Mixture–a mixture is formed by combining two or more substances together.

Mixtures can be made with liquids, solids and gases.

Examples:
1. Solid + solid e.g. butter + cheese
2. Solid + liquid e.g. salt + water
3. Liquid + liquid e.g. fruit juice + water
4. Gas and gas e.g. oxygen + water vapor + carbon dioxide +
Nitrogen
Points to remember:
Solute-a substance that dissolves in a liquid e.g. sugar.
Solvent-any liquid which dissolves a solute e.g. water.
Solution– a mixture of a solute and solvent where particles of the
solute completely dissolves in the solvent.

Suspension- in this mixture the solids do not dissolve fully in water.

These solids either float or settle in the water.

1. Define the term “mixture”.

2. Give one example of a solid + solid mixture.
3. State the difference between a solute and a solvent.
4. List four solutes.
5. State the difference between a solution and a suspension.
6. Give three examples of mixtures that form a solution.
I. ___________________+ __________________=________________
II. ___________________+__________________ =________________
III. ___________________+__________________ =________________
7. Give three examples of mixtures that form a suspension.
I. __________________+ ___________________=_________________
II. __________________+___________________ =_________________
III. __________________+__________________ =________________
Soluble substances –are substances that can be dissolved in a
liquid. Soluble substances form a solution e.g. sugar, salt, coffee,
ovaltine, milo, milk powder etc.
Insoluble substances – are substances that cannot be dissolved in
a liquid. Insoluble substances form a suspension e.g. chalk dust,
sand, oil, cement, flour etc.
Difference between a solution and a suspension
In a solution the particles dissolve where as in a suspension, the
particles either float or settle in the liquid.
Difference between melting and dissolving
Heat is needed for melting to occur while a solvent is needed for
a solute to dissolve.
e.g. ice + heat = water.
sugar (solute) + water (solvent) = sugar water

1. List three substances that melt

I. ____________________________
II. ____________________________
III. ____________________________

2. List three substances that dissolve

I. ____________________________
II. ____________________________
 III. ____________________________
3. State the difference between melting and dissolving.
4. Two insoluble substances are ______________________ and
___________________________.
5. Soluble substances form _____________________________.

6. Define the term “mixture”.

______________________________________________________________.
Match These
7. solid + solid water vapour + oxygen + carbon
dioxide + nitrogen
8. solid + liquid almond nuts + walnuts
9. liquid + liquid sugar + water
10. gas + gas fruit juice + water
11. Sarah made a mixture of sand and water. This mixture will most likely form a _____________________.

Complete the statement below.

12. ______________________ + solvent = ________________________
13. State the difference between a soluble substance and an insoluble substance .
9. Melting occurs when ___________ is applied while a _________ is needed for a solute to dissolve.
10. Two examples of solutes are _____________ and _____________.
11. The method of separation which requires the using of heat is called_______________.
12. The method of separation which requires the using of a filter paper is called _____________.
5. what is the best method to separate a mixture of sand and gravel?

Many drinks we purchase are solutions. Most of them are solutions of mainly sugar (solute) and water (solvent) with a
small amount of flavouring, colouring and some minerals mixed in. We do not “see” the sugar because it is dissolved
into the water and becomes too small to see. This means a lot of sugar can be hidden in the liquid and we are unaware of
the amount of sugar we take in, even in so-called healthy sports drinks.

Mixtures can be separated by physical processes

Mixtures of substances are not chemically bonded (joined) to each other so they can be separated by physical techniques.
The state of the various substances in the mixture, such as a liquid and solid or the physical properties of the substances,
such as different boiling points will determine which method of separation will be used.

Filtering
Filtering separates an insoluble solid in a mixture from
the liquid completely. The solvent molecules (liquid) and
any dissolved molecules present in the solution can pass
through the filter paper, which has small holes, while the
solid particles cannot because they are too large and stay
in the filter paper. The solvent or solution containing
dissolved substances passes through the filter paper is
called filtrate. The solid particles that remain on the filter
paper are called the residue.

Evaporating (by boiling)

Evaporating separates a dissolved solid from a liquid.
The solvent (liquid) is lost into the surroundings.
The liquid will evaporate but evaporation becomes faster
at higher temperatures. The solid remains because it has
a higher (often very much higher) boiling point than the liquid.
Dissolving
When two solid substances are mixed together, they can be
separated by dissolving. A solvent such as water can be added
if only one of the substances is soluble. For example; if salt is
mixed with dirt then adding water will dissolve the salt (which
can later be separated by evaporation) and the remaining dirt
can be removed from the solution by filtering. The salt becomes
the solute and will go through the filter as it is in solution.

