phon means sound

phonetics study matter related to sounds(description high low,loud, small)

outer

while phonology study sound itself(their distributions,functions,patterns)

inner(characteristic)

supremental aspect?

prexotic?

weak form( we do not show the full value of what it suppose to be)

they would have been

schwa?

speech pathology

IPA gotta learn this

english has 44 sounds

24 letters

therefore conventional alphabet cannot represent all the sounds

IPA

indecipherable

its international as its can transcribe any sound of languages you want

not all institution use the IPA(US)

dialect to an overall way of speaking, including grammar, vocabulary

accent we already know that.

we should not mix accent and dialect

phoneme is abstract

can(/kaen/)

or/kan/

is a mental representation of a sound in your mind

swapping phonemes changes the meaning of words or even turn it to non-

word

if its a phoneme its in our mind

if its a phone it is spoken realization

what we expect in our mind may not be what spoken

there are millions of way to pronounce pin

but in mind there are only 3 ways to pronounce the word

/pIn/

realize means make sth real

the root real

you realize the phonemes into phones

they are technicly the same just mental and physical

everything phonemic is mental

morpheme and phoneme are the same diff form

allophone allomorph

allo means different.

tea/ti:/ and eat/i:t/

in your mind they are the same phoneme however it is pronounce

differently

they stand from the same phoneme but diff phones they are called
allophones

Vietnamese are judgemental

evryone is unique and their articulation of sounds is thus unique

accordingly.

articualtory phonetics: the journey of a sound within our body

acoustic phonetics: the journey of a sound when it leaves your mouth and
travel through the air

auditory phonetics: the journey of a sound when it enters someone's ears

and gets processed there.

anything not vowel and

Articulatory phonetics

from the idea of the brain to the motor command

and then be realized by articulatory movement including the lungs

->sounds come out in two direction in two ways

inward and outward

when the sound at the stage of traveling in the air is the scope of acoustic
phonetics

audiotary phonetics is also called speech perception

the other recieve the sound and begin the speech cognition process in
their brains

the cycle restarts.

sinus: holes on our head?

trachea is a tube inside our throat

the bonchi connects the lungs to the trachea (bronchus is the rural form)

(bronchi: phế quản,trachea:khí quản)

the act of making sound is phonation (even when you sigh) or voicing

the diaphragm is what control our breathing and voicing (lungs is just a
capacity)

sinustis are tiny holes in our bones and that allows the sounds to viberate
inside

our body.

mucus is the liquid we get we are sick/have a cold.

pathology is the study of diseases related to confusion with the tongue,bla

bla

respiration has 2 phases

inhale and exhale

when we speak the diaphram goes down

and because the diaphram is connected to the lungs it pulls the lungs
down

thus increasing the volume of the lungs to maintain the pressure within
the lungs

it needs to suck air in. p=f/s

vice versa

only air flow therefore no sounds are created

males' vocal folds are thicker

therefore males' voice is thicker

one's voice can resonate pretty loud because it resonance multiple times
within our oral cavity

/nasal cavity.

The uniqueness of human voice comes from the unique features of human
articulars.

but our ears is not so sentitive to recognize/ detect difference in human

voice.

Larynx is the place that contain the adam apples and osal the vocal folds

above the pharynx its a tube that leads to the oral cavity (the back of our
tounge)

the nasal cavity is actually larger than the oral cavity.

when the folds are closed it creates high pitch sound

cartilage

the folds can be destroyed

glottis

from the vocal folds upwards is vocal tract.

the blade of the tongue is not often used in English

while the root NEVER

the gap between the vocal folds are the glottis

we distinguise palate and velum

vowel is vowel sound (sometimes he forgets)

vowel and vowel sound are different

phoneitcly there are no /W/and/j/

in phonetics nowadays they allow it

hower /w/ and /j/ are just variations of /u:/ and /i:/

they are semi vowels (are vowels that become consonant if they stand in
the beggining of a word)

week 4

1.respiration->air stream/ airflow

2.phonation/voicing-> larynx/vocal folds->sound (high pitch)

3.resonance-> vocal tract (richer,louder)->

4.articulation->cavities-oral->articulators->speech sound

-nasal

DISTRIBUTION

ti:p

p:it

the distribution may change the quality of the sounds

1.tounge height

2.tounge frontness/backness

3.lip rounding

4.tenseness/laxness

tongue high is how tall the back of the tongue is from the bottom of out
mouuth

until is reaches the palete

the brightness of sound is how high your tongue

is raised?

rounded

unrounded-spread

-neutral

cardinal vowel is not a vowel but a model, a sample

and is a standard (it just a model, not that its the best, its good...)

all languages shares the cardinal vowels but in reality their pronuciation of
the

vowels are different.

