PRATHYUSHA ENGINEERING COLLEGE

DEPARTMENT OF ECE

TWO MARKS WITH ANSWERS

SUBJECT: CS3691 - EMBEDDED SYSTEMS AND IOT

SEM / YEAR: V/ III year

BATCH:2022-2026

UNIT I 8-BIT EMBEDDED PROCESSOR

8-Bit Microcontroller – Architecture – Instruction Set and Programming – Programming Parallel
Ports – Timers and Serial Port – Interrupt Handling.

PART – A

1. Define microcontroller ? and its applications.

A microcontroller is a compact integrated circuit designed to govern a specific operation in
an embedded system. A typical microcontroller includes a processor, memory and
input/output (I/O) peripherals on a single chip.
Application of Microcontroller


Light sensing & controlling devices.
 Temperature sensing and controlling devices.
 Fire detection & safety devices.
 Industrial instrumentation devices.
 Process control devices.
2. Define 8051 microcontroller ? and its applications.
8051 microcontroller is designed by Intel in 1981. It is an 8-bit microcontroller. It is built
with 40 pins DIP (dual inline package), 4kb of ROM storage and 128 bytes of RAM
storage, 2 16-bit timers.

[Link] : microprocessor and microcontroller?[ NOV / DEC 2021]

[Link] Microprocessor Microcontroller

1.
Microprocessor is the heart of Micro Controller is the heart of an
Computer system. embedded system.
2. It is only a processor, so memory and Micro Controller has a processor along
I/O components need to be connected with internal memory and I/O
externally components.
3. Memory and I/O has to be connected
Memory and I/O are already present,
externally, so the circuit becomes
and the internal circuit is small.
large.
[Link] register has the SMOD bit, and what is its status when the 8051 is powered
up?. [NOV / DEC 2021]

It is 8-bit register. When 8051 is powered up, SMOD is [Link] setting the SMOD, baud
rate can be doubled. If SMOD = 0 (which is its value on reset), the baud ...

[Link] the format of the register PSW of 8051 and name each it .[ NOV / DEC 2019]
 [Link] the operating model 0 of 8051 serial ports.?[ NOV / DEC 2020 AND APRIL /

MAY 2021]

Mode 0: In this mode, the serial port works like a shift register and the data transmission
works synchronously with a clock frequency of fosc /12. Serial data is received and
transmitted through RXD. 8 bits are transmitted/ received at a time.

[Link] register is used for serial programming in 8051 ? Illustrate it

SBUF register:
SBUF is an 8-bit register used for serial communication in the 8051 microcontrollers. For
a byte of data to be transferred via the transmitted line, it must be placed in the SBUF
Register.

8. Write a program to find the 2’s complement using 8051? [ NOV / DEC 2020 AND
APRIL / MAY 2021]
2000 LHLD 3000H 2A Load HL pair
data from 3000h
2001 00
2002 30
2003
2004 MOV A,L 7D Move the low-order
 result from reg.A TO Reg.L
2005 MOV L,A 6F Move the result
from reg.L TO Reg.A
2006 MOV A,H 7C Move the higher order
from reg.H to reg.A
2007 CMA 2F compliment accumulator
2008 MOV H,A 67 Move the result
from reg.A TO Reg.H
2009 INX H 23 Increment HL pair to
find 2’s compliment
200A SHLD 3002H 22 Store the result
at address 3002H
200B 02
200C 30
200D HLT 76 HALT
OUTPUT:
1. Before execution:
2. 3000H:12H
3. 3001H:05H
4. After execution:
5. 3002H:EEH
6. 3003H:FAH
9 . What are the interrupts of 8051? And high light any two functions ? [ NOV / DEC 2019,
APR / MAY 2019]

Let's see the five sources of interrupts in 8051 Microcontroller:

 Timer 0 overflow interrupt - TF0.
 External hardware interrupt - INT0.
 Timer 1 overflow interrupt - TF1.
 External hardware interrupt - INT1.
 Serial communication interrupt - RI/TI.
 Timer 0 overflow interrupt - TF0.
 The TF0 bit is automatically set to 1 when Timer 0 overflows. Your code can read the
TF0 bit at any time to find out if the timer has overflowed. You can also configure the Timer
0 interrupt to automatically execute code when the timer overflows.
 TF1: The TF1 stands for 'timer1' flag bit. Whenever calculating the time-delay in timer1,
the TH1 and TL1 reaches to the maximum value that is “FFFF” automatically. EX: while
(TF1==1) Whenever the TF1=1, then clear the flag bit and stop the timer.

