Study Guide in Arts AppreciationFM-AA-CIA-15 Rev.

0 03-June-2020

(Course Code & Title) GE 3 – Art AppreciationModule 3 Functions and Philosophical Perspective of Art

Module No.3

MODULE TITLE

FUNCTIONS AND PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVE OF ART

MODULE OVERVIEW

What then really comprises beauty and art? What makes something truly beautiful? Why does this
art is created? What really makes a work of art? What really is art? This string of questions will
lead us directly to all the possible functions of art and how does philosopher view it in many
perspectives.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

By the end of this module, you should be able to:

1. Distinguish between directly functional and indirectly functional art;
2. Explain and discuss the basic philosophical perspective on the art;
3. Realize the function of some art forms in daily life; and
4. Apply concepts and theories on beauty and aesthetics in real life scenarios.

LEARNING CONTENTS

Aristotle, a Greek philosopher who claimed that every substance in the world has an end or telos
which translates into “purpose”. Such as the seed bound to become a full-grown plant, a cocoon
can look forward for flying high when it morphs into a butterfly, and a baby will eventually turn into
a grown man or woman. Man, in Aristotle’s view, is bound to achieve a life of fulfilment and
happiness, or in Greek, eudaimonia. However, happiness, the supposed end of man, is linked
with his function, which is being rational. This means that to Aristotle, plants, tables, and chairs
can never be happy because they are not rational. On the other, telos, a man’s natural end,
relates to his function, which is rationality.

What makes a table a table is a fact that it does perform its function and thereby, reaching it telos.
If a table does not have a surface on which we can put on our books or our plates and glasses,
then it ceases to be a table. The same goes for the human being. What makes a human being a
human being, some schools of thought cited that it is based on his/her capacity to think, the
supposedly function. Without this function, the human being ceases to be a human being. Then
the telos, the function, and the “whatness” of a thing are all connected.

In today’s life, there is an evident connection between the end, the function, and the “whatness” of
a thing is closer and more interlaced. Where in when someone sees a new kitchen appliance in
the department store, one tries to know first what functions the appliance has then one can claim
to know the purpose of the appliance and then begins to realize what appliance one is holding in
his/her arms.

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(Course Code & Title) GE 3 – Art AppreciationModule 3 Functions and Philosophical Perspective of Art

Does art necessarily have an end? When an artist creates a work of art, does he/she have an end
in mind? What function does an artwork perform? Does it have any purpose? Do all artworks have
a function? Does the function make an object a work of art?

FUNCTIONS OF ART

Have you ever asked what is it for? What is

the Rizal monument for? Why is it located in Rizal
Park? Is it for sentimental value? Is it for aesthetic
value? Or does it send a message to those who
witness it?
Different art forms come with distinctive
functions there is a correspondence between an art and its function. Roughly and broadly, the
functions of art are classified into three: personal (public, display, or expression), social
(celebration or to affect collective behavior) , and physical (utilitarian).

Personal Functions of Art

Art in this view are varied and highly subjective.

The functions depend on the person- the artist
who created the art. It may be for self-expression. It
may be used to communicate the idea with
his/her audience. It can be an entertainment for
his/her intended audience. Often, the artist may
not even intend to mean anything with his work.

Social Functions of Art

Art is considered to have a social function when it addresses a particular collective interest as
opposed to a personal interest. Political art is very common example of an art with a social
function. It may only convey message of protest, contestation, or whatever message the artist
intends his work to carry. It can also depict social conditions.
An example is photography, it delivers this kind of function
by taking photos of subjects in conditions that people do not
normally look at or give attention. Hence, social function of
art is apparent to pictures of poverty to carry emotional
overtones that may solicit action or awareness from their
audience, and performance art like plays or satires can also
rouse emotions and rally people toward a particular end.

Physical Functions of Art

This function of art is the easiest to spot and understand. It can be found in artworks that are
crafted to serve some physical purpose. Some examples are a Japanese raku bowl in a tea
ceremony, architecture, jewelry-making, and interior design.

