The transverse force in the pile in this same section
Qi.,=pl.~=icos=,.,--s~sin=,.,--mtxi.,sin=,.,)--pj. 3~. (17)
In these expressions the coordinate of the center of the section of the pile xj, z and
the angle =j,i of the slope of its axis to the vertical should be taken into account with
their own signs [2].
As was shown in [3], consideration of the joint work of foundations and above-ground
members by the proposed method for a two-span industrial building caused a considerable
redistribution of forces in the columns and led to a decrease of the maximum longitudinal
force in the piles and moment in the column in comparison with the calculation for fixed
foundations. The joint calculation can give more economical solutions both of foundations
and aboveground structures.
Equations (1)-(17) can be used when compiling algorithms of programs for computer calcu-
lation of various structures jointly with their pile cluster foundations.
LITERATURE CITED
i. SNiP 2.02.03-85. Pile Foundations [in Russian].
2. ~. V. Kosterin, Bases and Foundations [in Russian], Vysshaya Shkola, Moscow (1990).
3. ~. V. Kosterin, "Calculation of pile foundations jointly with load-bearing members
of single-story industrial frame buildings," Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved., Stroit. Arkhi-
tek., No. 12, 22-26, (1988).
DETERMINATION OF THE CRITICAL DISTANCE BETWEEN RETAINING ELEMENTS
OF LANDSLIDE-CONTROL STRUCTURES
L. K. Ginzburg and V. I. Ishchenko UDC 624.137.6
The distance between retaining elements normal to the direction of movement of a land-
slide in landslide-control structures is limited by the condition of the landslide mass
not pushing through between them [i]. Its maximum allowable value is called the critical.
An analysis of the existing methods of determining this distance [1-4] shows that they
lead to results considerably differing from one another.
The maximum value of the critical distance is given by method [2], which assumes that
the landslide flows along the side faces of a triangular prism of compacted soil (wedge)
resting with its base on the retaining element. This is explained by the fact that far
from all forces acting on the prism-wedge during flow of the landslide mass around it are
taken into account in the given method. In contrast to work [2], method [3] gives the low-
est values of the critical distance, which is apparently related to the assumption of the
occurrence of plastic flow of the soil with an angle of internal friction , = 0 at the time
of pushing through.
Intermediate results are given by the method presented in [i, 4], which is based on
the theory of the arching effect. It is assumed that the soil does not push through between
the retaining elements as a result of the formation between them of a supporting body in
the form of a dome with a two-hinged arch of parabolic form. However, in connection with
the fact that the possibility of failure of the soil on the arch support itself (contact
of the soil with the retaining element) before the failure of the arch itself was not taken
into account when deriving the formulas of this method, the results of calculations also
do not always correspond to reality. It should be taken into account that method [I], as a
rule, determines the inside distance between the retaining elements. Hereinafter all dis-
cussions concern the distance between the axes of the retaining elements.
Ukrainian Special Construction Planning Institute. Translated from Osnovaniya, Funda-
menty i Mekhanika Gruntov, No. 2, pp. 11-12, March-April, 1991.
66 0038-0741/91/2802-0089512.50 © 1991 Plenum Publishing Corporation
8cr
@ ..~.
i, 81~r
Fig. i. Scheme for determining the critical distance between
retaining elements: i) mass of landslide with width bcr
transmitting the landslide pressure on the retaining element
2 of the landslide control structure with width d; 3) direc-
tion of movement of landslide.
A method is given below for determining the critical distance between retaining elements
of a landslide-control structure based on the assumption that penetration of the soil between
these elements is possible also in the case when the strength of the soil at the contact
with the retaining element is exhausted under the effect of the landslide pressure (see
Fig. I).
On the basis that in [5] it is recommended to determine the maximum allowable lateral
pressure Pall on moving soil from the retaining element by Maslov's formula
n~(dtR'~+z+clYtE'~) (i)
~i~ ctg,~+,,--n/2
the condition of limit equilibrium of the soil at the contact with the surface of the retain-
i n g element can be represented in the form of the expression
F~b¢~PalLa#a. (2)
where E£s is the landslide pressure from 1 m of the width of the landslide acting along the
axis of the retaining element; it is determined in conformity with [i]; ~, q, c are the
calculated characteristics of the landslide soil (respectively the unit weight, angle of
internal friction, and cohesion); h is the thickness of the landslide mass along the axis
of the retaining element; d is the diameter or size of the side of the retaining element
normal to the direction of movement of the landslide; z is the depth at which the maximum
allowable pressure on the soil is determined; [Link] is the maximum allowable pressure at
depth v = h/2.
Substituting into expression (2) the value of [Link] at z = h/2 and having transformed
it, we obtain the formula for obtaining the critical distance between retaining elements
I,cr= n~'hm't'~'r+h/~+~/vtuqt (3)
L~clg,l~,i--n/21
For a comparison of the existing methods and the method proposed in this article, Table
1 gives the results of concrete calculations by them.
TABLE 1
Calculated values of critical
distance, m, for "nitial data
Method d=O.h m; h ~ l t l m , d=U.b l~; h~4,$m:
,=4 kPa 3 , = II~ k P a
~'=~!m k.N/m 3 ,-=~:L7 k N / m 3 3
Els -~.5 ldq/m L lS =:ttn'k.N/m
q ~ 1 2 : ~=20",~,
In work [1] L.s7 2.5~
2.5a
S,a~e 0.3. U.~l,
Same [ 2 } t .... 4.2~
By formula (3) L ~4 I .h!=
67
An analysis of the data obtained shows that in the first case the value of bcr calcu-
lated by method [i] is less than by formula (3). This indicates that the soil arch formed
between the retaining elements is destroyed more rapidly than the soil on the arch support
and a smaller value bcr = 1.57 m should be taken in the calculation (i.e., according to [i]).
In the second case the critical distance obtained by formula (3) is less than by method
[I], which idnicates earlier failure of the soil on the arch support. Therefore, it is
necessary to take bcr = 1.69 m in the calculation (i.e., according to formula (3)).
CONCLUSION
When designing slide-control retaining structures, the distance between the retaining
elements in the row should be designated as the minimum of the results of calculations by
the method given in work [I] and by formula (3) of the present work.
Solutions obtained for comparatively dense soils able to create supporting arches were
examined in the article. For weak (plastic) soils method [i] for now remains the only one.
LITERATURE CITED
I. L. K. Ginzburg, Landslide Retaining Structures [in Russian], Stroiizdat, Moscow (1979).
2. Guide to the Design and Construction of Deepened Engineering Structures [in Russian],
NIISK Goststroya SSSR, Stroiizdat, Moscow (1986).
3. Methodological Recommendations on Calculating Landslide-Control Pile Structures [in
Russian], NIKTI GKh Min. Kommunal. Khoz. Ukr. SSR, Kiev (1974).
4. O. G. Semenkov, "Determination of the critical distance between elements of retaining
structures of slide-prone slopes," Osn., Fundam. Mekh. Gruntov, No. 6, 11-12 (1989).
5. N. N. Maslov, Soil Mechanics in Construction Practice (Landslides and Their Control)
[in Russian], Stroiizdat, Moscow (1977).
68