1.most spread

2.spread

3.spread

4.neutral front

5.neutral back

6.round
7.round

8.most rounded

is there is a pair of vowels

the left is unrounded

and the right is rounded

secondary cardinal vowels are the rounded versions of the unrounded

vowels

and so they are rare and the second not primary since not every language
uses them.

(not usually founded in the common languages in the world)

the international ipa and the ipa in the language of the author is different

cardinal vowels is not supposed to be used, only as reference

lax/tensed

in this class we dont use the term short/long vowel but lex/tensed.

7lex/5tensed only apply for england english (RP)

cannot apply to american, australian....

cambridge//oxford/longman

schwa is very important in phonology

only the letter a represent /ae/ vowels

of course this is mostly but not always as English is albetry

shwa is exclusive in (RP)

/^/is mostly represented by letter u and o in stressed

for the word umbrella it is pronounced with 3 syllables

the brel is stress and la is unstressed

so phoneticly, the um has to be "semi pressed"

so the um even tho not the primary stress is pronounced /^/

1.tongue height

2.tongue backness, frontness

3.lip rounding

4.tenseness/laxeness
/I/and /i:/

it eat

stands in the same group

when er pronounce anything tense make it "tensed"

shoot/u:/

book/u/

fool/u:/

food/u:/

foot/u/

if you can prolong a short then its not really short?

and you can shorten any long vowel

so calling its long and short does not make sense.

Only 30 percent of native speakers use vowel length to distinguish pairs

such as bit

beat

spectral cue

/tʃ/ /ʤ/ /eI/

segment segment /e/ /I/

/t/ + /ʃ/ 3/4 1/4

/d/ + /ʒ/ dip-thongs

we call centring dipthong because its end in central /ə/

All tripthongs ends in shwa

thing that is dipthong in uk mostlikely is monothong in us

if its a diphthongs it always front

Consonants

you cant push over a limit of a consonant because of obstruction

but you can scream the vowels

that why when to be loudest cause you use vowels

/a/ is the loudest vowel

consonat play the minor role however its still important

consonatn sounds are produced with some obstraction

/p/ is 100 percent obstruction

1-100 percent

blocking the air in its passage from the lungs through the vocal tracts

/j/<-/i/

/w/<-/u/

h=/ /a:/

voicing/phonation

vowels can be pronounced at a whispering or a spoken level.

in english glottal stop is not a phoneme in vietnamese yes

south is an example of a word's pronunciation change when it change

its word form

well in the test we dont do dipthongs of trithong

only monothong

every dipthong ends with swcha (centering)

in english only we dont have double consonat in the transcription

ex: umbrella /ʌmˈbrel.ə/

we do have double vowel tho

consonation gemination is not in English

normal breathing, voiceless sound: wide apart

narrow glottis: whispering

voiceless glottal fricative /h/

touched or nearly touched: voiced

normal english rp doesnot have glottal stop its not a phoneme

but cogny is an accent and there are lots of glottal stop

44 phonemes only 9 voiceless

frinction tension
use either post-alveolar or palato aveolar

within the aveolar there are two words

touched and untouched( only point toward it)

some aruge /w/ is a bilabial soubd

others aruge its a velar ( its is a semi vowel of u )

the left one is voiceless

the right one is voiced

the lonely ones,exept /h/ is voiced

1/k/ is a velar sound voiceless

2./n/ is an aveolar voiced

3./0/ is a dental sound voiceless

4./t/ voiceless aveolar

5./ʃ/ is a post-aveolar

6./h/ glottal voiceless

7./r/ voiced post-aveolar

8./s/ voiceless aveolar

the name Tom is the short form of Thomas (pronounced with a /t/)

to create a consonant we need more than one articulator

3 stages of the production of plosive

1.Approach: articulators come together

2.closure/occlusion:

when we raise the tip of our tongue to the aveolar ridge our oral cavity is
blocked along with the air stream and so it creates compression

3.Release/plosion:articulators are separated and the compressed air is

released.