Other Functions of Art

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Does Art Always Have to be Functional?

• Music was principally used for dance and religion.

• The ancient world saw music as an instrument to facilitate worship and invocation to gods.
• Music was essential for synchronicity of dancers.
• Music guarantees that warriors were simultaneous.
• Today, music has expanded its functions and coverage.
• There is a lot of music that has no connection to dance or religion.
• Example: Serenade – People compose hymns to express feelings and emotions.
• Music is also used as accompaniment to stage plays and motion pictures
• Sculptures have been made by man most particularly for religion.
• In the Roman Catholic world, the employment of sculptures for religious purposes has
remained vital, relevant, and symbolic
• Rizal and Bonifacio’s monument and commemorative coins (Pope Francis)
• Architecture may be the most prominent functional art.
• Unlike other forms of art, buildings take so much time to erect and destroy.
• One cannot dismiss taking into consideration the function of a building before construction.

PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVES ON ART

Art as an Imitation
 In Plato’s The Republic, paints a picture of artists as imitators and art as mere imitation.
 In his description of the ideal republic, Plato advises against the inclusion of art as a
subject in the curriculum and the banning of artists in the Republic.
 In Plato’s metaphysics or view of reality, the things in this world are only copies of the
original, the eternal, and the true entities that can only be found in the World of Forms.
 For example, the chair that one sits on is not a real chair. It is an imperfect copy of the
perfect “chair” in the World of Forms.
 Plato was convinced that artists merely reinforce the belief in copies and discourage men
to reach for the real entities in the World of Forms.
 Plato was deeply suspicious of arts and artists for two reasons:
o They appeal to the emotion rather to the rational faculty of men
o They imitate rather than lead one to reality
 Poetry rouses emotions and feelings and thus, clouds rationality of people.
 Art is just an imitation of imitation. A painting is just an imitation of nature, which is also just
an imitation of reality in the World of Forms.
 Art then is to be banished, alongside the practitioners, so that the attitudes and actionsof
the members of the Republic will not be corrupted by the influence of the arts.
 For Plato, art is dangerous because it provides a petty replacement for the real entities
than can only be attained through reason.

Art as a Representation

• Aristotle, agreed with Plato that art is a form of imitation.

• However, Aristotle considered art as an aid to philosophy in revealing the truth.
• The kind of imitation that art does is not antithetical to the reaching of fundamental truths
in the world.
• Unlike Plato who thought that art is an imitation of another imitation, Aristotle conceived of
art as representing possible versions of reality.

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• For Aristotle, all kinds of art do not aim to represent reality as it is, it endeavors to provide
a version of what might be or the myriad possibilities of reality
• In Aristotelian worldview, art serves two particular purposes:
• Art allows for the experience of pleasure (horrible experience can be made an
object of humor)
• Art also has an ability to be instructive and teach its audience things about life
(cognitive)

Art as a Disinterested Judgment

• Immanuel Kant, in his Critique of Judgment, considered the judgment of beauty, the
cornerstone of art, as something that can be universal despite its subjectivity.
• Kant recognized that judgment of beauty is subjective.
• However, even subjective judgments are based on some universal criterion for the said
judgment.
• HOW AND IN WHAT SENSE CAN A JUDGMENT OF BEAUTY, WHICH ORDINARILY IS
CONSIDERED TO BE A SUBJECTIVE FEELING, BE CONSIDERED OBJECTIVE OR
UNIVERSAL?

Art as a Communication of Emotion

• According to Leo Tolstoy, art plays a huge role in communication to its audience’s
emotions that the artist previously experienced.
• In the same that language communicates information to other people, art communicates
emotions.
• As a purveyor of man’s innermost feelings and thoughts, art is given a unique opportunity
to serve as a mechanism for social unity.
• Art is central to man’s existence because it makes accessible feelings and emotions of
people from the past and present.

