2023 5th International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communication Control and Networking (ICAC3N)

Land Registration System using Blockchain

2023 5th International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communication Control and Networking (ICAC3N) | 979-8-3503-3086-1/23/$31.00 ©2023 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/ICAC3N60023.2023.10541693

Dr. Sanjeev Kumar Singh Akshay Tiwari

Head of Department Assistant Professor
Information Technology Department Information Technology Department
Galgotias College of Engineering & Technology Galgotias College of Engineering & Technology
sksingh72@[Link] akshay.tiwari92@[Link]

Priyesh Raj Singh Niranjan Singh

Student Student
Information Technology Department Information Technology Department
Galgotias College of Engineering & Technology Galgotias College of Engineering & Technology
priyeshphy@[Link] ramsinghvandevi@[Link]

Prateek Kumar
Student
Information Technology Department
Galgotias College of Engineering & Technology
prateekkumartiwari01@[Link]

Abstract—Land administration system is important for the Keywords—blockchain, smart contract, Ethereum, hashing, public
management, allocation, and handling related to land, affecting a ledgers, cipher, chain linking, consensus protocol, cryptography,
wide range of stakeholders. However, one of the biggest challenges decentralized application, encryption, and digital signature.
in land administration systems is maintaining the accuracy of the
I. INTRODUCTION
data stored within them. Inaccuracies can arise from a variety of
factors such as errors in data collection, processing, and misuse. Implementing a Land Registry System Using Blockchain is a
These inaccuracies can lead to issues such as data tampering, modern solution aimed at enhancing the traditional land
lengthy registration times for transactions, and the potential for registration process by leveraging the benefits of blockchain
double-spending, all of which can undermine the integrity of the technology. Its objective is to provide a secure, transparent, and
land administration system. To address these challenges, this immutable way of recording land ownership and transactions,
research paper proposes the use of blockchain technology,
specifically the blockchains contract written in the Solidity
which eliminates the need for intermediaries and reduces the
programming language. The smart contract is written in the main potential for fraud. The system operates by creating a digital
logic of the implementation. These contracts are logical ledger that captures all land ownership and transaction
implementations to determine the owner, seller, and the transfer details[1]. Every entry recorded in the ledger undergoes
of the land. The proposed solution uses a distributed ledger system verification and approval by multiple nodes in the blockchain
to ensure the accuracy of data in the land administration system. network, rendering it extremely challenging, if not impossible,
The system verifies the user's record through government officials to modify or manipulate the data. Consequently, the land
and assigns a unique hash value to each submitted block of data. registry system is reliable, secure, and tamper-proof. By
When a transaction for the transfer of ownership is initiated, a adopting this system, the real estate industry can reduce the time
separate block is created with a unique hash value that is
connected to the previous value, creating a sequence of blocks that
and cost associated with traditional land registration processes,
are chained together. The hashing algorithm employed generates enhance transparency and accountability, and reduce the
a fixed-size message digest, where each hashed value uniquely likelihood of disputes and litigation.[2] This highlights the
represents a complete set of transactions contained in a specific potential of blockchain technology in reducing the cost and time
block. involved in property transactions, enhancing transparency and
security, and streamlining the overall process.
[3] India’s land registration process has faced various
challenges, leading to the pendency of cases and outdated land
records. These issues include lengthy processes, insecure
methods, lack of transparency, and unsynchronized operations.

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 2023 5th International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communication Control and Networking (ICAC3N)