10. list the 8051 interrupts with its priority? [APR / MAY 2017]
Priority to the interrupt can be assigned by using the interrupt priority register (IP)

Priority Interrupt source Intr. bit / flag

1 External Interrupt 0 INT0
2 Timer Interrupt 0 TF0
3 External Interrupt 1 INT1
4 Timer Interrupt 1 TF1
5 Serial interrupt (TI/RI)

11. Explain the interrupts of 8051 microcontroller ?[ NOV / DEC 2019]

INTERRUPT INTERRUPT INTERRUPT EXPLANATION

NUMBER DSECRIPTION
0 &2  External These interrupts can be programmed to either edge-
hardware interrupt - triggered or level triggered
INT0 & INT1

1  Timer 0  The TF0 bit is automatically set to 1 when Timer

overflow interrupt - 0 overflows. Your code can read the TF0 bit at any time
TF0. to find out if the timer has overflowed. You can also
configure the Timer 0 interrupt to automatically execute
code when the timer overflows.

3  Timer 1  TF1: The TF1 stands for 'timer1' flag bit.

overflow interrupt - Whenever calculating the time-delay in timer1, the TH1
TF1. and TL1 reaches to the maximum value that is “FFFF”
automatically. EX: while (TF1==1) Whenever the
TF1=1, then clear the flag bit and stop the timer.

4 Serial When the last bit (stop bit) of a byte is transmitted, the
communication TI serial interrupt flag is set, and when the last bit (stop
interrupt - RI/TI bit) of the receiving data byte is received, the RI flag
gets set.
[Link] does 8051 differentiate between bit and byte addresses in its internal ram ? [ NOV

/ DEC 2019] .

The 8051 has a bit-addressable area of 16 bytes from byte addresses 20H to 2FH in
internal RAM as shown in fig b, forming a total of 128 addressable bits (i.e., 16-byte
location × 8 bits). Each bit can be accessed by its bit addresses from 00H to 7FH for the
byte address location 20H to 2FH in RAM.

[Link] the format and list the function of the instruction DJNZ for 8051. [ NOV / DEC
2019, APR / MAY 2017]
An instruction DJNZ reg, label is used to perform a Loop operation. In this instruction, a
register is decremented by 1; if it is not zero, then 8051 jumps to the target address
referred to by the label. The register is loaded with the counter for the number of
repetitions prior to the start of the loop.

14. Explain the operating mode 0 of 8051 ports. [ MAY / JUNE 2016]
Mode 0: In this mode, the serial port works like a shift register and the data transmission
works synchronously with a clock frequency of fosc /12. Serial data is received and
transmitted through RXD. 8 bits are transmitted/ received at a time.

[Link] features of 8051 microcontroller? [ MAY / JUNE 2016]

 4KB bytes on-chip program memory (ROM)

 128 bytes on-chip data memory (RAM)
 Four register banks.
 128 user defined software flags.
 8-bit bidirectional data bus.
 16-bit unidirectional address bus.
 32 general purpose registers each of 8-bit.
 16 bit Timers (usually 2, but may have more or less).
[Link] is the significance of EA and PSEN pin in 8051 microcontroller? [NOV /
DEC 2019]

Pin 29 − This is PSEN pin which stands for Program Store Enable. It is used to read
a signal from the external program memory. Pin 30 − This is EA pin which stands for
External Access input. It is used to enable/disable the external memory interfacing.

17 . List the advantages and disadantages of parallel communication over serial

communication in 8051? [ MAY / JUNE 2016].

 Serial mode offers the advantage of fewer traces on the pc board, and fewer pins on the
devices. Parallel offers the advantage of transferring 8 data bits per I/O clock cycle, but
at the disadvantage of many more pins required on the devices.