The definition of art remains controversial and multifarious, but the diverse functions of art get
better once you allow your conscience to absorb and understand diverse perspectives that art
offers. The purposes, motivations, intentions, and inspirations behind the art are endless. Being
one of the most creative ways of expressing human experience, we have used art as a means of
telling stories. May it be the story of a single person, of a community, or of a nation, art has in
many ways contributed to the beautiful way these stories are told.

Here is the list of 25 functions of art based on the viewpoints from renowned artists and
philosophers for you to reflect upon

1. Art as an Expression
Art is a human activity, consisting in this, that one person consciously, by certain external signs,
conveys to others feelings he has experienced, and other people are affected by these feelings
and live them over in themselves.” – Tolstoy
Tolstoy’s famous “Expression Theory” centered on the idea that art elicits and provokes emotion
in the viewer.

Out of many styles of expression, Abstract Expressionism is one great example where artists are
empowered with the liberty to convey attitudes and emotions through nontraditional and usually
nonrepresentational means.

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The prominent function of art always drawn toward the expression theory.

Artists like Jackson Pollock believed that it was the viewer (and not the artist) who defines and
interprets the meaning of the abstract expressionist artwork thus, there is no relevance on what
the artist thinks or conveys while producing the work.

Convergence by Jackson Pollock is one of the initial art pieces of abstract expressionism and
considered as the bravest action paintings ever made

The modern artist is working with space and time, and expressing his feelings rather than
illustrating” – Jackson Pollock

2. Art empowers our faith in the nobility of man (Humanism)

“Art is a lie that makes us realize truth, at least the truth that is given us to understand” – Pablo
Picasso

One of the most powerful shifts resulted from the Renaissance period is that the Church was
never a responsible source for their behavior and beliefs towards God and fellow men and that
they themselves are responsible for the actions. One of the key aspects of what makes us human
is revolving around our faith in religion, art, and culture

The School of Athens by Raphael remains one of the powerful representation of this shift in
human history and also embodies the classical spirit of Renaissance

3. The creation of beauty is art

“Love of beauty is taste. The creation of beauty is art” – Ralph Waldo

When it comes to art, some may say that not all art is beautiful, that, in fact, it should not be
beautiful, always.

Beauty is what you make of it, what your preference is, what calls to your heart, soul, and mind.

What is beauty in art? – Beauty is what we see as characteristic and harmonious.

Whatever different reactions art will about inside you, it is clear that the explanation is complicated
and definitive.

Every piece of art, whether a painting, a vase or a statue, will have different colors, lines, and
textures that will appeal to your soul and heart.

4. Know Thyself
“Creative without strategy is called ‘art.’ Creative with strategy is called advertising” – Jef
Richards, educator
Art is a form of expressing oneself

Consciously or unconsciously artists are following Socrates’ command – Know thyself.

During this process, artists are exploring their subject, medium, and material, rebalancing the
spiritual value of those elements, thereby experiencing the subtle preciousness of their
awareness.

This interaction is beautiful which in fact leads to the inevitable desire for outward expression.

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Art is born here.

5. Art is freedom in every sense

“Art is meant to disturb. Science reassures” – Georges Braque, painter

One decides to express the imagination is brave. The value of freedom in our creative expression
cannot be overstated.

What about aestheticizing violence? What about creating art in gigantic forms?

What about choosing topics that are controversial? Different expressive media have a tendency to
attract different personalities.

Phillipe Perrin, known for his huge artworks revolving around the subjects of evil and crime,
chooses subjects that have the power to instill immediate shock and presents them in a bold way
that ensures they do.

One of Perrin’s famous works, Bloodymary, blends the line between theatre, sculpture, and
performance art through the lens of murder.

The artist uses unconventional medium and subject to place the viewer face to face with images
inexorably tied to modern violence, subtly aestheticizing the violence in art.

The true meaning of art can be multifarious, but the purpose of art is met when such artists like
Perrin uses art in innovative and unconventional ways.

