1. /*W.A.
P to Create the machine for Memory Reference Instructions with addressing mode I=0
(AND,ADD,LDA) */
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int program[]={0x1064, 0x21C8, 0x38F2};
int choice=0;
int fetch()
{
printf("\nEnter your choice");
printf("\n1 for AND");
printf("\n2 for ADD");
printf("\n3 for LDA");
printf("\nEnter your choice: ");
scanf("%d", &choice);
return program[--choice];
}
int instrnum=0;
int acc=0xA937;
int mar= 0;
int instr1=0;
void decode(int instr)
{
instr1=instr;
instrnum= (instr1&0xF000)>>12;
switch(instrnum)
{
case 0: printf("\nADD");
mar=(instr & 0xFFF);
acc=acc&mar;
printf("\n%x", acc);
break;
case 1: printf("\nADD");
mar= (instr&0xFFF);
acc=acc+mar;
printf("\n%x", acc);
break;
case 2: printf("\nLDA");
mar=(instr&0xFFF);
acc=mar;
printf("\n%x", acc);
break;
}
}
void run()
{
int instr= fetch();
printf("\nProgram for direct addressing, I=0");
printf("\nInstr is %x", instr);
decode(instr);
}
void main()
{
clrscr();
run();
getch();
}
2. /* W A P to Create the machine for Memory Reference Instructions with addressing mode I=0
(STA,BUN,BSA,ISZ) */
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int instr=0,acc=0xA937,DR=0,AR=0,instrnum;
int instr1,mar,PC;
clrscr();
printf("\nprogram for direct addressing, I=0");
printf("\nEnter 4xxx for STA");
printf("\nEnter 5xxx for BUN");
printf("\nEnter 6xxx for BSA");
printf("\nEnter 7xxx for ISZ ");
scanf("%x",&instr);
instr1=instr;
mar=(instr&0xFFF);
instrnum=(instr1 & 0xF000)>>12;
printf("THE instruction is %x",instrnum);
switch(instrnum)
{
case 4: printf("\n Store Accumulator(STA)");
mar=acc;
printf("\n Mar=%x",mar);
break;
case 5: printf("\n Branch Unconditionally(BUN)");
PC=AR;
break;
case 6: printf("\n Branch and Save Return Address(BSA)");
mar=PC;
PC=AR+1;
break;
case 7: printf("\n Increment and skip if zero(ISZ)");
DR=mar;
if(DR==0)
{
int PC=0x0022;
PC=PC+1;
}
else
DR=DR+1;
mar=DR;
printf("\n Now DR is %x",DR);
printf("\n Mar=%x",mar);
break;
}
getch();
}
3. /*W A P to Create the machine for Memory Reference Instructions
with addressing mode I=1 (AND,ADD,LDA) */
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int program[]={0x8064,0x91C8,0xA8F2};
int choice=0;
int fetch()
{
printf("\nEnter your choice ");
printf("\n0 for AND");
printf("\n1 for ADD");
printf("\n2 for LDA");
printf("\nEnter your choice ");
scanf("%d",&choice);
return program[choice];
}
int instrnum=0;
int dr=0;
int mar=0;
int acc=0xA937;
int operand[]={0x78A9,0xBE24,0x4DCA};
int instr1=0,ar;
void decode(int instr)
{
instr1=instr;
instrnum=(instr1&0xF000)>>12;
switch(instrnum)
{
case 8:printf("\nADD");
ar=(instr&0xFFFF);
mar=operand[0];
printf("\nOperand at address %x is %x",ar,mar);
dr=mar;
acc=acc&dr;
printf("\n%x",acc);
break;
case 9: printf("\nADD");
ar=(instr&0xFFF);
mar=operand[1];
printf("\nOperand at address %x is %x",ar,mar);
dr=mar;
acc=acc+dr;
printf("\n%x",acc);
break;
case 10:printf("\nLDA");
ar=(instr&0xFFF);
mar=operand[2];
printf("\noperand at address %x is %x",ar,mar);
dr=mar;
acc=dr;
printf("\n%x",acc);
}
}
void run()
{
int instr=fetch();
printf("\nProgram for Indirect addressing ,I=1");
printf("\nInstr is %x",instr);
decode(instr);
}
void main()
{
clrscr();
run();
getch();
}
4. /*W A P to Create the machine for Memory Reference Instructions
with addressing mode I=1 (STA,BUN,BSA,ISZ) */
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int operand[]={0x78A9, 0xBE24, 0x4DCA, 0x56C7};
int acc=0xA937;
int dr=0;
int ar=0;
int pc=0x222;
int instr1;
int instr=0, instrnum, mar;
instr1=instr;
clrscr();
printf("\nProgram for indirect addressing I=1");
printf("\nEnter Bxxx for STA");
printf("\nEnter Cxxx for BUN");
printf("\nEnter Dxxx for BSA");
printf("\nEnter Exxx for ISZ ");
scanf("%x", &instr);
ar=(instr1&0xF000)>>12;
printf("The instruction is %x", instrnum);
switch(instrnum)
{
case 11: printf("\nStore Accumulator(STA)");
ar=(instr&0xFFF);
mar=acc;
printf("\nMar=", mar);
break;
case 12: printf("\Branch Unconditionally(BUN)");
