Network+ N10-008

By Alireza Esmaeeli
Network Basics
1
Networks
➢ What is Network ?
➢ Why we need Networks ?
Network Types
PAN 1m

10 m (room)
LAN 100 m (building)
1 km (campus)

MAN 10 km

100 km (Country)
WAN 1000 km (Continent)

10000Km , Network of
INTERNET Networks(BGP)
See…
Network Types
➢ Intranet
➢ Extranet
➢ Internet
Network Types
➢Client/Server Networks
➢ What is a Server ?
➢ What is a Client ?
Network Types
➢Workgroup / Domain Networks

➢Why do we need domain and domain controller (DC)

Network Models
➢OSI Model (Open System Interconnection)
➢TCP/IP Model (Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol)
Packet Data Unit (PDU)
Same-Layer Interaction &
Adjacent-Layer Interaction
TCP/IP Model
OSI vs TCP/IP
Hybrid Model
Some OSI & TCP/IP Protocols

DHCP

Arp
 OSI Layer and Their Functions
➢Layer7: Application
➢ Provide an Interface Between Communication Softwares in two Separate
Computer(UI)
➢ Authentication
➢ Authorization
➢ Accounting
 OSI Layer and Their Functions
➢Layer6: Presentation
➢ Negotiate & Define Data Format

➢ Encryption

➢ Compression
 OSI Layer and Their Functions
➢Layer5: Session
➢ Defines How to Start, Control, and End Conversations

➢ Control and Management Bidirectional Messages

 OSI Layer and Their Functions
➢Layer4: Transport
➢ Error Control

➢ Flow Control

➢ Segmentation and Order a Large Data

➢ Multiplexing
 OSI Layer and Their Functions
➢Layer3: Network
➢ Logical Addressing

➢ Routing

➢ Path Determination
 OSI Layer and Their Functions
➢Layer2: Data Link
➢ Define Header and Trailer Format
➢ Define FCS Field
➢ Error Detection
➢ Physical Addressing
➢ Switching
 OSI Layer and Their Functions
➢Layer1: Physical
➢ Refers to Medium Standards from Other Organizations
HUB
HUB
 SWITCH
➢Is a Switched Ethernet
➢It means bandwidth is
not shared between hosts
➢Switch has ability to
manage the network traffic
➢Switch is a Data Link
Layer Device
SWITCH
 Router
➢Routers have all capabilities of the previous devices
➢Routers can regenerate signals, concentrate multiple connections, and manage data
transfers
➢They can also connect to a WAN, which allows them to connect LANs that are
separated by great distances
➢Router is a Network Layer Device
 Transmission Methods
➢Simplex

➢Half Duplex

➢Full Duplex
 Different Destination Addresses

BoradCast Address : Only Spread in a Broadcast domain

 Collision Domain
➢ A Collision Domain is a set of network interface cards (NIC) for which a
frame sent by one NIC could result in a collision with a frame sent by
any other NIC at the same time in the same collision domain
 Broadcast Domian
➢ A Broadcast Domain is a set of NICs for which a broadcast frame sent by one NIC is
received by all other NICs in the same broadcast domain
Physical Layer
2
 Cable Types
➢Coaxial

➢Twisted Pair:
UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair)

STP (shielded Twisted Pair)

➢Fiber Optic
Coaxial Cable
 Coaxial Cable
(Original Ethernet Standards)
Fiber Optic Cable
Fiber Optic Cable
UTP Cable
STP Cable
Most Common Types of Ethernet
The way to name Fiber Optic in Ethernet
Standards
Not in exam
Categories of cables
Not in exam
Categories of cables
Not in exam
Connectors of each cat
 Ethernet UTP/STP Cabling

➢Straight Through
➢Cross Over (X)
➢Roll Over
RJ-45 Socket

Key Stone jack

RJ-45 Socket
 Required Devices for Cabling
➢RJ45 Socket Pliers

➢RJ45 Socket

➢UTP Cable
Cable , KeyStone , Patch panel

Patch Panel
 Device Connections
➢PC to PC: Cross
➢Switch to Switch: Cross
➢Router to Router: Cross
➢PC to Switch: Straight
➢Switch to Router: Straight
➢Hub to Switch: Cross
➢PC to Router: Cross
Device Connections
 UTP Cabling Standards
➢TIA/EIA568A:
➢TIA/EIA568B:

(Telecommunicational Industry Association /Electronic Industries Alliance)

TIA/EIA 568A
TIA/EIA 568B
Straight Through (2)
Cross Over
Roll Over
Console Cable
 Cable Topologies
➢Bus

➢Mesh
Full mesh
Partial mesh

➢Star
Bus Topology
Star Topologies
Mesh Topologies
Datalink Layer
3
 Ethernet Addressing
➢IEEE 802.3 Committee (MAC Committee) worked on
Ethernet Addressing (OUI-Vendor)

