Q1.

Write shot note on a) unit speed b) unit discharge c) unit power

a) Unit speed: The unit speed in engineering is defined as the speed at which a fluid
or object travels per unit time. It is usually expressed in meters per second (m/s) or
feet per second (ft/s). The unit speed is an important parameter in fluid mechanics,
where it is used to calculate the velocity of fluids in pipes, channels, and other
conduits.

b) Unit discharge: Unit discharge is the volume of fluid that flows through a unit area
per unit time. It is usually expressed in cubic meters per second (m³/s) or cubic feet
per second (ft³/s). Unit discharge is an important parameter in fluid mechanics, where
it is used to calculate the flow rate of fluids in pipes, channels, and other conduits.

c) Unit power: Unit power is the rate at which work is done or energy is transferred
per unit time. It is usually expressed in watts (W) or horsepower (hp). Unit power is an
important parameter in many engineering fields, such as electrical engineering,
mechanical engineering, and chemical engineering. It is used to describe the power
output of machines, engines, motors, and other devices.

Q2) what is turbine? Explain the classification of turbine

Q2) A turbine is a machine that converts the energy of a fluid (such as water, steam,
or gas) into mechanical energy by means of rotating blades or vanes. Turbines are
used in a variety of applications, including power generation, propulsion systems,
and industrial processes.

Classification of Turbines: Turbines can be classified into two main types based on
the type of fluid they use:

1. Hydraulic or water turbines: These turbines use water as the working fluid and are
typically used for power generation in hydroelectric power plants. Hydraulic turbines
can be further classified into the following types based on the direction of flow and
the type of runner:
 Radial flow turbines
 Axial flow turbines
 Mixed flow turbines
 Pelton wheel turbines
2. Steam turbines: These turbines use steam as the working fluid and are typically used
in thermal power plants. Steam turbines can be further classified into the following
types based on the direction of steam flow and the number of stages:
 Impulse turbines
 Reaction turbines
 Single-stage turbines
 Multi-stage turbines
 Q3. Explain working principal of pelton wheel turbine with the help of neat
sketch

Q3) The Pelton wheel turbine is a type of hydraulic turbine that is used for high-head
applications. The working principle of the Pelton wheel turbine is based on the
impulse of water jets on the buckets of the wheel. Here's how it works:

 Water from a high-pressure source is directed onto the blades or buckets of the
Pelton wheel.
 The water jet strikes the buckets at an angle, causing the wheel to rotate.
 The energy of the water jet is transferred to the wheel as mechanical energy.
 The rotating wheel is connected to a generator or other device to produce electricity
or perform other work.

Here is a step-by-step explanation of the working principle of the Pelton wheel

turbine with the help of a neat sketch:

1. Water from a high-pressure source enters the nozzle assembly, which is designed to
convert the pressure energy of the water into kinetic energy. The nozzle directs the
water into a high-velocity jet.
2. The water jet strikes the buckets of the Pelton wheel, which are arranged around the
perimeter of the wheel. The buckets are designed to split the water jet into two equal
parts and redirect them in opposite directions.
3. The water jet imparts a force on the buckets, causing the wheel to rotate. The kinetic
energy of the water jet is converted into mechanical energy as the wheel rotates.
4. The rotating wheel is connected to a generator or other device to produce electricity
or perform other work.

Overall, the Pelton wheel turbine is an efficient and reliable machine that is widely
used for hydroelectric power generation in high-head applications.
 Q4. What is draft tube? What are the function of draft tube? Explain different
types of draft tube
Q4) A draft tube is a component of a hydraulic turbine that is used to convert the
kinetic energy of water leaving the turbine into pressure energy. It is a cone-shaped
or diffuser-shaped duct that is usually installed below the turbine runner.

The main function of the draft tube is to increase the efficiency of the turbine by
reducing the pressure at the outlet of the turbine and creating a low-pressure region
at the exit of the draft tube. This low-pressure region helps to increase the velocity of
water leaving the draft tube and hence, increases the hydraulic efficiency of the
turbine.

There are three main types of draft tubes used in hydraulic turbines:

1. Simple draft tube: A simple draft tube is a cone-shaped duct that is connected to the
outlet of the turbine runner. The diameter of the draft tube decreases in the direction
of flow, which helps to increase the velocity of water leaving the turbine and reduce
the pressure at the outlet. Simple draft tubes are used in low-head turbines.
2. Elbow draft tube: An elbow draft tube is a type of draft tube that includes a bend or
elbow in the duct. The elbow helps to increase the length of the draft tube without
increasing its overall height, which can be useful in situations where there is limited
space for the installation of the turbine.
3. Straubel or conical diffuser draft tube: A Straubel or conical diffuser draft tube is a
type of draft tube that has a gradually increasing diameter in the direction of flow.
The diffuser section of the draft tube is designed to convert the kinetic energy of
water into pressure energy, which helps to increase the efficiency of the turbine.
Conical diffuser draft tubes are used in high-head turbines.