18. Define baud rate of 8051? [ MAY / JUNE 2016].

Baud Rate is defined as the data transmission rate that determines the symbols per
second for serial communication. It is the number of symbols transmitted per
second. It is also known as symbol rate and is denote by s
baud rate in 8051 is 11.0592 MHz

19. Which port is used as multi function port ? [APR / MAY 2017]
Pins 10 to 17 form the PORT 3 pins of the 8051 Microcontroller. PORT 3 also acts as a
bidirectional Input / Output PORT with internal pull-ups. Additionally, all the PORT 3
Pins have special functions multifunctional for the 8051 microcontrollers. The port 3
signal are (RXD),(TXD),(INTO),(INT1),T0,T1,(RD),(WR)

[Link] between maskable and nonmaskable interrupt ? [NOV / DEC 2019]

Maskable interrupt is a hardware Interrupt that can be disabled or ignored by the

instructions of CPU. A non-maskable interrupt is a hardware interrupt that cannot be
disabled or ignored by the instructions of CPU

[Link] cjne instruction?[APRIL / MAY 2017]

The CJNE instruction compares the first two operands and branches to the specified
destination if their values are not equal. If the values are the same, execution continues with
the next instruction.

[Link] the pin diagram of 8051 ? [NOV/DEC 2019]

23. What are bit manipulation instructions give two examples ?[ APRIL / MAY 2017]
The bit related operations that will be performed on that data, are as follows −
 Complement bit b2
 Move b5to b4
 OR b0and complement of b1 and store to C (b7)
 Set b6
 Reset bit b3
Input is AEH
BitPosition b7 b6 b5 b4 b3 b2 b1 b0

Value 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0
Output
BitPosition b7 b6 b5 b4 b3 b2 b1 b0

Value 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0
The output will be 72H
Program
MOV24H,10H;Copy item from 10H to 24H
CPL24.2;Complement bit b2
MOVC,24.5;Copy b5 to C
MOV24.4,C;Move C to b4
MOVC,24.0;Make copy of b0 to C
ORLC,/1;OR C and complement of b1
SETB24.6;Set bit b6
CLR24.3;Reset bit b3
MOV30H,24H; Store the result at 30H
HALT: SJMP HALT

24. What is the different modes in which timer 2 can operate?

The Mode 2 operation is the 8-bit auto reload timer or counter. In the following diagram, we
are using Mode 2 for Timer1. In this case every event for counter operations or machine
cycles for timer operation, the TL1register will be incremented by 1.

[Link] the modes of timer in 8051?

In Intel 8051, there are two 16-bit timer registers. These registers are known as Timer0
andTimer1. The timer registers can be used in two modes. These modes areTimer mode
and the Counter mode.

26. state how baud rate is calculated for searial adta transfer in mode 1? [NOV/DEC
2019]
Serial data is received and transmitted through RXD. 8 bits are transmitted/ received at a
time. Pin TXD outputs the shift clock pulses of frequency fosc /12, which is connected to
the external circuitry for synchronization. The shift frequency or baud rate is always 1/12
of the oscillator frequency.

27. how to program 8051 timers?

Load the TMOD value register indicating which timer (Timer 0 or Timer 1) is to be used
and which timer mode ( 0 or 1 ) is selected. 2. Load registers TL and TH with initial count
values 3. Start the timer.

[Link] between Timer and counter ?draw the diagram of TCON in 8051?
[NOV/DEC 2019]
[Link] TIMER COUNTER
1 A timer uses the frequency of the A counter uses an external signal to count
internal clock, and generates delay. pulses.
2 These enable to precisely time A counter converts the number of input cycles
processes, generate signals and to a binary value using an array of triggers.
count events
 29. what is the significance if EA pin
Pin 30 − This is EA pin which stands for External Access input. It is used to
enable/disable the external memory interfacing. Pin 31 − This is ALE pin which
stands for Address Latch Enable. It is used to demultiplex the address-data signal of
port.

UNIT 2- EMBEDDED C PROGRAMMING

Memory And I/O Devices Interfacing – Programming Embedded Systems in C

– Need For RTOS – Multiple Tasks and Processes – Context Switching –
Priority Based Scheduling Policies.
PART-A

1. What is embedded C programing?

Embedded C is an extension of C language and it is used to develop micro-controller-based

applications. The extensions in the Embedded C language from normal C Programming
Language are the I/O Hardware Addressing, fixed-point arithmetic operations, accessing
address spaces, etc.
2, Define memory device interfacing?

Memory Interface means an interface, or portion thereof, between a logic integrated circuit
and a memory integrated circuit, whereby interface shall mean an electrical bus or other
similar information path between integrated circuits that is capable of transmitting and/or
receiving information between two or more.

3. Define I/O device interfacing

I/O interfaces are the mediums in which data are sent from internal logic to external sources and
from which data are received from external sources. The interface signals can be unidirectional
or bidirectional, single-ended or differential and could follow one of the different I/O standards.
4. Define Watch dog ?

