Test for functional group in organic compound
Aim : To identify the functional group in the given sample of organic compound.
TEST FOR CARBOXYLIC ACID
[Link]. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1. Baeyer’s test No decolouration Substance is a saturated
Organic compound + dilute alkaline of pink colour. compound
KMnO4 solution
2. Ester test :
Organic compound + ethyl alcohol A pleasant fruity Presence of carboxylic acid
+ Conc. H2SO4 + heat for 5 minutes smell is noted
in the warm water bath and pour in
dil. Na2CO3
3. Sodium bicarbonate test:
Organic compound + sodium Brisk effervescence
bicarbonate solution is seen Presence of carboxylic acid
RCOOH + NaHCO3 →
RCOONa + H2O + CO2
Result: The given organic compound is a saturated carboxylic acid.
TEST FOR PHENOL
[Link]. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1. Baeyer’s test Pink colour of KMnO4 Substance is an
Organic compound + dilute alkaline solution is unsaturated
KMnO4 solution decolourised compound
2. Neutral ferric chloride test:
Organic compound + neutral FeCl3 Violet colouration is Presence of
obtained phenolic group
EQUATION :
FeCl3 + 6C6H5OH→ [Fe(O C6H5)6]3-+ 3HCl
3. Phthalein dye test:
Organic compound + phthaleic anhydride Appearance of pink Presence of
+ Conc. H2SO4 + heat for 1 minute in a colour phenolic group
water bath + cool + pour it in dilute NaOH
solution
4. Liebermann’s test: Red colouration and Presence of
Organic compound + NaNO2 + conc. changes to blue green phenolic group
H2SO4 in drops on treatment with
NaOH
5. Litmus test: Blue colour turns red Presence of
Organic compound + blue litmus solution phenolic group
Result: The given organic compound is an unsaturated phenolic compound
TEST FOR ALDEHYDE
[Link]. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1. Baeyer’s test No decolouration of Substance is a
Organic compound + dilute alkaline pink colour takes saturated
KMnO4 solution place compound
2. Schiff’s test:
Organic compound + Schiff’s reagent + Pink colouration Presence of
shake Aldehyde group
3. Fehling’s test:
Organic compound + Fehling’s reagent A
+ Fehling’s reagent B + heat for 5 minutes Red precipitate is Presence of
in a water bath formed Aldehydic group
EQUATION :
RCHO + 2Cu2+ + 5OH- →
Cu2O + RCOO- 3H20
4. Tollen’s test: Silver mirror is formed Presence of
Organic compound + Tollen’s reagent + on the walls of the Aldehydic group
heat in a water bath test tube
Result: The given organic compound is a Saturated Aldehyde
TEST FOR KETONE
[Link]. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1. Baeyer’s test: No decolouration Substance is a
Organic compound + dilute alkaline takes place saturated
KMnO4 solution compound
2. Iodoform test : Presence of
Organic compound + I2 solution + NaOH Yellow precipitate is ketonic group
solution + heat in the water bath obtained
Chemical equation:
CH3 – CO – R + 3I2 + 4NaOH →
RCOONa + 3NaI + 3 H2O + CHI3
3. Sodium nitroprusside test: Appearance of red Presence of
Organic compound + Sodium colour ketonic group
nitroprusside + NaOH solution
4. 2,4 DNP test : Red orange Presence of
Organic compound + 2,4 DNP + NaOH precipitate is obtained ketonic group
solution + heat in the water bath
Result: The given organic compound is a Saturated ketone
TEST FOR ALCOHOL
[Link]. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1. Baeyer’s test: No decolouration Substance is a
Organic compound + dilute alkaline takes place saturated
KMnO4 solution compound
2. Sodium metal test:
Organic compound + sodium metal Brisk effervescence is Presence of
seen due to the alcoholic group
2ROH + 2Na → 2RONa + H2 evolution of H2 gas
3. Ester test : A pleasant fruity smell Presence of
Organic compound + carboxylic acid + is noted alcoholic group
Conc. H2SO4 + heat for 5 minutes in the
warm water bath and pour in dil. Na 2CO3
Chemical equation:
H+
ROH + RCOOH → RCOOR + H2O
4. Ceric ammonium nitrate test: Appearance of red Presence of
Organic compound + few drops of Ceric colouration alcoholic group
ammonium nitrate
Result: The given organic compound is a saturated alcohol
