AOSIS

coordinated cell death

·
and programmed
in which unwanted host cells are eliminated
a
by activation
ofintrinsic enzymes in

variety of physiological or
patrological
condition.

not
·

accompanied by inflammation and

colateral tissue damage.

-> Apoptosis is both

physiological and

pathological' -

-
- I
PHY610LOGICAL PATHOLOGICAL

⑧I organized cell destruction ⑪Damage to hou-cell

in sculpting oftiles DNA Chypoxic inves
dev
during embryo chemotherapy)

②. Physiological involution & Endoplasmic atres due to

ofcell harmone occumin of misfolded

dependent) proleim (FRAor mulation)
ex:-endomet shedding Alzeiner, Parkinson's

③Normal cell dest

③ vival infections
followed by replacement chepatitis, HIVs
proliferation.
⑭ cell death by cytotoxic
04. loss
of immature
Tcel in Transplant
B and T cells
rejection reaction.
⑧
5. Elimination of Blood ⑮ Pathologic atropy of
withdraw of
after they've
on
cells organ
Stimuli.
role.
performed their
en:-atropy ofkidney on
obstruction
of under
ABNORMAL APOPTOSIS

I
⑦Decreated Apoptosis - cell survival

a) 1953 in cancer
ruation
of
↓
Lowers rate
of Apoptosis
↓
mulated cells fail geteliminated
to

↓
Yed cell survival.

b) In autoimmune diseases
-

Reduced apoptosis
↓
accumulation ofdefective lymphocyte
↓
attack on SELF ANTGENS.
*Exaggerated Apoptosis -
higher cell death

Infarction
myocardia
->

-
20% necrosis 80% apoptosis

3 metalres
Diseases
-> Neurogenerative
Parkinson's, Alzeimers

mology
⑦single/cluster ofcells are involved.

② Apoptotic Bodies
-> intensely cosinophilic cytoplasm
wound
->
to oval shrunken mass

condensed but
contain
->
organelles
no nucleus

Chromatin condensation
③ Pyknosis - Nuclean

④ cell membrane show

3.
⑮ No acute
inflammatory wh

⑧ phagocytosis of apoptone bodies by

macrophages.
 Dwant
Provein cleavage by
Go
·

proteolytic enzymes

·
Protein -
P

cross linkages
2

NAcondensate biochemie
⑳
·

[ changes
·
Recognition
and
dead
removal
cell by
of
③
phagocytosis.
APOPTOSIS

chrinkage ↓

what parther
fr
0
⑧
W

Apoptotic
Bodies
 Mechanism ofApoptosis
① Initiation ofApoptosis
call may be intiated
into apoptosis by
extracell war signals

↓ -
a withdrawal of ·.
Agents of
cell

normal cell survival

injury
signal hypoxic
cheal, ead"
labsence ofharmone,
GF)

Signalling pathways:
-

② Initiation ofDeath
Activation
↓ by: e
↓
Intrinsic Entrinsic
(mitochondrial) cel dean receptor
initiated).

causes
proteolytic actions on nuclear protein
&
organelles containing protein comp.

⑨ Intrinsic! -

Red
Mito permeability
line to

Release ofcuta protein

↓
initiates apoptosis.
 Regulation ofCet-C is
by
-> any, and pro apoptotic
Bell
members
L
of family of
lymphone ontogenes

* Antiapoptotic BCL
family (BHY Domains

3
BCL-2
main members
BCL-XL
Lie on outer surface of
MCL 1
Mito, ER, cell memb
-

preventleakage ofmito protein

to the C40801-

family CBMy
Domains
* Proapoptotic BCL

BAX

BAR

promote mito leakage ofCyto (

with 313 domain.

* BCL family
BAD ~sensor protein of

3
ceut e-new and consequent
BIM
the damage.
Be maintain Balance.
Noxa
 ②
Entrinsic Pathway: -

cell death receptor initiating pathway.

E
·
TNFR1 (Type 1
Tumor Necrosis Factor

Receptor)
· Fas(CD95) and ligand FasL
↓ Fas + FasL
rat -
Receptor. Binds

↓activates
FADD
Domain)
(Fas associated Death

↓
activates cascade ofCASPASt

③ Activation ofInitiation Caspares.

OR Entrinsic pathway
Intrinc

↓
activation of CASPASES

Mitochondrial pathway: -

--

cytC
↓ BINDS

Apoptosis activating Faction (APAF-I

↓
 Apoprosome
↓
Bind
precursor caspace a

Death Receptor signalling Inpathway

-

ADD
F

BINDS
↓

10
caspase
Inhibited by FLIP
↓ aleaves
CFLICE inhibiting
Protein).
Fac
caspase 8

④ Activation Execuring
of - Caspare

carpane & caspase 1028

&activate
B and D
caspase
DNAase

b
~Chromating clumping
 ~ cytoskeletal parade
~
Disrups" of ER
~
mito Damage
-cellmemb"
phosphatide
serine.

been
was o
888
-

S
⑧

posite,
EY)
THROMBOS
- Facintare
of Apoptotic
promotes
identifical
bodies S

phagocytosis
pows/n
-
help in identification of Apostoric
Bodies.
agnosis: -

① Staining by HOE, relegen stain

GEL ELECTRO.
⑦ DNAchanges
->

③ IMMUNONISTOCHEMICAL
3
Stain
casp are 3
"
Ab
④ Immunoflorescence
Fluorescentstaining w/
AnnemhI
⑤
↓
Phosphatidal Serine.

TONEL absal
⑥ Flourochrome bared

↓
DNA Breakage