➢MAC address is 48 bits in length

➢MAC addresses are sometimes referred to as burned-in

addresses (BIA) because they are burned into read-only
memory (ROM) and are copied into random-access
memory (RAM) when the NIC initializes
Ethernet Addressing
 Ethernet Addressing
Two formats to show the MAC address:

➢Six Octet, Each one 8 bits:00-27-19-EC-97-35

Or

➢Three Parts, Each one 16 bits: 0000.0C18.3456

Ethernet header format
Not in exam

IEEE 802.3
 Ethernet LAN
Switching
Concepts

@ALIREZA_ESMAEELI_NETWORK
Network
Interface
Card (NIC)
 Switching Logic
➢Switches do three main job:

1. Learning MAC addresses by examining the source MAC address

of each frame received by the bridge.

2. Deciding when to forward a frame or when to filter (not forward)

a frame, based on the destination MAC address.

3. Creating a (Layer 2) loop-free environment with other bridges by

using Spanning Tree Protocol (STP. Standard: 802.1d)
 Learning MAC Addresses
➢Switches build the address table by listening to incoming
frames and examining the source MAC address in the frame

➢If a frame enters the switch and the source MAC address is
not in the MAC address table, the switch creates an entry in
the table
Decision Making
Decision Making
 Attention
➢All these words are the same:

MAC Address Table = Switching Table = Bridging Table

= Content Address Table = Cam table
Mac Learning In real..
Laboratory
Network Layer
4
3rd Layer header
Not in exam
 IP Address
➢IP Address is a unique address that identifies a
device on the network

➢IPv4 Address is 32 bits

➢4 Octet, Each one 8 bits

➢Example: [Link]
[Link]
[Link]
 Ip Address & Subnet mask
➢Each ip always has a subnet mask.
Subnet mask devides 32 bit of ip address in 2 parts :
1/Network part 2/host part

1. Network Address : All bits of host portion become 0

2. First host Address
3. Last host Address
4. Broadcast Address : All bits of host portion become 1
5. Next subnet Address
Number of hosts per Subnet
➢The Subnet mask determines how many hosts can an ip address has in a network.

Num of Hosts in a network : 2^h – 2 >> that h:number of host portion bits

➢h is derived from subnet mask :

Example: /22 >> h= 32-22= 10 >> Num of hosts : 2^10-2=1022

 examples
a) [Link] >> next ip >>[Link]
b) [Link] >> next ip >>[Link]
c) [Link] >> Previous ip >>[Link]
d) [Link] >> Previous ip >>[Link]

❑[Link]/18
Net: [Link]/18
1st: [Link]/18
Last: [Link]/18
Br: [Link]/18
Next Net: [Link]/18
IP Classes
Network and Host Parts and
Default Masks
Memorize
IP Configuration
RFC 1918 Private Address Space
 To be Excluded
➢Loopback ([Link]/8)

➢0.B.C.D

➢Classes E,D

➢Subnet Number & Broadcast Address

 ICMP
(Internet Control Messaging Protocol)

➢Ping

➢Tracert (Windows base) Traceroute (UNIX kernel base)

 Default TTL amounts

➢Cisco ICMP 255

➢juniper ICMP 64
➢Linux 2.0.x kernel ICMP 64
➢Linux 2.2.14 kernel ICMP 255
➢Windows ICMP/TCP/UDP 128

How to find out:

cmd -> Ping -4 localhost

Check it …
Virtual LAN
 ARP
(Address Resolution Protocol)

➢ARP is a layer3 protocol for finding MAC address from IP address

Arp in real…
 DHCP
(Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)

➢DHCP is a Layer3 protocol that give IP Address,

Subnet mask and other network settings to the

Host or Client.
DHCP
DORA
DHCP Discover and Offer First time IP
DHCP in real…
 APIPA

➢(Automatic Private IP Addressing) The function that

provides DHCP auto configuration addressing. APIPA

assigns a class B IP address from [Link]/16 to

the client when a DHCP server is either permanently

or temporarily unavailable
 Default gateway
➢A route, that has [Link] as destination, is called a
default gateway, or a last resort route.
Routing in Real…
Mac and IP based Forwarding
Internet
protocol v6
(IPv6)
 IPV6 Advantages

➢Increased address space (128 bit)

➢Automatic Address Configuration
➢Network level security
➢Routing table size
➢Header size and extension
➢Removal of broadcast traffic
IPV6 Addressing Summarization Rules
 Some Reserved Addresses

➢::1 Loopback
➢:: [Link]

➢FC00::/7 means start with FC Or FD is a unique local like Private ipv4

addresses
How to Create
your own virtual
machine
Not in exam
How to Create your own virtual machine
Not in exam

