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Basic Op-amp - Inverting Amplifier
if Based on Rule 2 : 𝑖 = 𝑖 = 0.
𝑖 = 𝑖 + 𝑖 ; ∵ 𝑖𝑩 = 0;
i1
𝒊𝟏 = 𝒊𝒇
Based on Rule 1 : 𝑽+ = 𝑽 − .
∵ V+ = ground (0 V),
Virtue
Ground
V- is also at zero volts which is
called Virtue ground.
𝒗𝒊 𝒗𝒐
𝒊𝟏 = = 𝒊𝒇 = Questions:
𝑹𝒊 𝑹𝒇
1. What is the input impedance?
𝑹𝒇 2. What does negative gain mean?
𝒗𝒐
𝑨= =− 3. What is the voltage gain?
𝒗𝒊 𝑹𝟏
201CDE Analogue and Digital Electronics 2 - Chua Kok Poo 11/2022 Slide 1-12
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Basic Op-amp - Non-inverting
amplifier
ii if
• For an ideal op-amp,
V- = V+= vi , since iB+ = iB- =0,
𝑉− = ( )𝒗𝑜 = 𝑉 += 𝒗𝑖
vd
• Thus, the transfer function of the
amplifier is
𝒗𝒐 = 1 + ×𝑣 ; Questions:
1. What is the input impedance?
Voltage gain :
2. What is the minimum gain?
𝑣 𝑅 3. Where is the virtual ground?
𝐴 = = (1 + )
𝑣 𝑅
201CDE Analogue and Digital Electronics 2 - Chua Kok Poo 11/2022 Slide 1-13
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Exercise Question 1
Based on the two golden rules derive the gain equation for
the op-amp configuration shown below:
IB+
Based on Rule 2 ∶ 𝑖 =𝑖 = 0.
Vd
𝒊𝑩 = 𝟎;
IB-
Based on Rule 1 :𝑉 = 𝑉 .
VG
𝑣 =𝑣 =𝑣
Based on VDR Therefore, voltage gain is
𝑣 𝑅
𝑣 =𝑣 = 𝑣 𝐴 = = (1 + )
𝑣 𝑅
201CDE Analogue and Digital Electronics 2 - Chua Kok Poo 11/2022 Slide 1-14
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Basic Op-amp - Summing amplifier
The transfer function of this amplifier is R1 Rf if
i1
𝑅 𝑅 V1
𝑣 = −( 𝑉 + 𝑉 )
𝑅 𝑅 R2
i2
V2
Derived this transfer function! Vout
• Assuming ideal case where V+ = V-.
• Since V+ is connected to ground, the
inverting terminal V- is at virtual ground. Questions:
i.e. V- = 0V
1. What is the gain for V1?
2. What is the gain for V2?
𝑖 +𝑖 =𝑖 , +
3. What is the input
=( ), impedance?
∵ 𝑣 = 𝑣 = 0;
+ = ,𝑉 = − 𝑉 + 𝑉
201CDE Analogue and Digital Electronics 2 - Chua Kok Poo 11/2022 Slide 1-15
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Basic Op-amp - Voltage Follower
If Rf
I1 R1 I B-
Vo
Vin
Vo I B+
Vin
𝑅
𝐴 = 1+ ;
𝑅
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑅 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑅 =
𝐴 = 1
Questions:
(𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑝 𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛)
1. What is the gain of this amplifier?
2. Input resistance ? A voltage follower isolates
3. Output resistance? a high resistance source
from a low resistance load
4. What is the usage of this amplifier?
201CDE Analogue and Digital Electronics 2 - Chua Kok Poo 11/2022 Slide 1-16
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