Generation of Sinusoidal Voltage

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Direct Current (DC)

• DC sources have fixed polarities and magnitudes.

• DC voltage and current sources are represented by capital E and I.

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Characteristics of Alternating Current
All periodic waves can be constructed from sine
waves, that is why sine waves are called
fundamental waves.
Alternating voltage and Alternating current vary
continuously in magnitude and reverses its polarity
w.r.to time.

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Alternating Current (AC)
•A sinusoidal AC waveform starts at zero then:
• Increases to a positive maximum…
• Decreases to zero…
• Changes polarity…
• Increases to a negative maximum…
• Returns to zero.
•Variation is called a cycle.
•AC sources have a sinusoidal
waveform.
•AC sources are represented by
lowercase e(t) or i(t).

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Direction of Sinusoidal AC Current

•AC current changes direction each cycle with the

source voltage.

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Generating AC Voltage

•Rotating a coil in fixed magnetic field generates

sinusoidal voltage.

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Equation of Alternating Voltage

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Equation of Alternating Voltage

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Note:
Induced emf in a coil is represented as “e(t)” and
AC voltage applied is represented as “v(t)”
Similarly peak value of induced emf is “Em” and AC voltage is “Vm”
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Time Scales

•Horizontal scale can represent degrees or time.

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Frequency

• Frequency (f) is the number of cycles per second of a waveform.

• Unit of frequency is hertz (Hz).
• 1 Hz = 1 cycle per second.

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Period

• Period of a waveform:
• Time it takes to complete one cycle.
• Time is measured in seconds.
• The period (T) is the reciprocal of frequency:

1
 (s)
f

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Amplitude and
Peak-to-Peak Value
• Amplitude of a sine wave is the distance from its average to its
peak.
• We use Em for amplitude
• Peak-to-peak voltage is measured between minimum and
maximum peaks
• We use Epp or Vpp

Amplitude
Peak-to-Peak

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 Example Problem 1
What is the waveform’s period, frequency, Vm and VPP?

Amplitud
e

Peak-to-Peak

T = 0.4s Vm  8V
1 1

f
=> f =
T V pp  8V  ( 8V )  16V
1
f=  2.5Hz
0.4s
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The Basic Sine Wave Equation
• The equation for a sinusoidal source is given:

e  Em sin( ) V
where Em is peak coil voltage and  is the angular
position.

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Instantaneous Value

•The instantaneous value is the value of the voltage at a

particular instant in time.

• The instantaneous value of the waveform can be

determined by solving the equation for a specific value
of .
• For example, if  =37⁰ and amplitude were 10V, then
the instantaneous value at that point would be:
e(37)  10sin(37) V = 6.01 V 16
Example Problem 2
A sine wave has a value of 50V at  = 150˚. What is the
value of Em (the amplitude)?

e  Em sin( ) V
e(150)  Em sin(150) =50V
50V
Em  =100V
sin(150)
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Radian Measure

• Conversion for radians to degrees:

2 radians = 360º
 Radians = 180º
/2 radians = 90º
1 radian = 57.296º

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Angular Velocity

• The rate that the generator coil rotates is called

its angular velocity ().
• Angular position can be expressed in terms of
angular velocity and time.
 =  t (radians)
• Rewriting the sinusoidal equation:
e (t) = Em sin  t (V)

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Relationship Between
, T and f

• Conversion from frequency (f) in Hz to angular

velocity () in radians per second

 = 2 f (rad/s)
• In terms of the period (T)

2
  2 f  (rad/s)
T

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Sinusoids as Functions of Time
• Voltages can be expressed as a function of time
in terms of angular velocity ():
e  t   Em sin(t ) V    2 f 
2
T
(rad/s)

• Or in terms of the frequency (f):

e  t   Em sin((2f )t ) V 
• Or in terms of Period (T):

2
e(t )  Em sin(( )t ) (V)
T

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Example Problem 3
A waveform has a frequency of 100 Hz, and has an instantaneous
value of 100V at 1.25 msec.
Determine the sine wave equation. What is the voltage at 2.5
msec?

e  t   Em sin 2 ( ft ) V 
e 1.25ms   Em sin[2 (100 Hz )(1.25ms) ]  100V
100V
Em   141V
sin[2 (100 Hz )(1.25ms ) ]
Now, calculate the voltage at 2.5
msec:
e  2.5ms   141V sin[2 (100 Hz )(2.5ms ) ]  141V

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Phase Shifts

• A phase shift occurs when e(t) does not pass

through zero at t = 0 sec.
• If e(t) is shifted left (leading), then:

e = Em sin ( t + )

• If e(t) is shifted right (lagging), then:

e = Em sin ( t - )

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Phase shift

•The angle by which the wave LEADS or LAGS

the zero point can be calculated based upon the
Δt.
 t   10  s 
    360    360  36
T   100  s 

•The phase angle is written in DEGREES.

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Phase Relationships

i leads v by 80° i leads v by 110°

V and i are in phase

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Effective (RMS) Values
• Effective values tell us about a waveform’s ability to do
work.
• An effective value is an equivalent DC value.
• It tells how many volts or amps of DC that an AC
waveform supplies in terms of its ability to produce
the same average power.
• They are “Root Mean Squared” (RMS) values:
• The terms RMS and effective are synonymous.
Vm
Vrms   0.707Vm
2
Im
I rms   0.707 I m
2
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 Example Problem 4
Tie it all together:
The 120VDC source shown delivers 3.6 W to the load. Determine the
peak values of the sinusoidal voltage and current (Em and IM) such that
the AC source delivers the same power to the load.
PDC  VDC * I DC
PDC 3.6W
I DC    30mA
VDC 120V

Vm
I m  I DC 2  I RMS 2  I eff 2 Vrms   Vm  EDC 2
2
I m  30mA 2  42.43mA Vm  120V 2 =169.68V
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