4.post-release: an explosive sound is heard when the air escapes

the glottal stop is a plosive but its not considered as a phoneme

the stop consonants are short and cannot be prolonged (impossible)

we go in the order of

1.voicing
2.place of articulation

3.Manner of articulation

just for the sake of grading and in-class convinience

Fricatives

1.2 articulators come closer to each other,creating a narrow channel

2.the air stream is partially blocked in the oral cavity, then forced to flow
thorugh that narrow channel

3.it results in some kind of turbulance, or frincion, in the airflow

fricaticatives can be prolonged as long as we run out of breath

/ʃ/ lips are slightly rounded

/ʒ/ lips are slightly rounded

In English there are only two affricate

/tʃ/ and /dʒ/

in order for a stop and fricative to combine into an affricate

they have to be homogarnic(having the similar place of articulation)

thats why Enlglish only has two

lateral /l/

approximate(proxi means clear/near)

are called like that because they are very close to being a vowel (a semi-
vowel)

Obstruents

Week 6

Sometimes certain consonant can be only distributed

context->allophone: a phone (of a phoneme)

in a context (its distribution)

d\when a feature distinguishes one phoneme from another we call it

minimal pairs

tow words with different meanings that are identical in all but one
segment/phoneme
that occurs in the same place in the string

they are very important in identifying the phonemes of a language

allophones are the actual realization of a speech sound in different

environments

For example, from the English phoneme /t/

Ten

Stand

Important

Important

Water

/t/ is strictly limited to a specific place, so these realizations are in

complementary distribution.

complementary means one cannot replace one and other otherwhise, its
wrong.

/t/ is after voiceless

/d/ is after voiced

/id/ is after /t/ or /d/ (itself)

we only have one /t/ to represent past regular verb as a phoneme

ricochetted /rikəʃeid/

must be in harmony

fricatives cant not go with fricatives so we add a vowel and then /z/

peaches /'pi:tʃIz/

the plural morpheme is -s

all of the transcription in the dictionary are phonemic, it is accent-free

aspiration is a noun is the puff of air that we produce

->aspirated

[kʰaet] becareful of the brakets this is for phones

[pʰɒt]

[tʰed] ->aspiration (however the ending consonants are unaspirated)s

[baet]-> devoicing
[dɒg]

[gIg]

initial, medial and final

aspiration can not go with voiced

devoicing can not go with voiceless

(this is pretty clear?)

devoicing means softening the consonant

strengthen voiceless plosive at the beggining

soften voiceless plosive at the beggining

water

not devoiced=fully voiced

aspiration happens to voicelss plosive at the inital position

devoicing happens to voiced plosive at the inital and final position

pre-fortis clipping :cutting short before a voiceless consonant?

if the dipthong is shorten put the symbol on the first segment

if a tensed vowel is shorten, remove one dot from it

there are two intial position: the begining of a word, or at the inital
position in a streesed syllable

only the schwa can end a word

no lax can end a word

so we need to change it to the tense version (but without the dot)

For fricatives and affricatives

shorten the vowel sound before a voiceless consonant sound

devoice all inital and final voiced consonants sounds

For the lateral approximant:/l/

clear[l]:only before a vowel sound in a syllable

dark[ɫ]: after a vowel sound, before a consonant sound

devoiced [l]: after /p/ and /k/ at the beginning of a stressed syllable

syllabic[l]: only standing as a peak of an unstressed syllable

button [b ]

rhythm[rIðm]

For nasal laterals, approximant, lateral

devoice them after initial voiceless consonant sounds

other phonological rules:

nasalize the vowel sound before nasal consonant sounds/m/, /n/,/ng/

alveolar plosives/t/, /d/, lateral /l/ and nasal /n/ are dentalized before
dental fricatives /θ/,/ð/

vɪk.tər.i