ar=(instr&0xFFF);
mar=operand[1];
mar=pc;
pc=ar+1;
break;
case 13: printf("\nBranch and Save Return Address(BSA)");
ar=(instr&0xFFF);
mar=operand[2];
mar=pc;
pc=ar+1;
break;
case 14: printf("\nIncreament and skip if zero(ISZ)");
ar=(instr&0xFFF);
mar=operand[2];
dr=mar;
if(dr==0)
{
pc=pc+1;
}
else
dr=dr+1;
mar=dr;
printf("\Now DR is %x", dr);
printf("\nMar=%x", mar);
break;
}
getch();
}
5. /*W A P to Create the machine for Register Reference Instructions
(CLA,CMA,CLE,CME,CIR,CIL,INC) */
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int program[]={0x7800, 0x7400, 0x7200, 0x7100, 0x7080, 0x7040, 0x7020};
int choice=0;
int acc=0xA937;
int mar=0;
int instr1=0;
int E=0x0001;
int fetch()
{
printf("\n Enter ur choice");
printf("\n 1 for CLA");
printf("\n 2 for CLE");
printf("\n 3 for CMA");
printf("\n 4 for CME");
printf("\n 5 for CIR");
printf("\n 6 for CIL");
printf("\n 7 for INC ");
scanf("%d", &choice);
return program[--choice];
}
void decode(int instr)
{
int rem=0,bin=0,dci,cpy,base=1;
instr1=instr;
printf("\ninstr1 is %x ",instr);
mar=(instr1 & 0x0FFF);
printf("\nmar is %x ",mar);
cpy=mar;
while(cpy>0)
{
rem=cpy%16;
bin=bin+rem*base;
cpy=cpy/16;
base=base*10;
}
printf("\nhexadecimal value of mar is %x",bin);
switch(bin)
{
case 800:
{
printf("\n (CLA) Clear Accumulator ");
acc=0;
printf("\n The accumulator has been cleared and has becomne %x ", acc);
}
break;
case 400:
{ printf("\n (CLE) Clear E ");
E=0;
printf("\n The E has been cleared and has become %x ", E);
}
break;
case 200:
{ printf("\n (CMA) Complement Accumulator ");
acc=~acc;
printf("\n The complemented value of accumulator is %x ", acc);
}
break;
case 100:
{ printf("\n (CME) Complement E ");
E=~E;
printf("\n The complemented value of accumulator is %x ", E);
}
break;
case 80:
{ printf("\n (CIR) Circulate right ");
acc=acc>>1;
E=acc & 0x0001;
printf("\n The value of accumulator after circulate right is %x ", acc);
printf("\n The value of E ie. ACC(0) after circulate right is %x ", E);
}
break;
case 40:
{ printf("\n (CIL) Circulate left ");
acc=acc<<1;
E=acc & 0x8000;
printf("\n The value of accumulator after circulate is %x ", acc);
printf("\n The value of E ie. ACC(15) after circulate is %x ", E);
}
break;
case 20:
{ printf("\n (INC) increment AC ");
acc=acc+1;
printf("\n The value of after increment is %x " , acc);
}
break;
}
}
void run()
{
int instr=fetch();
printf("\n Progream to create machine for\n the register reference instructions\n CLA, CLE,
CMA, CIR, CIL and INC ");
printf("\n Instr is %x ", instr);
decode(instr);
}
void main()
{
clrscr();
run();
getch();
}
6. /*Program to create machine for the register reference instruction
SPA,SNA,SZA,SZE,HLT */
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<process.h>
int program[]={0x7010, 0x7008, 0x7004, 0x7002, 0x7001};
int choice=0;
int fetch()
{
printf("\n Enter ur choice");
printf("\n 1 for SPA");
printf("\n 2 for SNA");
printf("\n 3 for SZA");
printf("\n 4 for SZE");
printf("\n 5 for HLT ");
scanf("%d", &choice);
return program[--choice];
}
int acc=0xA937;
int ac=(acc&0x8000)>>15;
int mar=0x000;
int pc=0x022;
int instr1=0;
int E=0x0001;
void decode(int instr)
{
instr1=instr;
mar=(instr1 & 0x0FFF);
switch(mar)
{
case 0x010:
printf("\n (SPA) Skip if positive ");
if(ac==0)
pc=pc+1;
printf("\n The content of pc is %x ", pc);
break;
case 0x008:
printf("\n (SNA) Skip if negative ");
if(ac==1)
pc=pc+1;
printf("\n The new content of pc is %x ", pc);
break;
case 0x004:
printf("\n (SZA) Skip if ACC is zero ");
if(acc==0)
pc=pc+1;
printf("\n The new content of pc is %x ", pc);
break;
case 0x002:
printf("\n (SZE) Skip if E is zero ");
if(E==0)
pc=pc+1;
printf("\n The new content of pc is %x ", pc);
break;
case 0x001:
printf("\n (HLT) Halt ");
exit(1);
break;
}
}
void run()
{
printf("\n Progream to create machine for\n the register reference instructions\n");
int instr=fetch();
printf("\n Instr is %x ", instr);
decode(instr);
}
void main()
{
clrscr();
run();
getch();
}
7.
