened at your local town. Which layers of data can be integrated to prove that this place is suitable for developing a shopping center? Answer: * Ghee the population of customers who wil support the business for It to ‘make profit (check on the map for a build up area] + Check whether there is a good transport network transporting goods [check ‘on the map for a transport route such as a railway ,national freeway or route, arterial road, main road, secondary road etc.) * Check for a gentle slope or topography that is easy to bul on. (check for contour line Fay out on the map) + Check whether there is availability of water. [check for a dam/perennial water, water tower, reservoir, river the map} + Check whether there is availability a power system.{Check on the map fora power line] ACTIVITY 1: GIS components and uses TOTAL: 12 MARKS 1. Define the concept Geographical A Information System (GIS) 2) [Link] and complete the following table E a pesont ware! DORIS Ts sees seer aa ages OI: D C-method method a, im "es a : z 5 ae Class Work: GIS definitions [Link] the following GIS concepts a. Database b. Data capturing c. Data standardisation d. Data integration e. Rasta data e. Attribute data [Link] data g. data manipulation 25 [Pageh. data i. Spatial data i. Spectral resolution [10] GIS CONCEPTS: DATA LAYERING/THEMATIC LAYERING Data layering/ thematic layering + is stacking or placing of information on top of each other Application of data layering + when studying about floods when studying factors influencing farming when studying factors influencing the building of a new business center or a shopping mall when studying factors influencing the building of an educational institute or a health center. Sou Toe Bronce Question: Floods recently affected many areas in [Link] layers of data can be used to analyse the damage caused by floods. Damage of infrastructure such as roads [shown by roads, rail and power lines on a map. Loss of homes or property [ shown by built up area on amap] Destruction of vegetation by floods [shown by woodland and row of trees on a map} Damage of crops [shown by cultivated land on a map} increase in soil erosion [shown by cultivated land ona map} Destruction of habitat for wild life by floods [shown by woodland] shopping centre/ business location or town buildin + Availability of a good transport network + Availability of a water source * Availability of a good market or population to support business + Agentle slope that is suitable for construction + Availability of a power system 26 [Pageemul ae meme te Om + Availability of a good transport network + Compare the fees with other institutes + Compare the quality of education offered compared to other institutes + Research whether the institute offers the courses that match with your career ACTIVITY 1: DATA LAYERING EXAM QUESTION 1. What is data layering? 2 2. The area marked with dotted lines on the map strip was affected floods. Explain FOUR is of data layering to analyse the level of damage caused by the floods to this area [4x2] [8] BUFFERING AND ITS APPLICATION + Buffering is the demarcation or marking or of a Fencing an river, dam, buildings etc. Drawing a line around a feature. Drawing boundary lines that separate two places Planting a row of trees along a river, buildings, spots fields ete. Writing a warning board like, flood zone, NO TRESPASSING, NO ENTERING, HIGH ACCIDENT AREA, CONSTRUCTION AHEAD 27 [PageExamples of buffering Fencing a feature suchas a Drawing a circle around a map feature such as a dam jZ Panag river dam or forest J TS Fe ap WILD FLOWER CO ROWES ioe enn hark cunt cua) + Protecting a river or dam from disturbing human activities such as water pollution. To control swimming in a the river To stop people from building on flood risk areas or low land. To control flooding by placing sand bags or planting trees along the river bank. To sent a warning about such as floods, accident or construction taking pace To mark a distance between two objects e.g. marking of a social distance. [Link] to the map extract below and answer the GIS Qustions. 