1. Open VMware
workstation and choose
“Create new VM” from the
file drop list or just click
the option in main screen
How to Create your own virtual machine
Not in exam
2. Choose custom. you can go with typical, but you 3. Choose the latest Compatibility option, Unless
will lose some options you are instructed otherwise
 How to Create your own virtual machine
4. Choose installation source of your OS. note that Not in exam 5. Choose the operation system that you intent to
choosing a disk or iso file will cause workstation install, from the drop lists
to automate the process of OS installation
How to Create your own virtual machine
Not in exam
6. Choose a folder for your VM to save 7. Choose the Firmware type. Leave at
recommended unless specifically instructed
How to Create your own virtual machine
Not in exam 9. Choose the amount of maximum RAM that the
8. Choose number of processors & cores. Note VM is allowed to use. note that if you specify
that your host machine must have more cores in more than what the physical machine has, the
total ,that what you give to the machine, VM will start, but if it uses more than the
otherwise the VM will fail to start. Also consider amount available, the VM (maybe even your
your host OS. physical machine) crashes.
 How to Create your own virtual machine
Not in exam
10. Choose networking option. remember that you 11. Choose the input / output type of the main
have more options than these. board. Leave at recommended unless
specifically instructed.
How to Create your own virtual machine
Not in exam
[Link] how the Disks are connected to the VM [Link] what disk you want to attach to your
mainboard. VM. 1st option creates a new virtual disk.2nd
option allows you to use a vDisk, if you have
one. 3rd option allows a physical disk or partition
to be attached to the VM
How to Create your own virtual machine
Not in exam

[Link] options (if you choose the 1st option in previous step).

If you check the “allocate all disk space now”, the file that
represents your VM’s disk, will consume all of the specified
amount (100 GB in this case). This will make you VM faster by a
small amount at the cost of your disk capacity.

Choosing to store the VM’s disk in a single file, will make it

slightly faster but you might not have a 100GB flash drive to
move your VM to another computer. The 2nd option, divides the
vDisk into several files, making it possible to move your VM to
another computer.
 How to Create your own virtual machine
Not in exam
[Link] the path that you want to save the vDisk
Finally. You can view the summary of your VM’s
file. If left unchanged, the vDisk will be saved in specifications. Choosing finish creates you VM.
the same path as the rest of the VM files.
How to Create your own virtual machine
Not in exam
Laboratory
 Laboratory
1- Open the VMs using VMware workstation app or just double click on the vmx file of VMs.
Laboratory
2- Turn on your VM.
 Laboratory
3- Right click on the VM, choose “Settings”. Then choose the proper option under “Network adopter”.
 Laboratory
4- Login to the VM and press +R on keyboard to open the “Run” box, and type [Link]. Then
open the network interface by double clicking on it.
 Laboratory
5- Choose properties options. Then double click on “Internet protocol version 4 (TCP/IPv4)”.
Assign an IP address to the VM. note that the address needs to be in the same range as the other VM.
 Laboratory
6- Turn firewall off using the Run box and entering [Link]
 Laboratory
7- Use the ping command to test the connection
Transport Layer
5
Layer 4 Header
Not in exam
 Main Layer4 Protocols

➢TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)

• Connection Oriented

➢UDP (User Datagram Protocol)

• Connection Less
Well-Known Port Numbers
 QOS
➢Bandwidth

Speed

Throughput

➢Delay

➢Jitter

➢Loss
Application Layer
6
 Main Application Layer Protocols

➢Telnet
➢SSH
➢SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol, Send)
➢POP3 (Post Office Protocol v.3, Receive, Push)
➢IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol v4, Receive, Pull)
➢HTTP
➢HTTPS
 Main Application Layer Protocols
➢FTP
➢TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol)
➢SFTP (stands for SSH File Transfer Protocol)
➢SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol)
DNS
DNS
DNS in real…
Some OSI & TCP/IP Protocols
Wireless Basics
7
WLAN Modes
WLAN Service sets
WLAN Standards
WLAN Security Standards
What is WI-FI Channel?
Wi-Fi Bandwidth Example(2.4GHz)
Non-Overlapping Channels
Wi-Fi Bandwidth Example(5GHz)
Wireless Network Security
Other Network
Concepts
8
Difference between devices

➢Hub
➢Switch
➢Router
➢Modem
➢Access Point (AP)
 Firewalls
Firewall Types:

➢Host Base Firewall

➢Software firewalls on OS

➢Network Base Firewall

➢Hardware firewalls such as Juniper FW, Fortinet FW,…
Hashing
Not in exam
NAT
&
PAT
 NAT and PAT
➢Network Address Translation
• Keep in mind that this is a 3rd layer protocol

➢Port Address Translation

• Keep in mind that this is a 4th layer protocol

➢The difference between NAT & PAT is that NAT is only used for
translating ONE private address to one public address. But PAT has
the ability to translate multiple addresses into one public address.
NAT
PAT
The End