/*W A P to Create the machine for Input-Output Instructions
*/
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int choice=0;
int fetch()
{
printf("\n Enter ur choice");
printf("\n 1 for INP");
printf("\n 2 for OUT");
printf("\n 3 for SKI");
printf("\n 4 for SKO");
printf("\n 5 for ION");
printf("\n 6 for IOF ");
scanf("%d", &choice);
return choice;
}
int acc=0xA937;
int INPR=0xB8F2;
int PC=0x022;
int FGI=1;
int FGO=1;
int OUTR=0;
int IEN=0;
void decode(int instrcode)
{
switch(instrcode)
{
case 1:
printf("\n (INP) Input character ");
if(FGI==1)
{
acc=INPR;
FGI=0;
}
printf("\n The new content of accumulator will be %x",acc);
break;
case 2:
printf("\n (OUT) Output character ");
if(FGO==1)
{
OUTR=acc;
FGO=0;
}
printf("\n The new content of output register(OUTR)will be %x",OUTR);
break;
case 3:
printf("\n(SKI) Skip on Input flag ");
if(FGI==1)
{
PC=PC+1;
}
printf("\nThe new value of PC will be %x",PC);
break;
case 4:
printf("\n(SKO) Skip on Output Flag ");
if(FGO==1)
{
PC=PC+1;
}
printf("\nThe new value of PC will be %x ",PC);
break;
case 5:
printf("\n(ION) Interrupt On");
IEN=1;
printf("\nThe value of Interrupt now is ON an the value of IEN is %d ",IEN);
break;
case 6:
printf("\n(IOF) Interrupt Off ");
IEN=0;
printf("\nThe value of Interrupt now is OFF and value of IEN is %d",IEN);
break;
}
}
void run()
{
int instrcode=fetch();
printf("\n Progream to create machine for\n the input output instructions\n OUT,SKI,SKO,ION,
and IOF ");
decode(instrcode);
}
void main()
{
clrscr();
run();
getch();
}
8. /*W A P to Create the machine for Register Reference Instructions
(CLA,CMA,CLE,CME,CIR,CIL,INC) */
#include<conio.h>
#include<stdio.h>
int program[]={0x7800,0x7400,0x7200,0x7100,0x7080,0x7040,0x7020};
int choice=0;
int fetch()
{
printf("\nEnter your choice");
printf("\n1 for CLA");
printf("\n2 for CLE");
printf("\n3 for CMA");
printf("\n4 for CME");
printf("\n5 for CIR");
printf("\n6 for CIL");
printf("\n7 for INC");
printf("\nEnter your choice ");
scanf("%d",&choice);
return program[--choice];
}
int acc=0xA937;
int mar=0x0000;
int instr1=0;
int E=0x0001;
int PC=0x022;
void decode(int instr)
{
instr1=instr;
mar=(instr1 & 0x0FFF);
switch(mar)
{
case 0x800 : printf("\n (CLA) Clear Accumulator");
acc=0;
printf("\n The accumulator has been cleared and has become %x",acc);
break;
case 0x400 : printf("\n (CLE) Clear E");
E=0;
printf("\n The E has been cleared and has become %x",E);
break;
case 0x200 : printf("\n (CMA) Complement Accumulator");
acc=~acc;
printf("\n The complemented value of accumulator is %x",acc);
break;
case 0x100 : printf("\n (CME) Complement E");
E=~E;
printf("\n The compiemented value of E is %x",E);
break;
case 0x80 : printf("\n (CIR) Circulate right");
E=acc & 0x0001;
printf("\n The value of accumulator after circulate right is %x",acc);
printf("\nThe value of E ie. ACC(0) after circulate right is %x",E);
break;
case 0x40 : printf("\n (CIL) Circulate left");
acc=acc<<1;
E=acc & 0x8000;
printf("\n The value of accumulator after circulate left is %x",acc);
printf("\n The value of E ie. ACC(15) after circulate left is %x",E);
break;
case 0x20 : printf("\n (INC) Increment AC");
acc=acc+1;
printf("\n The value of accumulator after increment is %x",acc);
break;
}
}
void run()
{
int instr=fetch();