Decanting
Decanting is simply pouring off a liquid without losing any of the
denser substance (usually an insoluble solid) in the bottom of the
container. Decanting separates a heavier substance from a lighter
one. Chemists are most often after the substance at the BOTTOM
of the container.
Chromatography
Chromatography is a method used to separate the
Various substances in a mixture of dye or ink. Substances
of the mixture will differ in how much they "stick" to things:
to each other, and to other substances. Some of the
substances of the ink will stick more tightly to the paper
fibres. They will spend less time in the water as it moves
along the paper fibres, and they will not travel very far.
Other components of the ink will stick less tightly to the
paper fibres. They will spend more time in the water as it
moves along the paper fibres, and they will travel further
through the paper.

Magnetism
Magnetism can be used to separate a magnetic substance
(such as iron) from a mixture containing non-magnetic substances
(such as sulfur or sand). The magnetic substance of the mixture is
separated with the help of the magnetic attraction. A magnet is
moved over the mixture containing the magnetic substance
e.g., iron filings. These get attracted to the magnet. The process
is repeated until the magnetic material is completely separated
from the mixture. The non-magnetic substance is left behind.

Distillation
Distillation is a process of boiling a liquid until it forms a vapour and condensing, then collecting the liquid. The liquid
collected is the distillate. The Liebig Condenser cools the vapour back into liquid. The purpose of distillation is
separation of a mixture of two liquids. This is possible if the two substances have different boiling points. The substance
with the lower boiling point turns to gas and is collected while the other substance with a higher boiling point remains as
a liquid in the flask.
Mixtures can be easily separated physically – Summary
 Separation of a Mixture
Objectives
 Observe the chemical and physical properties of a mixture.
 Relate knowledge of chemical and physical properties to the task of purifying the mixture.
 Analyze the success of methods of purifying the mixture.

Materials

Aluminum Plastic forks Plastic Distilled Test tubes

foil spoons water and rack
Forceps Filter funnel Filter paper Sand Iron Filings
Salt Seeds Salt Paper clips Hot plates
Paper towels Magnet Pipets Wooden splints

Introduction
The ability to separate and recover pure substances from mixtures is extremely important in scientific research and
industry. Chemists need to work with pure substances, but naturally occurring materials are seldom pure. Often,
differences in the physical properties of the components in a mixture provide the means for separating them. In this
experiment, you will have an opportunity to designing, develop, and implement your own procedure for separating a
mixture. The mixture you will work with contains salt, sand, iron filings, and spinach seeds. All four substances are in
dry, granular form.
Preparation
You task will be to plan and carry out the separation of a mixture. Before you can plan your experiment, you will need to
investigate the properties of each component in the mixture. The properties will be used to assist you in the mixture
separation. Copy the data table into your lab report and use the data table to record your observations.
Procedure
1. Make your own mixture out of the given materials. Use the equipment you have available to make observations of the
components and determine their properties. You will need to run several tests with each substance, so don’t use your
entire sample on the first test. Look for things like whether the substance is magnetic, whether it dissolves, or whether it
floats. Record your observations in your data table.
2. Make a DETAILED plan for what you will do to separate a mixture that includes the four components from step 1.
Include safety material. Review your plan with your teacher and make changes as you complete the lab.
3. Obtain a sample of the mixture from your teacher. Using the equipment you have available, run the procedure you
have developed.

Conclusion
3. Compare and contrast the terms mixture, element, pure substance, and a compound. Give an example of each from this
lab.
4. How did you decide on the order of your procedural steps? Would any order have worked?
5. Name two material or tools that weren’t available that might have made your separation easier.
6. What is the difference between a physical and a chemical property? Give an example of each.
7. For each of the four components, describe a specific physical property that enabled you to separate the component
from the rest of the mixture.
8. What methods could be used to determine the purity of each of your recovered components?
9. How could you separate each of the following two-part mixtures? State whether each item is a mixture, compound, or
element.
 Lead filings & iron filings
 Sand & gravel
 Sand & finely ground Styrofoam
 Salt & sugar