A watchdog timer (WDT) is a timer that monitors microcontroller (MCU) programs to see if
they are out of control or have stopped operating. It acts as a “watchdog” watching over
MCU operation.
5. List the advantages and limitations of Priority based process scheduling.
[NOV/DEC 2017]

[Link] ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

1. Good way to ensure processes with Processes with lower priority may be
higher priorities are handled first starved

2. Good when the resources are limited Difficult to objectively decide which
and priorities for each process are processes are given higher priority
defined beforehand

[Link] context switching in RTOS ? [APR/MAY 2018]

Context Switching involves storing the context or state of a process so that it can be
reloaded when required and execution can be resumed from the same point as earlier.
This is a feature of a multitasking operating system and allows a single CPU to be shared
by multiple processes.
7. List the memory devices used in the design of embedded system ?or What are the
memory devices used in the design of embedded system ? [NOV/DEC 2018, NOV/DEC
2017]]

Types of Memory , Volatile Memory, Random Access Memory (RAM) Static Random
Access Memory (SRAM) , Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM), Non-volatile
memory. EEPROM, . Flash memory ,SD card.
8. How does priority scheduling improve multitask execution ? [APR/MAY 2019]

Following are the benefits of priority scheduling method:

1. Easy to use.
2. Processes with higher priority execute first which saves time.
3. The importance of each process is precisely defined.
4. A good algorithm for applications with fluctuating time and resource requirements.

[Link] is the concept of multitasking ?what does it signify . [NOV/DEC 2018]

Multitasking, the running of multiple programs (sets of instructions) in one computer at the
same time. Multitasking is used to keep all of a computer's resources at work as much of the
time as possible .
signify :
Multitasking is the act of doing more than one thing at the same time. Multitasking helps you
save time and money in some cases, though trying to do more than one challenging task at a
time may also decrease overall productivity.
[Link] are the basic types of memory components that are commonly used in embedded
systems ? [NOV/DEC 2019]
The main types involved in embedded systems are primary and secondary memory. The
primary memory involves RAM which is a data memory and secondary memory involves an
program memory called ROM. Data memory is classified as SRAM DRAM and SDRAM..

[Link] out the difference between multiple process and multiple task ? [NOV/DEC 2019]
[Link]
Multi-tasking Multiprocessing
The availability of more than one processor
The execution of more than one task per system, that can execute several set of
simultaneously is known as instructions in parallel is known as
1. multitasking. multiprocessing.
2. The number of CPU is one. The number of CPUs is more than one.
3. In this, one by one job is being In this, more than one process can be
executed at a time. executed at a time.

[Link] Embedded Programming? [APR/MAY 2019]

An embedded programming language is a programming language that developers use in

embedded systems. In general, the languages offer low-level access to the device hardware.
Developers use several common programming languages for embedded systems. Some people
also call these embedded coding languages.

14. What is RTOS ?

An RTOS will often be used when there are more interrupt sources, more functions, and more
standard communications interfaces that need to be supported. If the application is <64KB in
size, an RTOS is not necessary. Conversely if, the applications is 1 MB, an RTOS will likely be
used.

[Link] multitasking.

Multitasking is the process of scheduling and switching the CPU between several tasks. A

single CPU switches its attention between several sequential tasks.

It maximizes the utilization of the CPU and also provides modular construction of

application.

16. . What are the application of RTOS?

A Real time operating system is a multitasking operating system for response

time controlled and event controlled process which has real time programming .

17.. When RTOS necessary and when it is not necessary in the Embedded system?

An RTOS is necessary when scheduling of Multilpe processors. An RTOS is must to monitor

the processors that are response controlled and event controlled processors.

18. What is Variable Scope?

Variables in C programming language, which Arduino uses, have a property called scope. A
scope is a region of the program and there are three places where variables can be declared

19. What are Arduino – Operators?

An operator is a symbol that tells the compiler to perform specific mathematical
or logical functions. C language is rich in the following types of operators −
• Arithmetic Operators
• Comparison Operators
• Boolean Operators
• Bitwise Operators
• Compound Operators
20. Define Sketch.
. A sketch is the name that Arduino uses for a program. It's the unit of code
that is uploaded to and run on an Arduino board.
 UNIT III IOT AND ARDUINO PROGRAMMING
Introduction to the Concept of IoT – IoT Configurations – Basic Components – Introduction to
Arduino – Types of Arduino– Arduino Toolchain – Arduino Programming Structure – Sketches
– Pins – Input/Output From Pins Using Sketches – Introduction to Arduino Shields – Integration
of Sensors and Actuators with Arduino.