6. Art sends strong messages from the sidewalk to the world at large
“Speak softly, but carry a big can of paint” – Bansky

Street art has proven itself to be a truly expressive art form.

It is not an inferior form of political outcry nor is it the indifferent rebellion of disaffected youth.

Street art thinks, feels, and evokes thoughts and emotions in the people that view it with an open
mind.

Using iconic imagery that is often recognizable regardless of language, the street artist is able to
speak his opinions and solutions to a global audience, making this a rapidly advancing form of art
the world over.

7. Art is the most intense mode of individualism

“Art is either plagiarism or revolution” – Paul Gauguin, painter

Famous artist Paul Gauguin once written – “One must always feel the plane, the wall; tapestries
need no perspective”

Paul Gauguin’s art, style, and legacy reflected strongly in his artworks and often dismantled the
traditional perspectives of art.

Gauguin was once of a few ordinary men that were able to leave mundane life to realize and fulfill
a dream – to become an artist.

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Where Do We Come From? What Are We? Where Are We Going? by Paul Gauguin is a great
example of individualism where Gauguin said to read from right to left instead of from left to right –
which in fact provides an entirely different perspective to the reader, which itself shows the true
power and meaning of art

8. Art shifts realism into reality

“Pop Art looks out into the world. It doesn’t look like a painting of something; it looks like the thing
itself.” – Roy Lichtenstein

We’re living in a time where our beliefs and messages must be braver and rendered more boldly
than ever before.

Popular culture was shrouding everything in the 1950’s and 60’s in America, and maintaining the
status quo became more important than ever.

The power of pop art has been emerging since then and continuously breaking all conformist
perspectives and definitions of art

Whereas abstract artists sought to let the medium control the image, such as in Pollock’s drops of
paint.

Pop Artists went beyond realism into reality.

9. Great art tells meaningful stories

“Art does not reproduce what is visible; it makes things visible.” Paul Klee, artist

The Sleeping Gypsy by Henri Rousseau – One of the most perceptible modern pieces of art,
currently resides in MoMA Newyork, has been considered as one of the many inspiring works by
poets and musicians and also frequently parodied.

In this masterpiece, both, lion and woman display a calm demeanor on this artwork, but actually,
both are on the alert warning that the trust between two worlds may get violated anytime.

10. Art validates our sorrows

“Art grows from joy and sorrow, but mostly from sorrow. It grows from human lives” – Edvard
Munch

Art helps us see that sorrow can be beautiful and noble and still be one aspect of a good life.

Art also helps us to suffer alone without the input of society so that we can show a dignified face
to the world in our public sorrow.

The true meaning of art lies in the emotion, considering sorrow is one prominent expression that
we embody, art always validates our sorrows. “They thought I was a Surrealist, but I wasn’t.

I never painted dreams. I painted my own reality.” said Frida Kahlo, a great artist who infused her
canvas with her native Mexican birthright and the historical epochs of her life.

11. Art is a personal act of courage

“Art is a personal act of courage” – Seth Godin

Courage is more important than creativity. Great art comes from the heart, doesn’t come from
doing what you’re told. The mesmerizing charm of a great work of art doesn’t come from what is

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painted on the canvas. Rather, it comes from what was in the artist’s heart while he was painting.
Franz Krueger’s The Parade auf Opernplatzis a great example of that. Krueger shows us that true
art can be created only through courage, the strength of character, and determination. The
meaning of art implies a personal and open proliferation of your thoughts.

12. Art is the signature of civilizations

“Art is the Queen of all sciences communicating knowledge to all the generations of the world.” –
Leonardo da Vinci

Humanity advances on the great foundations built by ancestors. We transform the heritage of the
past, learn the social aspects, identify new opportunities and invent new ways of life. In this
journey, the past lives remain as a reference point as a subtle guide to build great things in this
modern world.

