Electronics design for biomedical instrumentation
(Corso di Laurea Magistrale in Ingegneria Elettronica e Ingegneria Biomedica)
Applications of electronics technologies in medicine and biology:
Biomedical instrumentation (traditional and innovative) based on acquisition (sensors), amplification (circuits) and processing (systems) of electrical signals with biological origin Imaging systems for medical diagnostic employ detectors (solid state), integrated circuits (VLSI) and processing systems (ex. DSP) for the acquisition and the processing of large quantities of information Bioelectronics: advanced and multi-disciplinary applications of combined electronics and biology/medicine (bio-labs on chip, acquisition/stimulus of cellular electrical signals, electronics prosthesis)
Electronics Design for Biomedical Instrumentation Prof. Carlo Fiorini
Purpose of the course:
provide a basic knowledge of the most significant use of sensors, circuits, electronics systems in the biomedical field Tipologies of addressed topics
Conventional and advanced instrumentation for the analysis of signals of biological origin The method
Systems for medical imaging based on the use of radiation (X and gamma rays)
Recall of the basic principles analysis and design of the electronics (analog and digital) employed in the instrumentation and a special look on applications of microelectronics to biomedicine
Electronics Design for Biomedical Instrumentation Prof. Carlo Fiorini
Course program:
I part: Electronics for acquisition and processing of biological signals
Origin of biological signals. Electrodes and sensors. Circuits for the amplification and filtering of signals. Application: the electrocardiograph. Amplifier for bio-potentials: noise, insulation, rejection of common-mode and interferences, ... design examples. Instrumentation amplifiers. Implantable bio-medical devices: The pacemaker: working principles, batteries, amplifiers, pulse generators, telemetry. Special topics on the Pacemaker, low-power amplifiers for bio-signals (articles on course web site). Selected applications of microelectronics to bio-medicine: prosthesis for artificial vision.
Electronics Design for Biomedical Instrumentation Prof. Carlo Fiorini
II part:
Detectors and electronics for medical imaging systems
Basics on medical imaging. Radiographic and tomographic systems. Figures of merit. Examples of applications. Interaction of X and radiation with matter. X generators . Radioactive emitters and +. Fundamentals on detectors for X and rays. Detectors for medical imaging. The Gamma Camera. Electronics for digital radiography. Electronics for SPECT and PET. Electronics for medical imaging: - integrated front-end for detectors, electronics noise - examples of analog processing of signals - circuits for timing (PET)
Electronics Design for Biomedical Instrumentation Prof. Carlo Fiorini
Informations about the course
Lecturer: Prof. Carlo Fiorini tel: 3733 email:
[email protected] web: www.elet.polimi.it docenti Fiorini receivability: Wed 14.30-16.30 or on appointment lectures + exercises + seminars
Course org. :
Course material: slides of the lectures available on web (with password) in addition: articles, application notes, texts.. Bibliography: Books for consultation:
Medical Instrumentation: Application and Design, J.G.Webster, John Wiley and Sons, 1998 Design of Cardiac Pacemakers, J.G.Webster, IEEE, disponibile su web Radiation Detection and Measurement, 3rd ed., Glenn Knoll, John Wiley and Sons The Physics of Medical Imaging S.Webb, Taylor & Francis, 1988 Medical Imaging: Principles, Detectors and Electronics, Krzysztof Iniewski, Wiley, 2009
Exam:
Oral exam only. In the first two dates (Feb./Mar.) with possibility of choice of the date in a list with about 20 days, for the other dates, in the official day only.
Electronics Design for Biomedical Instrumentation Prof. Carlo Fiorini
Other opportunities
Opportunity of learning design software for integrated circuits design (Cadence) Not mandatory One general lecture + one practice session (3 hours). Organize groups of 3-5 students each. Five groups maximum. Calendar of practice sessions to be organized soon (Mon or Tue at 2.30pm). Opportunity for Thesis List of topics for thesis on the web General presentation of the thesis early November call for thesis starting in the II semester (March 2012) already open
Electronics Design for Biomedical Instrumentation Prof. Carlo Fiorini
The course is held for the first time in English:
Be patient and please do not esitate to ask if you do not understand my fluent Oxford English
Electronics Design for Biomedical Instrumentation Prof. Carlo Fiorini
Biomedical instrumentation
Electronics Design for Biomedical Instrumentation Prof. Carlo Fiorini
The biological potentials
voltmeter cell membrane microelectrode placed inside the cell microelectrode placed outside the cell
Electronics Design for Biomedical Instrumentation Prof. Carlo Fiorini
The action potential
Na+ channels open Other Na+ channels open Na+ channels closed K+ channels open K+ channels closed
Membrane potential (mV)
Threshold
Time
Electronics Design for Biomedical Instrumentation Prof. Carlo Fiorini
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The bio-potentials in the heart
Electronics Design for Biomedical Instrumentation Prof. Carlo Fiorini
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Pacemaker potential (mV)
T II 0 Slope 60 85 Time 0 IV
Heart rate = 1 T
Threshold potential
Maximal diastolic potential (MDP)
Electronics Design for Biomedical Instrumentation Prof. Carlo Fiorini
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Measurement of bio-potentials
Electronics Design for Biomedical Instrumentation Prof. Carlo Fiorini
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The electrocardiograph
I + aVL +
II
III
aVR
aVF
V1
WCT WCT + + + V5
PR interval 0.180.2 s
R
V3
