Question forms Direct questions There are Yes/No (where we expect the answer yes or 70) questions and Wh- questions. AYesINo questions FORM With be, have (got) and modal verbs like may, can, could, would and should, we form the question by changing the order of the subject and the verb, Has he got a new job? Would you like to work here? With other verbs we use do, does, did + subject + infinitive Do you enjoy your job? Does she work in an office? Did she get the job? B Wh- questions (beginning Who, Whose, What, Where, ‘When, Whose, Why, Which and How) FORM We form the questions with Wh- question word + aunilary + subject + main verb Who is the manager of this company? What does she do? Why was she here? Whose desk is this? Where cioes she work? When does she start work every morning? Which department does he work in? If the question word itself is the subject of the question, we do not use the auxiliary and we don't change the order of che subject and the verb. The word order isthe same as itis for statements What scares you? Who did he go to the party with? Compare: Who saw the film last night? (question about the subject) What do you have for breakfast? (question about the object) Indirect questions FORM For indirect questions the word order is the same as its for scatements. We don’t use the auxiliary and we don't change the ‘order of the subject and the verb, Could you tell me where the library is? For indirect yes/no questions, we use if or whether. Could you tell me if this isthe train for Birmingham? Three common ways of starting indirect questions are: Could you tell me how old you are? (How old ate you?) 1d like to know whether you have experience of working in a team, (Do you have experience of working ina team?) Do you mind telling me how old you are? (How old are you?) USE We use indirect questians For more formal or polite occasions. What is your job? (direct) ‘Cadi caer tall aan ehust wen iob eb tnndinects Present perfect FORM 1 Positive starements, haveshas + past participle 2 Negative statements hhavefhas not + past participle 3 Questions Have you/she/they, etc, + past participle USE We use the present perfect: 1 to talk about experience This means the things that have happened at some time it ‘our lives. We are focusing on what happened rather than exactly when it happened. Compare: She's been to America (present perfect) She went to America two years ago. (past simple) 2. to talk about situations chat have continued from some ti inthe past until now She has spent most of her life in Landon. (she is still in London) 3 totalk about recent events. She has had two job interviews this week.Unit 05 Comparison There are three types of comparison. We can compare things: A co ahiigher degree (comparative form + than) Moscow is bigger than Edinburgh. B to the same degree (as + adjective + a3) Moscow is as big as London C toa lower degree (less + adjective + than) Edinburgh is less expensive than Moscow. FORM One-syllable adjectives ‘Add -er to form the comparative and -est to form the superlative. It is faster to travel by train than by bus This isthe fastest train in Europe. With adjectives that end in a vowel + consonant, double the consonant. big — bigger ~ biggest With adjectives that end in -e, add -rand -st. Jate ~ later ~ latest Two-syllable adjectives Use more and most with two syllable adjectives. This book is more interesting than that one. Jenny is the most careful driver | know. With two syllable adjectives ending in -y, replace -y with +i easy - easier — easiest Three-syllable adjectives Use more and most with three syllable adjectives. | think Paris is more beautiful than London. She is the most important person in the company. Irregular comparative and superlative adjectives These are the most common irregular forms: good ~ better ~ best bad ~ worse — worst far ~ further ~ furthest Emphasis We can use expressions easily, much, a litte bit far, slightly to add emphasis to comparative forms The food here is far cheaper than in the supermarket, We can use expressions such as easily and by far to add emphasis to superlative forms This easily the best restaurant in the area We can use nowhere near as to emphasise not as... as. Itis nowhere near as hot this summer as it was last yearUnit 07 Present perfect with for and since We can use for with the present perfect and past simple. We use since with the present perfect (not the past simple). For We use for when we want to say how long something has lastec She's had the same tennis coach for ten years. Since We use since when we want to say when something started I've haven't missed a match since 2004. Real conditionals We use real conditionals to describe a possible situation in the present or in the future. Zero conditional FORM If + present simple + present simple in the main clause USE We use zero conditional to talk about something that is generally true. If you take regular exercise, you keep fit and healthy. First conditional FORM If + present simple + will for future in the main clause USE We use the first conditional to talk about a possible situation in the future. If you concentrate better during the game you'll win. Unless We use unless to say that something will only happen if something else happens. We can use it in positive and negative sentences You can use the racket unless Nicky needs it. We won't be able to finish unless we get some help.Unit O6 Present perfect with just, yet, already We use just, yet and already with the present pesfect (noc the past simple). Just Just means something happened a short time ago. It comes before the main verb. ve just made some coffee, Would you like a cup? Yet Yet means ‘until now’ and shows that the speaker expects something to happen It comes at the end of the sentence, usually