At Metropolitan Museum of Modern Art, you will be amazed by the galleries of “The art of the
Arab Lands, Turkey, Iran, Central Asia, and later South Asia” section, where you will experience
some of the finest masterpieces from the Islamic world, moreover enables you to understand the
artistic and scientific heritage of an entire civilization. Rightly said by Roger Seruton, the culture of
civilization is the art and literature through which it rises to the consciousness of itself and defines
the vision of the world – after all the definition of culture derives from greater civilizations

13. Art embodies power and of color

“Color is my day-long obsession, joy and torment” – Claude Monet

Colors are powerful. Doesn’t matter what you might be creating now – a painting, or a powerpoint
presentation, or an illustration – your eyes must be straying over a palette, splashed with many
colors, choosing the right one to add to your work. To a sensitive soul, the impact of a perfect
color combination is deeper and intensely moving.

Visual art always played an important role for artists to convey the life, lustre, and power of life
through colors

14. Art is Attitude

“Art, freedom and creativity will change society faster than politics”- Victor Pinchuk

Art has taken a different dimension to think, feel and evoke thoughts in the people that view it with
an open mind. Art represents the attitude either of an artist or of a belief system. Street art is often
considered as vandalism, but it is executed with purpose, design, technique and intention. Street
art heightens our experience of the visual landscape outside museum walls.

15. Art is the highest form of hope

“Art is not a thing; it is a way.” Elbert Hubbard, artist

Art can move us to tears. Beautiful art can bring tears of joy when we see a painting, sculpture or
photograph of people or creatures experiencing things we want to experience. Experiencing such
heart-warming feelings about it encourages us to hope for the same thing for ourselves.

Mutiny of Colours, A Project of Love, Peace, and Unity by Iranian Street Artists is one great
example. The powerful messages of peace, love, and hope in a country torn apart by internal
conflicts are represented by Iranian street artists through their art, and mostly these works grow in
all endless direction, both metaphorically, conceptually, and physically.

16. Art is about two things – Life and Death

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“The goal of all life is death” – Sigmund Freud

Many artists have used death as a theme for art.

By giving death as a central theme, artists force us to confront the reality of birth and death within
the same frame. Hope II by Gustav Klimt is one great art – represents a pregnant woman and the
weight of hope the protagonist carried in her womb. The function of art lies around the diverse
perspectives of life and death

Birth and death exist side-by-side, suspended in equilibrium, collaborators in the appetite of living.

17. Art rebalances our life

“Art is like soup. There will be some vegetables you don’t like but as long as you get some soup
down you it doesn’t matter.” George Wyllie, Sculptor

Viewing art that depicts situations and feelings outside of what we normally experience on a daily
basis helps us attain balance in our emotions by filling those voids.

We gain balance through art by taking a moment to observe, judge, and appreciate things we
don’t normally see and our responses to them.

18. Art can be surreal

“Art, in itself, is an attempt to bring order out of chaos” – Stephen Sondheim

Surrealism – a philosophical and artistic movement that explored the unconscious mind – reveals
human emotions and desires in an irrational, powerful, poetic and revolutionary way. The concept
has a greater relevance considering it brought out the repressed inner worlds of sexuality,
violence, dream, and desire.

The Persistence of Memory by Salvador Dali shows us a few seemingly soft or melted pocket
watches lying about in open land. Dali’s message was to show that time and space are relative
and that we, in fact, live in a universe of complete disorder.

“Have no fear of perfection – you’ll never reach it.” – Salvador Dali

19. Art is You

“Art is anything you can get away with”- Andy Warhol

Art helps us to complete our own unformed thoughts and ideas. We have an ‘aha’ moment when
we see a piece of art that perfectly captures a feeling or thought we have had that we couldn’t
express. When this happens, we have gained a piece of new knowledge through the art that we
can now communicate to ourselves and to others.

This why the best possible function of art operates via YOU.

20. Art is discovery and exploration

“Art is a discovery and development of elementary principles of nature into beautiful forms suitable
for human use”- Frank Lloyd Wright

Is it not more remarkable when a natural talent emerges from nothingness to produce a work of
art with an organic honesty that might have been wiped out by years of training in established
structures, conventions, and accepted wisdom?