28|Page1.1 What is buffering? (2) 1.2 Draw a buffer zone to indicate a farm that is found on the eastern side of the map. [2] 1.3. List FOUR types of buffering that can be implemented as a buffer zone for Nuwejaarspruit river. [4x1] [4] 1.3. Explain the importance of buffering Nuwejaarspruit river. [3X2] [6] 29|PageREMOTE SENSING IN GIS + remote sensing is gathering information without being in physical contact with the object. i Sources of data using of remote sensing The following can be used to gather information without being in physical contact with the object; + satellite image +Drone aerial photographs + air balloon -digital maps. Examples of remote sensin 30|PageSatellite images and drone Passive remote sensi + Measure energy signals that are naturally emitted from the Earth towards the captured object. advantage + Less efficient because emitted energy can only be measured during day time . * Information can not be captured without sunlight. ‘When the system emit its own energy signals towards the captured object ‘Advantage Efficient because information can be collected during day or night Information can be collected in a dark space. Elecromagnatie wif emitted from the Earth Tectromagnetc waves emitted from the Earth Bi[PageUses of remote sensin Study about natural disasters Study about power SR Bil Agriculture Uses of remote sensing —Study climate and weather Research health and. education matters. Study topographylgradient- ‘Study deout types of industries Application of remote sensing in GIS QUESTION; Vyeboom in point A was affected by floods . How can remote sensing be applied to analyse the damage cause by floods Rate ANSWER; is Damage of infrastructure by floods such as roads: Loss of homes and property shown by built up area. Damage of vegetation shown by row of trees and wood lands. Damage of crops shown by cultivated land. Soil erosion crops shown by cultivated lend. Siltation of dams caused by soll erosion. 32|[PageACTIVITY: Remote sensing(GIS) 1. Define the concept remote sensing . [1] 2. Whatis the difference between active and passive remote sensing? (2) 3. Explain how remote sensing can assist the government in determining the following the following Geographical phenomena's Drought (6) Floods Topography NE Nee PN Len + Spatial data- is information about the location of a geographical feature on amap. + For example The Glen High is located in Pretoria East. Spatial data is divided into Vector and Rasta data + Attribute data is descriptive information about a geographic feature. + For example The Glen High is located along a gentle slope and close to a good transport network Application of Attribute data Sf. Question; Refer to the map clip and state c THREE attributes of data about Sir Lowry’s Pass. / + Itis located near good transport network located along a gentle slope. Located close to a water source 33 [PageWhat is vector data What is rasta data + is spatial data that is shown using J+ Is spatial data shown in the form of pixels, lines, points and polygons. or picture elements. * Datais represented shown using | * Represented using aerial photographs, tables. satellite images and digital models. + Information on the topographic map J+ Information on the on a orthophoto is is shown using vector data shown using vector data * is spatial data that is shown using lines, + Isspatialdata shown in the form of points and polygons. pixels or picture elements. ie Topographic map shown in the form of [Orthophoto map shown in the form vector data of rasta data. — 7 2 = - = S) 34[Page+ Vector data is shown in the |- Rasta data is shown in the form of tables. form of a pho’ hs Line features - form a line e.g. roads, power line, boundary, river, rail way line, hiking track. Point features form a point shape e.g. school, place of worship, hotel, police station, store, reservoir . Polygon features- form a shape e.g. build up area, buildings, recreational area, cultivated land, dam, woodland, cemetery, graveyards, mine dumps, excavation, golf course, orchard, protected area. 35 [PageSOURCES OF DATA Primary sources is first-hand data | Secondary sources is data collected directly from source. collected by someone interview ¥ questionnaire Y field trip ¥ satelites images ¥ observation v survey ¥ Air balloon Disadvantages of sources of data + Invalid information can be collected + Collected information might be unclear Polygon features: + Dam Buildings/ruins Cultivated land Wood lands 5-8 Line features: Sa # |: River 2 Power line " a7 f+ Other road f+ Contour line 9-10 Point features: ‘Spotheigt Reservoir a { < Ways of making data to be reliable + Data standardisation helps to share standard common data sources. + Data integration helps to combine and compare different sources. + Data manipulation helps to compare and correct information by re-arranging it. 36|Page37 [Page3B| Page+ Spatial resolution is the degree of clarity of a geographical feature. * Photograph A has a higher resolution. J+ Photograph B has a low resolution. * because it has more pixels that makes it |* because it has less pixels that make it clear. unclear or blurred. Photograph A Photograph B + The orthophoto has a high resolution because it is created using ariel photographs and it has a larger map scale. ‘The orthophoto is realistic when representing information because itis created Using ariel Photographs and it has a larger map scale. 39|Page