in questions and negative sentences. We haven't decided where to go on holiday yet. Have you decided where to go on holiday yet? Already Already means something happened soorer than expected. It comes before the main verb ‘A: Are you going to the supermarket ths afternoon? B: No, Ive already been. Future forms FORMS will + infinitive without to ‘going to + infinitive without to Present continuous Present simple uses Talking about plans 1 We use going to + infinitive without toto talk about decisions made before the moment of speaking (plans and intentions). ve fnally made up my mind what to do next year. tim going to travel to South America Note: We cannot use will + infinitive without to in this case. 2. We use the present continuous to talkabout arrangements (chings that have already been decided), usually involving someone else Im playing tennis with Jeff on Friday evening. Note: We cannot use will + infinitive without to in this case 3 We use will + infinitive without to to talk about decisions rade at the moment of speaking (sudden decisions) A:My rucksack’ got a big hole init. need to buy a new one. B: Don't do that. Il end you mine. 4 Weuse the present simple to talk about timetables and programmes ur flight to Rome leaves Heathrow at 15.30. Making predictions 1 We use going to + infnisve without co for predicting ‘something chat we can see, feel or hear some evidence about now. We use this to talk about predictions based on evidence Look at the sky It’s going to rain, (Ian see the clouds) Note: We cannot use the present continuous in this case 2. We use wil + infinitive without to to precict something that ‘we know or believe, We use this to talk about predictions based on our own opinion Argentina will be quite cold in May. (\ think this because | read the information in a guide book)Unit 0} Quantifiers We use different quantifiers with countable and uncountable nouns: Some ‘We use some with plural countable and uncountable nouns in positive statements. There are some bags. There is some luggage. Any We use any with plural countable nouns and uncountable ‘nouns in negative statements and questions. There aren't any apples. There isn’t any bread. Are there any apples? Is there any bread? Alittle and much We use a litle and much with uncountable nouns. We use a little in positive statements and much in negative statements and questions. There's a little milk in the fridge ‘There isn't much food left How much bread is there? A few and many We use a few and many with countable nouns. We use a few in positive statements and many in negative statements and questions There are a few biscuits in the tin. ‘There aren't many biscuits. How many biscuits are there in the tin? Note: We don't normally use much and many in positive sentences. It is more usual to use a lo! of There isa lot of traffic. There are a lot of things to do in London. Articles Indefinite article We use the indefinite article, a/an: 1 with single countable nouns mentioned for the first time ive in a big city. 2 with quantihers a few/a lot of There were a few people on the beach. There are a lot of shops in the town centre. 3. before a noun that is one of many. Can | have a glass of water? Definite article We use the defrrite article, the: 1 with previously mentioned nouns am reading @ great book about Russia. You can read the book after me if you want. 2 when there is only one of something | would love to go to the North Pole! 3 before a particular date or period of time. Her birthday is on the third of April. | like music from the 1960s. Zero article We use zer0 article (no article} 1 with uncountable nouns and plural nouns when we are talking about something in general I ike coffee but | don't like tea She never eats vegetables. 2. before a specific year of month She was born in 196 He starts a new job in April. 3 for most streets, cities, counties, languages names and meals, I live in Green Street. They moved to Birmingham last year. She speaks French and German. Note: We use the with plural and compound nouns: the USA, the UK, the Philippines.Unit 03 Adverbs of frequency ‘We use adverbs of frequency to say how often something happens. We can use a word or a phrase: always, usualy, often sometimes, occasionally, rarely, hardly ever, never, every Sunday, once a week, every day. Adverbs of frequency usually come: 1 after auxiliary verbs (eg, do/have) | don't usually drink coffee in the evenings. They have often visited mein the summer. 2 alter be She is always friendly and sociable. am usually at home on Sundays. 3. before other verbs. She sometimes travels to work by bus. They hardly ever go to the cinema. Note: Usually, often, sometimes and occasionally can come at the beginning or the end of a clause Usually my mother makes dinner in the evenings. | caok for the family sornetimes. Always and never don't come at the beginning or at the end + aclause, J always go shopping at weekends. He never cleans his room. Past simple FORM Verb + -ed (remember there are many irregular verb forms) USE We use the past simple 7 to talk about events in the past which are now finished He travelled to Spain last summer. | saw the film Shrek 3 last night. 2 to talk about situations and states in the past. Our house overlooked a big park. | was frightened of spiders when | was a child. Used to (past habits and states) FORM 1 Positive statements used to + infinitive 2 Negative statements didnt + use to + infinitive 3 Questions Did you/she/they, etc, use to + infinitive USE We use used to (0 talk about something which doesn't happen anymore, or a situation which doesn't exist anymore, | used to play tennis but now | don't. They didn't use to like living in the city but now they do. She used to work in an office but now she works in a school