Overall, the design and type of draft tube used in a hydraulic turbine depend on
several factors, including the head of water, the flow rate of water, and the efficiency
of the turbine. A well-designed draft tube can significantly improve the performance
and efficiency of a hydraulic turbine.
 Q5. What is reciprocating pump?
A reciprocating pump is a type of positive displacement pump that uses a piston or
plunger to move fluid from one place to another. The reciprocating motion of the
piston or plunger creates a pressure differential that forces fluid into the pump and
then out of it through a discharge valve.

Reciprocating pumps are commonly used in a variety of applications, such as in oil

and gas industries, chemical industries, water treatment plants, and agriculture. They
are typically used for low flow and high-pressure applications, where a constant flow
rate is required. Reciprocating pumps can handle a wide range of fluids, from thin
liquids like water to highly viscous fluids like oil and sludge.

The two main types of reciprocating pumps are:

1. Piston pumps: These pumps use a piston to move fluid in and out of the pump
chamber. The piston is connected to a crankshaft, which converts the rotational
motion of a motor or engine into the reciprocating motion of the piston.
2. Plunger pumps: These pumps use a plunger to move fluid in and out of the pump
chamber. The plunger is connected to a reciprocating motor or engine that drives
the plunger back and forth.

Reciprocating pumps have several advantages over other types of pumps, such as
their ability to operate at high pressures and their ability to handle a wide range of
fluids. However, they also have some disadvantages, such as their high maintenance
requirements and the need for a pulsation dampener to reduce pressure fluctuations
in the system.
 Q6. Working of Francis and Kaplan turbine
Q6) The Francis turbine and Kaplan turbine are two common types of hydraulic turbines
used for generating electricity from water power.

Working of Francis Turbine: A Francis turbine works on the principle of fluid dynamics,
which states that when a fluid flows through a turbine, it transfers its kinetic energy to
the turbine blades, causing them to rotate. The Francis turbine is a type of reaction
turbine, which means that the turbine blades are shaped to generate a pressure
difference between the inlet and outlet of the turbine, causing the water to flow
through the blades.

The working principle of the Francis turbine can be explained in the following steps:

1. Water enters the turbine through a spiral-shaped casing and flows towards the
center of the turbine, where it strikes the blades of the turbine runner.
2. The water strikes the blades at an angle, which causes the blades to rotate and
transfer the kinetic energy of the water to the turbine shaft.
3. The rotating shaft drives a generator to produce electricity.
4. The water exits the turbine through a draft tube, which converts the kinetic energy of
the water into pressure energy, increasing the efficiency of the turbine.

Working of Kaplan Turbine: A Kaplan turbine is also a type of reaction turbine, but it has
adjustable blades that allow it to operate efficiently over a wide range of flow rates and
head pressures. The blades of the Kaplan turbine are adjustable, which means that they
can be rotated to optimize the performance of the turbine for different operating
conditions.

The working principle of the Kaplan turbine can be explained in the following steps:

1. Water enters the turbine through a spiral-shaped casing and flows towards the
center of the turbine, where it strikes the adjustable blades of the turbine runner.
2. The angle of the blades is adjusted to optimize the performance of the turbine for
the current operating conditions.
3. The water strikes the blades at an angle, which causes the blades to rotate and
transfer the kinetic energy of the water to the turbine shaft.
4. The rotating shaft drives a generator to produce electricity.
5. The water exits the turbine through a draft tube, which converts the kinetic energy of
the water into pressure energy, increasing the efficiency of the turbine.

Overall, the main difference between the Francis and Kaplan turbines is that the Kaplan
turbine has adjustable blades, allowing it to operate efficiently over a wider range of flow
rates and head pressures. Both turbines are commonly used in hydroelectric power
plants to generate electricity from water power.
 Q7. Different between Francis and Kaplan turbine
Q7) The Francis and Kaplan turbines are both types of hydraulic turbines used for
generating electricity from water power. Although they operate on the same
principle of fluid dynamics, there are several differences between the two turbines:

1. Blade design: The Francis turbine has fixed blades that are curved in the opposite
direction to the water flow, while the Kaplan turbine has adjustable blades that can
be rotated to optimize the performance of the turbine for different operating
conditions.
2. Operating range: The Francis turbine is best suited for high-head, low-flow
applications, while the Kaplan turbine is better suited for low-head, high-flow
 applications. The Kaplan turbine can operate efficiently over a wider range of flow
rates and head pressures than the Francis turbine.
3. Efficiency: The efficiency of the Kaplan turbine is generally higher than that of the
Francis turbine, due to its adjustable blades and wider operating range.
4. Cost: The Kaplan turbine is generally more expensive than the Francis turbine, due to
its more complex design and construction.
5. Maintenance: The Kaplan turbine requires more maintenance than the Francis
turbine, due to its adjustable blades and more complex design.

Overall, the choice between the Francis and Kaplan turbines depends on the specific
application and operating conditions. If the application involves high-head, low-flow
conditions, the Francis turbine may be more suitable. However, if the application
involves low-head, high-flow conditions, the Kaplan turbine may be a better choice.