Blockchain technology offers an opportunity to revolutionize by human involvement, which is common in traditional land
the land registry system and overcome these challenges. The registry systems. Although land registration is a multistep
objective of this paper is to investigate the practical application process that involves engaging all stakeholders, blockchain has
of blockchain technology in the land registry system, its the capacity to simplify, and streamline the process, allowing
benefits, drawbacks, and how it can enhance the current system. registration to be completed in a matter of seconds.
Blockchain is a distributed database that utilizes cryptographic
techniques to store information in blocks, which are [18] The current system to record information about land has
subsequently linked together.[4] As new data is introduced, it is drawbacks regarding data fraud, sensitive data protection, and
appended to a new block, which is then connected to the system failure risks. In contrast, blockchain technology offers a
preceding block, creating a sequential chain of data. One of the cutting-edge database solution that can fully address the
distinguishing features of blockchain is its decentralized nature, problems associated with current systems. There are various
where control is not centralized in the hands of any individual types of blockchains, including private and public, with
or entity. Instead, authority is collectively shared among all different functionalities and characteristics.[8]Public
users. Additionally, decentralized blockchains are blockchains allow all members of the system to participate in
characterized by immutability, which means that once data is transactions freely, and any changes made are visible to the
recorded, it cannot be altered or reversed. Its purpose is to network. This type is suitable for systems where access to all
record and distribute digital information while preventing members is required.
editing, making it a foundation for immutable ledgers. [20] In contrast, private blockchains have more limited access,
Blockchain empowers anyone with an internet connection to where a system administrator adds members to the network, and
transfer anything of value securely and with integrity. Every access is predetermined based on the roles assigned. Private
node in the blockchain maintains a full record of transactions, blockchains are suitable for organizations such as banks that
preventing a central point of attack or failure, and preventing require distributed ledger technology but do not want to share
fraud by requiring verification from all sources before entries with all members.[9] These blockchains offer control
approving a transaction over inspecting and changing transactions, and certain groups
[5]Blockchain technology has a decentralized connection over can interact with the system to benefit from blockchain
a peer to other peer networks that enables direct technology.
communication, transactions between peers without the need 1.1 Current issues about land disputes in India
for a centralized system. Each peer in the system has
information about other ledgers, and a consensus algorithm is Land registration in India is plagued by numerous challenges.
used to validate and store transactions in blocks that form the One significant problem is the prevalence of land disputes that
blockchain. Blockchain has the capability to transform land permeate all levels of courts. These disputes involve
registry systems by creating a highly secure and immutable approximately 3 million hectares of land and affect around 10
record of ownership that cannot be manipulated. To establish a million people. About 70% of cases are pending in different
land registry system based on blockchain technology, the courts in the country. The resolution of such disputes is an
process involves recording and assigning ownership documents incredibly time-consuming process, with an average pendency
to individual user accounts. Subsequent modifications or of 22 or more years from the initiation of the case to its final
updates related to the property can be appended to the resolution.
blockchain, ensuring a transparent and secure record of [15] Ensuring the authenticity of land registration poses a
changes. All transactions are traceable, time-stamped, and significant challenge in India. Many organizations and
indisputable, providing a highly secure record of ownership that individuals like the government, the parties involved, banks, the
can survive any disaster.[6] Solidity is a high-level registrar, witnesses, as well as other minor entities such as
programming language derived from C++, JavaScript, and stamp vendors, agents, advocates, and document writers. The
Python, specifically designed for creating smart contracts involvement of numerous stakeholders impacts the efficiency
utilized in decentralized applications running on the of transferring land ownership between parties. Generally, in
blockchain. The compiled Solidity code generates a bytecode many cases, the entire process of transferring of land can take
that is executed on the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM). around 45-60 days.
[16] Furthermore, the absence of an effective land record
By using a fingerprint of the data, any copy of the data can be management system exacerbates the challenges in land
validated, ensuring that it is real and not fake. The owner can registration. The lack of a centralized and reliable system to
control access to sensitive records by tokenizing access rights, maintain up-to-date land records further complicates the
allowing them to grant access to authorized parties.[7] This can process and contributes to inefficiencies in land transactions.
be done whenever needed, without being constrained by office These problems collectively undermine the effectiveness,
working hours, and is far more flexible than traditional paper- transparency, and speed of land registration in India.
based systems. Implementing blockchain technology in land Addressing these issues is crucial for streamlining the land
registry systems has numerous benefits, including enhanced registration process and ensuring the accuracy and security of
security, true traceability, reduced costs, and improved land records.
transparency. It also helps to eliminate fraud and errors caused

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 2023 5th International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communication Control and Networking (ICAC3N)

II. RELATED WORK

There are different types of blockchains available, such as
public and private. In a public blockchain, all members have
full rights and access to the system, and transactions can be
made freely. The use of a public blockchain is dependent on the
nature of the system or use case. Blockchain was developed to
eliminate the possibility of double spending in electronic
transactions.[10] This is achieved through a peer-to-peer
distributed timestamp server that creates a chronological list of
all transactions based on a consensus mechanism.
The process described involves a decentralized timestamp
server that establishes a sequential record of transactions using
a consensus mechanism. Proof-of-work is typically employed
as the consensus mechanism, ensuring that all transactions
added to the blockchain adhere to a predetermined time frame
for adding new blocks. To address registration time
requirements, smart contracts can be utilized. They enable the
implementation of programmed code to handle various
scenarios, such as ownership transfers, real estate transactions,
and the division or combination of properties.[11] This
proposed solution aims to organize and streamline the time
necessary for registering transactions within the land registry
process.
In our proposed system we will utilize the features of both
public and private blockchain. The sensitive data is stored on a
private blockchain that will be accessible to related authorities.
Information like PAN number, Adhaar number, and transaction
details are stored over this private blockchain. On this site, there
[6] Detail about digitalized land records in various states in is also much information present that are needed to be in the
India. public domain and should be visible to all the users, information
about the land, its details like size, price, location, connectivity,
[7] In the current context of India, the process of transferring etc. that are important for the buyer are present over the public
land records and collecting associated data is commonly blockchain and is visible to everyone. So in this way, we are
referred to as land records. These records encompass various trying to utilize the useful features of both types of blockchains
documents such as Records of Rights, sale deeds, and personal in our system.
records. However, due to a lack of upkeep and ineffective Workflow of the entire proposed system, where all the end-to-
communication, the data has become outdated, and there is a end usage and flow of the model are mentioned.
notable absence of proper transaction details.[7] To address
these challenges, blockchain technology has been proposed as
a potential solution for enhancing the collection and
maintenance of land records. Blockchain offers a secure
medium for transferring operations and information, ensuring
protection against unauthorized access.