PART A
1. Draw the logic design of IOT and describe its components?

A logical design for an IoT system is the actual design of how its omponents (computers,
sensors, and actuators) should be arranged to complete a particular function. It doesn't go into
the depth of describing how each component will be built with low-level programming
specifics.

[Link] is Raspberry PI ?
Ans.: Raspberry Pi is a low-cost, credit card-sized computer that connects to a computer
monitor or TV using HDMI, and uses a standard keyboard and mouse. It can run a host of
operating systems, such as Raspbian, Android, Windows 10, IoT Core,etc.
3. What are the different raspberry pi model types ?
Ans.: The Raspberry Pi models are of two types
Model A (introduced later as a hardware-reduced model)
Model B (introduced first and is the full hardware model)

[Link] is Python ? Ans.: Python is an object-oriented, high-level programming language

with integrated dynamic semantics primarily for web and app development.

[Link] is Python ? Ans.: Python is an object-oriented, high-level programming language

with integrated dynamic semantics primarily for web and app development.
6 . List the benefits of Python. Ans.: Python can be used to develop prototypes.
 Python allows for a more productive coding environment than massive languages
like C# and Java.
 Python powers Django, a complete and open source web application frame wats
 Most automation, data mining, and big data platforms rely on Python. Python
supports modules and packages,which encourages program modulation and code
reuse.

7...What is GND in GPIO ?Ans.: GND means ground pins. Ground GPIO pins are physical
numbers 6, 9, 14, 20,
25, 30, 34 and 39.
Define Raspberry PI hardware. Ans.: Raspberry Pi hardware includes ARM
processor, GPU, RAM and USB port
8.. What is Raspbian OS?
Ans.: Raspbian is a free operating system based on Debian optimized for the Raspberry Pi
hardware.• An operating system is the set of basic programs and utilities that make your
Raspberry Pi run • As Raspbian is a Linux operating system it has good security features, has
excellent networking capabilities. Raspbian is highly optimized for the Raspberry Pi line's low-
performance ARM CPUs.
[Link] are the 4 protocols of IoT?(April/May 2019

Most common protocols

1. MQP. Short for Advanced Message Queuing Protocol, AMQP is an open

standard protocol used for more message-oriented middleware. ...
2. Bluetooth and BLE. Bluetooth is a short-range wireless technology that
 uses short-wavelength, ultrahigh-frequency radio waves. ...
3. Cellular. ...
4. CoAP. ...
5. DDS. ...
6. LoRa and LoRaWAN. ...
7. LWM2M. ...
8. MQTT.

10 .Why Linux OS used in Raspberry pi ? (April/May 2019)

Linux is an open-source operating system intended with retro gaming in mind.
While it may operate on standard computer systems, it is specifically designed for
various minicomputers such as the androids and Raspberry Pi . This property
makes it versatile and dynamically applicable to any PC or laptop hardware.

11.. In what way Raspberry pi is better than arduino ? (April/May 2019)

In summary, Arduino has a simpler software environment that is well-suited for
basic control of inputs and outputs, while Raspberry Pi has a more powerful and
versatile operating system that provides greater functionality for complex
projects.

12. .Define IoT.

The Internet of Things as simply an interaction between the physical and digital
worlds. The digital world interacts with the physical world using a plethora of
sensors and actuators

13 .Point out the challenges faced by Internet of Things.

1. Security. In our opinion, security is the most crucial issue that needs to be
addressed for IoT.
2. Costs.
3. Reliability and Hardware.
4. Ease of Integration.
5. Connectivity.
6. Development Skill set.
7. Quality Control.
8. Design
14. Summarize the characteristics of IoT.
Authenticity of data collected via IoT device (the data that you can rely on)
Automation of the contracts based on the rules decided while creating contracts &
tamperproof data collected via IoT. ...
Security of the data collected via IoT devices.
15. Explain the benefits of IoT,
Automation of the contracts based on the rules decided while creating contracts &
tamperproof data collected via IoT. ...
Security of the data collected via IoT devices.
16 What is .LCD shield?
The keypad of LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) shield includes five buttons called as up, down,
left, right, and select
17. What are the Types of Shields?
The popular Arduino shields are listed below:
o Ethernet shield
o Xbee Shield
o Proto shield
o Relay shield
o Motor shield
o LCD shield
o Bluetooth shield
o Capacitive Touchpad Shield

18 What is. Arduino Uno Pinout - ICSP Header?

ICSP stands for In-Circuit Serial Programming
[Link] I2C
- SCL/SDA pins are the dedicated pins for I2C communication. On the
Arduino Uno they are found on Analog pins A4 and A5.
20. Define Arduino Interrupt - INT0 and INT1. Arduino Uno has two external interrupt pins.