ST segment
0.110.16 s
T U
J Q
ST interval
S
QT interval 0.280.43 s
WCT
Electronics Design for Biomedical Instrumentation Prof. Carlo Fiorini
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Instrumentation amplifier
(V+- V-) (1+2R2/R1)
V+ V+ V-
V-
Electronics Design for Biomedical Instrumentation Prof. Carlo Fiorini
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Example: rejection of common mode
Vcm = idb RLv/ (1+2Rf/Ra)
Electronics Design for Biomedical Instrumentation Prof. Carlo Fiorini
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Electronics for implantable prosthesis (pacemaker)
Electronics Design for Biomedical Instrumentation Prof. Carlo Fiorini
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Sensing unit Lead
Power source Control unit Pulse generator
Electronics Design for Biomedical Instrumentation Prof. Carlo Fiorini
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Pacemaker low-power (1.5V, 100nA) readout circuits (1)
Electronics Design for Biomedical Instrumentation Prof. Carlo Fiorini
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Pacemaker readout circuits (2)
Electronics Design for Biomedical Instrumentation Prof. Carlo Fiorini
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Switched capacitors amplifiers
1 V2 Ci V1 1 nTT 1 2
ON OFF
Cf
Vi = V1-V2
Vo +
I = VifCi Reff = Vi/I = 1/fCi Vo = I 1/jCf = VifCi/jCf
2 nT nTT/2
OFF
ON
Vo C 1 = i Vi Cf jT
Electronics Design for Biomedical Instrumentation Prof. Carlo Fiorini
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Pulses generators (with V > Vsupply)
(a)
+Vbat + 0
+Vbat
Vbat Cp Co
0
Rbat Phase I (b)
+ Vout -
IL
+Vbat
+Vbat +Vbat 0
+ Vbat
Vout=+2Vbat
IL
0
Cp Co
-Vbat
Rbat Phase II
+ Vout -
-Vbat
-Vbat
Electronics Design for Biomedical Instrumentation Prof. Carlo Fiorini
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Artificial vision
Electronics Design for Biomedical Instrumentation Prof. Carlo Fiorini
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Multiple Unit Artificial Retina Chipset (MARC)
Electronics Design for Biomedical Instrumentation Prof. Carlo Fiorini
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Electronics Design for Biomedical Instrumentation Prof. Carlo Fiorini
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Electronics Design for Biomedical Instrumentation Prof. Carlo Fiorini
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Diagnostic systems for medical imaging based on X and rays
Electronics Design for Biomedical Instrumentation Prof. Carlo Fiorini
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The X rays
Electronics Design for Biomedical Instrumentation Prof. Carlo Fiorini
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X rays generators
Electronics Design for Biomedical Instrumentation Prof. Carlo Fiorini
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Digital radiography
Electronics Design for Biomedical Instrumentation Prof. Carlo Fiorini
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Electronics Design for Biomedical Instrumentation Prof. Carlo Fiorini
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Detectors for digital radiography
indirect conversion
direct conversion
Electronics Design for Biomedical Instrumentation Prof. Carlo Fiorini
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Electronics Design for Biomedical Instrumentation Prof. Carlo Fiorini
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Computerized Tomography (CT, Italian TAC)
Electronics Design for Biomedical Instrumentation Prof. Carlo Fiorini
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Computerized Tomography: principle
intensity
2D Object
intensity 1-dimensional vertical projection
1-dimensional horizontal projection
By measuring 1D projections along different angles, it is possible to reconstruct the 2D distribution of the object density
Electronics Design for Biomedical Instrumentation Prof. Carlo Fiorini
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Electronics Design for Biomedical Instrumentation Prof. Carlo Fiorini
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Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT)
Electronics Design for Biomedical Instrumentation Prof. Carlo Fiorini
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The Anger camera
Electronics Design for Biomedical Instrumentation Prof. Carlo Fiorini
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Positron Emission Computed Tomography (PET)
coincidence window (10ns) (electronic collimation)
Electronics Design for Biomedical Instrumentation Prof. Carlo Fiorini
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Electronics Design for Biomedical Instrumentation Prof. Carlo Fiorini
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PET Images of Breast Cancer Patient
Brain
Heart
Bladder
Metastases Shown with Green Arrows
Electronics Design for Biomedical Instrumentation Prof. Carlo Fiorini
Normal Uptake in Other Organs Shown in Blue
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CT
PET
CT+PET
Electronics Design for Biomedical Instrumentation Prof. Carlo Fiorini
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Electronics for the acquisition and processing of the signals
Electronics Design for Biomedical Instrumentation Prof. Carlo Fiorini
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amplitude energy, position
threshold
signal arrival time timing (e.g. for coincidence)
Electronics Design for Biomedical Instrumentation Prof. Carlo Fiorini
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The Peak Stretcher
Electronics Design for Biomedical Instrumentation Prof. Carlo Fiorini
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Timing techniques (for PET) leading edge
zero crossing
Electronics Design for Biomedical Instrumentation Prof. Carlo Fiorini
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