1.2 Improvements
Blockchain technology has become an integral part of the land
registry process due to its tamper-proof and secure nature. Once
a land transfer is completed, data is automatically changed and
stored on the platform, ensuring legal rights of ownership are
protected and cannot be altered by anyone. The information
about previous ownership and transactions can also be accessed
to verify the rightful owner of the property. The decentralized
nature of our system eliminates the need for a middleman or
authority, making the process transparent and straightforward.

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 2023 5th International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communication Control and Networking (ICAC3N)

III. LITERATURE SURVEY tamper-proof system that could provide a solution to these
[1]"Blockchain technology for land registration: a systematic issues.
literature review" by Peter K. Kamau and Richard B. Kiptum, Our literature survey of various research studies on the topic
published in the Journal of Land Use Science. This study gives reveals that blockchain-based land registration systems offer
information about the benefits and challenges of using several advantages over traditional systems. One of the most
blockchain in land transfer systems and highlights the need for significant benefits is the elimination of intermediaries,
further research to address technical and regulatory challenges. reducing transaction costs, and increasing the speed of
[2]"Blockchain for Land Governance: Opportunities and transactions. [12] Using solidity-written smart contracts to
Challenges" by Klaus Deininger, Daniel Ayalew Ali, and Selim implement blockchain-based land registration systems could
Gulesci, published in the World Bank Research Observer. This ensure that transactions are executed automatically once the
paper examines the possibilities offered by blockchain conditions specified in the contract are met. This can result in
technology to enhance land governance. It explores the significant time and cost savings for all parties involved in a
application of blockchain in key areas such as land registration, land transaction.
transfer of ownership, and dispute resolution. The study Moreover, using blockchain in land transfer systems can reduce
emphasizes the requirement for well-defined legal and the risks of forgery and corruption in land transactions. Since
institutional frameworks to facilitate the integration of the blockchain ledger is tamper-proof, it ensures that all
blockchain technology into land governance. transactions are transparent and cannot be altered without the
[3]"Blockchain in Land Administration: Case Studies in consensus of the network.[13] This feature makes it almost
Georgia and Sweden" by Malin Arvidsson, Jonas Wallin, and impossible to forge land titles or falsify property ownership
Daniel Löfstrand, published in the Journal of Land records. Therefore, blockchain-based land registration systems
Administration. This article presents case studies of can enhance the security and integrity of land transactions,
blockchain-based land registration systems in Georgia and which is crucial for attracting investment and promoting
Sweden. The study examines the benefits and limitations of economic development. While acknowledging the potential
blockchain-based land registration systems and provides advantages, the implementation of blockchain technology in
insights into the technical and legal challenges of implementing land registration is not without its challenges. The foremost
such systems. challenge is the need for technical expertise, which can be
[4]"Blockchain for Land Registration: A Systematic Review of expensive and time-consuming to develop. Moreover, the
Literature, Prototypes, and Projects" by Khezr Soltani and integration of blockchain technology into the existing legal
Kavitha Ranganathan, published in the [2]International Journal framework poses legal and regulatory challenges that need to
of E-Services and Mobile Applications. This paper provides an be addressed.
extensive review of the literature on blockchain-based land We can overcome these challenges by developing a clear
registration systems, as well as an analysis of existing roadmap for the adoption of blockchain technology in land
prototypes and projects. The study identifies the key benefits registration systems. They need to identify the technical, legal,
and challenges of using blockchain in land registration and and regulatory challenges and develop solutions that address
highlights the need for more research on scalability, these challenges. They should also invest in training programs
interoperability, and standardization. Reference: Soltani, K., & to develop the necessary technical expertise in the blockchain
Ranganathan, K. (2020). Blockchain for Land Registration: A domain and build a more transparent system in land
Systematic Review of Literature, Prototypes, and Projects.." management.
Blockchain Technology and Its Application to Land The adoption of blockchain applications in land registration
Administration" by Duncan Jeffries and Paul Maasdorp, systems capability to revolutionize land administration and
published in the International Journal of Geo-Information. This promote economic development. However, it requires a
article discusses the potential of blockchain technology in land concerted effort from governments, land administrators, and
administration, including land registration, valuation, and other stakeholders to overcome the challenges associated with
taxation. The study examines the benefits and challenges of its adoption. With the right investments in technology and
using blockchain in land administration and provides insights capacity building, blockchain-based land registration systems
into the technical, legal, and institutional challenges associated can become a reality and transform land administration systems
with implementing blockchain-based land registration systems across the world.
Reference
IV. CONCLUSION [1] Kamau, P. K., & Kiptum, R. B. (2019).
Using blockchain in land registration systems has the capability Blockchain technology for land registration: a
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inefficiency, leading to delays in property transactions, Blockchain for Land Governance: Opportunities
disputes, and the inability to leverage land as an economic asset. and Challenges. World Bank Research Observer,
Blockchain technology offers a decentralized, transparent, and 35(2)

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