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One such unlikely place was a tax collector’s office in Paris, and its unlikely talent came in the
form of a Lavalborn son of a plumber named Henri Rousseau. The majority of Rousseau’s life is
somewhat cloudy, and with good reason—it is wholly unexceptional.

The Snake Charmer by Henri Rousseau is a dreamlike depiction of mysterious human and animal
forms in a jungle scene. This work is a testament to the attention Rousseau received from
prominent artists during his time.

21. Art empowers the heart of people

“Art is not what you see, but what you make others see.” – Edgar Degas

When activists are showing images of children suffering from poverty or oppression in their
campaigns, this is the art pulling the heartstrings of society’s elite and powerful to make changes.
Such moments – using art to raise awareness – truly validate the existence and definition of art

When photographers publish the photos of war-torn areas, it catches the attention of masses
whose hearts reach out for those who need help. When the artist creates great music and movies,
it entertains people around the world. This is art, making a difference in society.

22. Culture is a great friend of art

“Art speaks the soul of its culture” – Abby Willowroot

Art is also a remarkable mode of depicting culture from all over the world, art and culture
complement each other very well.

When you see a Zen garden in Sydney or San Francisco, you know that it’s a practice that
originated from China. When you see paper swans swarming a beautiful wedding ceremony, you
know that this is origami, an art that came from Japan. When you see films featuring Bollywood
music and dancing, you know that it’s a movie from India.

Destinations like Newyork, Berlin, Prague, Sao Paulo, UAE, etc. are on a helm of cultural
revolution to uplift their cities with art, design, and imagination – after all culture is the collective
term for human behaviors

23. Art is activism

“Art resides in the quality of doing, the process is not magic.” – Charles Eames

Art has been used many times to represent the isolation, claustrophobia, and anxiety of our
society due to the tough political times that we’re living at present. Tetsuya Ishida, a Japanese
artist, portrayed the Japanese life about the social, economic and academic educational
structures. Many of his works exposed the Japanese people’s trials in trying to acclimate to the
changes involving social and technological contemporary life. Read – Tetsuya Ishida – Saving the
World With A Brushstroke

Similarly, a lot of street art has an obvious, or sometimes very subtle, anti-establishment hint in it.
The very mediums it uses, owned by states or corporations, are protected by law from the artist
but are used without regard or in spite of it. That illegality is often a part of the message

24. Art is harmony

“Art is harmony” – George Seaurat

The power of art lies neither in the image nor the emotions it arouses in the viewer, rather its
greatness is derived from understanding the creative forces which inspired the masterpiece.

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Harmony is a subjective concept, rather it emerges within a context that many factors come
together. Goya’s black paintings series is a great example that proves this theory. Today,
although we are exposed to images of gore, misery, and grief, much of it is sanitized and
censored. Goya, on the other hand, unabashedly captures human trauma and sorrow in the paint.

25. Art as Therapy

“Art enables us to find ourselves and lose ourselves at the same time”- Thomas Merton

In the famous book Art as Therapy, the authors have outlined seven functions of art and explain
how art helps us grow and evolve in our understanding of ourselves, each other, and the world we
live in. Taking your time to mindfully observe artwork can be of true value to your emotional well-
being.

Conclusion: The functions of art remain incomprehensible

‘What is art?’— one question continuously steers educators, performers, practitioners, and
philosophers to engage in deep analysis. But no matter what the function of art may be, the
experience it delivers finally matters, and probably one reason it has been around us for as long
as humans have existed. Whether or not we are aware of it, we allow art to affect our lives one
way or another.

You may not know it, but your daily existence can be much more colorful with the presence and
influence of art, and it only gets better once you allow your own creativity and imagination to take
a turn for good.

LEARNING POINTS

LEARNING ACTIVITIES

REFERENCES

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