UNIT IV

IOT COMMUNICATION AND OPEN PLATFORMS

IoT Communication Models and APIs – IoT Communication Protocols – Bluetooth
WiFi – ZigBee– GPS – GSM modules – Open Platform (like Raspberry Pi) –
Architecture – Programming –Interfacing – Accessing GPIO Pins – Sending and
Receiving Signals Using GPIO Pins –Connecting to the Cloud.

1. What is IoT Communication APIs?

An API is an interface used by programs to access an application. It enables a program to send
commands to another program and receive replies from the app. IoT APIs are the interface
points between an IoT device and the Internet and/or other network components
2. . What is Layered system?
A layered system defines the boundaries of the components within each specific layer. For
example, A client is unable to tell whether it is connected to the end server or an intermediate
node.
3. What [Link]?
An important short-range IoT communications Protocols / Technology. Bluetooth, which has
become very important in computing and many consumer product markets. It is expected to be
key for wearable products in particular, again connecting to the IoT albeit probably via a
smartphone in many cases.
4. What is Zigbee?
ZigBee is similar to Bluetooth and is majorly used in industrial settings. It has some significant
advantages in complex systems offering low-power operation, high security, robustness and
high and is well positioned to take advantage of wireless control and sensor networks
[Link] NFC
NFC (Near Field Communication) is an IoT technology. It enables simple and safe
communications between electronic devices, and specifically for smartphones, allowing
consumers to perform transactions in which one does not have to be physically present
6. What is Piconet?
The Bluetooth network is called a piconet. If it contains one master and one slave then its called
a single piconet. Similarly, if it contains one master and multiple slaves are called multiple
piconets.
7. Define Scatternet
Its a Combination of multiple piconets.
Here Master of one piconet can be a slave in another piconet

8. How Does GPS Function?

GPS satellites complete two accurate orbits around the planet every day. An individual satellite's
signal and orbiting parameters can be decoded and used to pinpoint the satellite's location via a
GPS receiver. This data, together with triangulation, is used by GPS receivers to pinpoint the
precise location of its owners.

9. What is GSM/GPRS module ?

It is used to establish communication between a computer and a GSM-GPRS system.
Global System for Mobile communication (GSM) is an architecture used for mobile
communication in most of the countries.

10. What is Mobile Station?

A mobile phone and Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) together form a mobile station. It is the
user equipment that communicates with the mobile network
[Link] Mobile Termination .
It is interfaced with the GSM mobile network and is controlled by a baseband processor. It
handles application processor that deals with handling operations related to keypad, screen,
phone memory and other hardware and software services embedded into the handset
12. What is Mobile Switching Centre (MSC)
The Mobile Switching Centre or MSC is the key element in the core network region of the
GSM
network architecture. allow the mobile user necessities to be supported like authentication,
registration, inter-MSC handovers call location & routing of the call to a cell phone subscriber
13. Define Home Location Register (HLR)
This HLR database includes the information regarding the administrative like every subscriber
with their previous identified location

14. What is meant by Visitor Location Register (VLR)?

The VLR includes preferred information that is received from the HLR network to allow the
preferred services for the separate subscriber

15. Define Equipment Identity Register (EIR)

The EIR (Equipment Identity Register) is the unit that makes a decision whether specified
mobile gear may be permitted over the network

16. What is SMS Gateway (SMS-G)?

The SMS gateway or SMS-G is used jointly to explain two SMS-Gateways in the GSM
standards. These gateways control messages which are directed in dissimilar ways.