printf("\n program to simulate the machine to determine the contents");
printf("\n Instr is %x",instr);
decode(instr);
}
void main()
{
clrscr();
run();
getch();
}
9. /*program to simulate a machine for the register reference instructions
SPA,SNA,SZA,SZE,HLT */
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<stdio.h>
#include<process.h>
int program[]={0x7010,0x7008,0x7004,0x7002,0x7001};
int choice=0;
int fetch()
{
printf("\nEnter your choice");
printf("\n1 for SPA");
printf("\n2 for SNA");
printf("\n3 for SZA");
printf("\n4 for SZE");
printf("\n5 for HLT");
printf("\nEnter your choice ");
scanf("%d",&choice);
return program[--choice];
}
int acc=0xA937;
int ac=(acc & 0x8000)>>15;
int mar=0x0000;
int instr1=0;
int E=0x0001;
int pc=0x022;
void decode(int instr)
{
instr1=instr;
mar=(instr1 & 0x0FFF);
switch(mar)
{
case 0x010 : printf("\n (SPA) Skip if positive");
if(acc==0)
{
pc=pc+1;
}
printf("\n The new content of pc is %x",pc);
break;
case 0x008 : printf("\n (SNA) Skip if negative");
if(acc==1)
{
pc=pc+1;
}
printf("\n The new content of pc is %x",pc);
break;
case 0x004 : printf("\n (SZA) Skip if ACC is zero");
if(acc==0)
{
pc=pc+1;
}
printf("\n The new content of pc is %x",pc);
break;
case 0x100 : printf("\n (SZE) Skip if E is zero");
if(E==0)
{
pc=pc+1;
}
printf("\n The new content of pc is %x",pc);
break;
case 0x001 : printf("\n (HLT) Halt");
exit(0);
}
}
void run()
{
printf("\n program to simulate a machine for the register reference instructions
SPA,SNA,SZA,SZE and HLT");
int instr=fetch();
printf("\n Instr is %x",instr);
decode(instr);
}
void main()
{
clrscr();
run();
getch();
}
10. /*W A P to Create the machine for Memory Reference Instructions
with I=0 at 022 in RAM,AC with A937 */
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int program[]={0x1064, 0x21C8, 0x38F2,0x4C34,0x567D,0x6E32,0x7B6A};
int choice=0,PC,AR=0,DR=0;
int instrnum=0;
int acc=0xA937;
int mar= 0;
int instr1=0;
int fetch()
{
printf("\nEnter your choice");
printf("\n1 for AND");
printf("\n2 for ADD");
printf("\n3 for LDA");
printf("\n4 for STA");
printf("\n5 for BUN");
printf("\n6 for BSA");
printf("\n7 for ISZ ");
printf("\nEnter your choice ");
scanf("%d", &choice);
return program[--choice];
}
void decode(int instr)
{
instr1=instr;
instrnum= (instr1&0xF000)>>12;
switch(instrnum)
{
case 1: printf("\nADD");
mar=(instr & 0xFFF);
acc=acc&mar;
printf("\n%x", acc);
break;
case 2: printf("\nADD");
mar= (instr&0xFFF);
acc=acc+mar;
printf("\n%x", acc);
break;
case 3: printf("\nLDA");
mar=(instr&0xFFF);
acc=mar;
printf("\n%x", acc);
break;
case 4: printf("\n Store Accumulator(STA)");
mar=acc;
printf("\n Mar=%x",mar);
break;
case 5: printf("\n Branch Unconditionally(BUN)");
PC=AR;
printf("\nNow PC is %x ",PC);
printf("\nNow AR is %x ",AR);
break;
case 6: printf("\n Branch and Save Return Address(BSA)");
mar=PC;
printf("\nNow AR is %x ",AR);
PC=AR+1;
printf("\nNow PC is %x ",PC);
break;
case 7: printf("\n Increment and skip if zero(ISZ)");
DR=mar;
if(DR==0)
PC=PC+1;
else
DR=DR+1;
mar=DR;
printf("\n Now DR is %x",DR);
printf("\n Mar=%x",mar);
break;
}
}
void run()
{
int instr= fetch();
printf("\nProgram for direct addressing, I=0");
printf("\nInstr is %x", instr);
printf("\nnow checking the instruction for opcode type ");
decode(instr);
}
void main()
{
clrscr();
run();
getch();
}