17. What is Base Station Controller (BSC)?

The BSC (base station controller) is used to form the next phase reverse into the GSM
technology. This controller is used to control a collection of base transceiver stations & it is
frequently co-located through one of the transceiver stations within the group

18. What is Operation and Support Subsystem (OSS)?

The operation support subsystem (OSS) is a part of the complete GSM network architecture.
This is connected to the NSS & the BSC components. This OSS is mainly used to control the
GSM network & the BSS traffic load

[Link] NOOBS
New Out Of the Box Software, or simply NOOBS is an operating system installer for
Raspberry Pi, delivered primarily on an SD card, which contains a variety of operating systems
20. What is a Raspberry Pi?

The Raspberry Pi is a single-board computer developed by the Raspberry Pi Foundation, a UK-

based charity organization. Originally designed to provide young people with an affordable
computing option to learn how to program, it has developed a massive following in the maker
and DIY communities because of its compact size, full Linux environment, and general-purpose
input–output (GPIO) pins.
 UNIT V

UNIT V APPLICATIONS DEVELOPMEN

Complete Design of Embedded Systems – Development of IoT Applications –

Home Automation –Smart Agriculture – Smart Cities – Smart Healthcare.
PART A

[Link] is an Embedded System Design?

A system designed with the embedding of hardware and software together for a specific function
with a larger area is embedded system design.

2. What are the Elements of Embedded Systems

 Processor
 Microprocessor
 Microcontroller
Digital signal processor
3. Write the Types of Embedded Systems
 Stand-Alone Embedded System
 Real-Time Embedded System
 Networked Appliances
Mobile devices

[Link] are the Challenges in Embedded System Design

 Environment adaptability
 Power consumption
 Area occupied
 Packaging and integration
 Updating in hardware and software
 Security
There are various challenges the designers face while testing the design like Embedded
hardware testing, Verification stage, Validation Maintainability

5. Write Embedded System Design Examples

 Automatic chocolate vending machine (ACVM)
 Digital camera
 Smart card
 Mobile phone
 Mobile computer..etc.
6. What are sensors?: Sensor used for sensing the change in environment
condition and it generate the electric signal on the basis of change in
environment condition. Therefore it is also called as transducers for providing
electric input signal on the basis of change in environment condition.
7. Define Application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) is an integrated
circuit designed to perform task specific operation inside an embedded system

8. What are Embedded System processors?

Processors are the major part in embedded systems that take response from
sensors in digital form and processing of this response to produce output in real-
time processing environment is performed using processors.
9. Write the Types of general purpose processor
o Microprocessor
o Microcontroller
o Digital signal processor
o Analog signal processor

10. What are Three main components of Embedded systems?

1. Hardware
2. Software
3. Firmware
11. Write the Disadvantages of Embedded System
 High development cost.
 Time-consuming design process.
 As it is application-specific less market available.
12. Write the Advantages of Embedded System
 Enhanced real-time performance.

13. What Industrial Automation


It is one of the areas where the quality of products is an essential factor for a more significant
investment return. Anyone can re-engineer products and their packaging to provide superior
performance in cost and customer experience with IoT applications
14. Write the applications of IOT in Healthcare
Healthcare do real-time monitoring with the help of smart devices. It gathers and transfers health
data such as blood pressure, blood sugar levels, weight, oxygen, and ECG. The patient can
contact the doctor by the smart mobile application in case of any emergency
15. Write the applications of IOT in Smart Retail
IoT applications in retail give shoppers a new experience. Customers do not have to stand in long
queues as the checkout system can read the tags of the products and deduct the total amount from
the customer's payment app with IoT applications' help.
16. Write the applications of IOT in Smart Supply Chain
Customers automate the delivery and shipping with a smart supply chain. It also provides details
of real-time conditions and supply networks.
17. Write the applications of IOT in Smart Grid
The smart grid is the IoT that attends to energy systems. Utility companies use smart grid
technologies to find energy efficiencies through various means, including monitoring energy
consumption, predicting energy shortages and power outages, and gathering data on how
different individuals and companies use energy
18. Write the applications of IOT in Smart Farming
Farmers can minimize waste and increase productivity. The system allows the monitoring of
fields with the help of sensors. Farmers can monitor the status of the area.
Internet-connected devices go from 5 million to billions in just one year. Business Insider
Intelligence estimates 24 billion IoT devices will install and generate more than 300 billion in
revenue in the future.
19. What is MQTT Protocol?
This IoT based Home Automation Project uses MQTT protocol for exchanging data between
server and client.

20. Define Signal Conditioning Unit.

This sensor is a cost-effective board used to measure the electrical activity of the heart. This
electrical activity can be charted as an ECG or Electrocardiogram and output as an analog
reading.