mad;fspd; gFg;G Ion Analysis
mNrjd ,urhadj;jpy; ,UNtW gFg;G Kiwfshy; gjhu;j;jq;fs; gFj;J Muhag;gLk;.
mitahtd
1. gz;gwpgFg;G - Qualitative Analysis
2. mstwpgFg;G - Quantitative Analysis
jug;gl;l xU khjpupapy; vj;jifa $Wfs; my;yJ gjhu;jq;fs; cs;sd vd ,dk; fhzy;
gz;gwpgFg;G MFk;. vt;tsT cz;L vd mwpjy; mstwpgFg;ghFk;.
gz;gwpgFg;G - Qualitative Analysis
mNrjd Nru;it xd;wpy; cs;s fw;wad; kw;Wk; md;dad;fis ,dk;fhz gad;gLk;. ,J
,Utifg;gLk;.
A. md;dad;fspd; gz;gwpgFg;G
B. fw;wad;fspd; gz;gwpgFg;G
md;dad;fspd; gz;gwpgFg;G
jug;gl;l khjpup my;yJ ,urhadr;Nru;it xd;wpy; cs;s md;dad; gFjpia ,dk;fhz ,J
gad;gLk;. ,urhad jhf;fq;fs; kw;Wk; mtjhdq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; (epwk;> kzk;)
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;.
fhgNdw;W mad; (CO32-)
A. Ijhd HCl Nru;f;Fk; NghJ epwk;> kzk; mw;w CO2 thA ntspNaWk;.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
I. ,t;thAit Rz;zhk;G ePupD}lhf nrYj;j ghy;epwk; Njhd;Wk; njhlu;e;J nrYj;j
ghy; epwkw;Wg;NghFk;.
Ca(OH)2+CO2
CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O
II. ,t;thA H+/KMnO4, H+/K2Cr2O7 d; epwj;ij ghjpg;gjpy;iy.
B. BaCl2 fiuriy Nru;f;Fk; NghJ Ijhd mkpyj;jpy; fiuaf;$ba ntz;tPo;gbT ngwg;gLk;.
CO32-+BaCl2
BaCO3 + 2H+
C. AgNO3 Nru;f;Fk; NghJ NH3 fiurypy; fiuaf;$ba ntz;tPo;gbT ngwg;gLk;.
CO32- + 2Ag+
1
,UfhgNdw;W mad; (HCO3-)
BaCl2 Nru;f;f tPo;gbntJTk; ngwg;glhJ fiuriy ntg;gg;gLj;Jk; NghJ ntz;tPo;gbT ngwg;gLk;.
BaCl2 +2HCO3- Ba(HCO3)2
Ba(HCO3)2 BaCO3 + CO2 + H2O
-
Ba(HCO3)2 OH BaCO3 + CO2 + H2O
ry;igw;W mad; (SO32-)
A. Ijhd HCl Nru;f;Fk; NghJ epwkw;w fhu kzKila mkpy thA ntspNaw;wk;
mtjhdpf;fg;gLk;.
I. Rz;zhk;G ePupD}lhf nrYj;j ghy;epwk; Njhd;Wk;. ePz;l Neur;nrYj;Jifapy; ghy; epwk;
mw;Wg;NghFk;.
Ca(OH)2 + SO2
CaSO3 + H2O + SO2
II. H+ /KMnO4 ,d; epwj;ij ePf;FfpwJ.
MnO4- + SO2 + H2O
III. H+/K2Cr2O7 ,d; nrk;kQ;rs; epwj;ij gr;irahf khw;Wk;.
……………………………………………………………………………………………...
IV. Br2 , l2 ,d; epwj;ij ePf;Fk;
Br2 + SO2 + 2 H2O
I2 + SO2 + 2 H2O
V. epwg;G+tpjio ntspw;Wk;.
B. BaCl2, Pb(CH3COO)2, AgNO3 Nru;f;Fk; NghJ Ijhd HNO3 apy; fiuaf;$ba ntz;tPo;gbT
ngwg;gLk;.
ntspw;Wk; fUtpfs;
Xl;rpNw;wk; %ykhd ntspw;wy; jho;j;jy; %ykhd ntspw;wy;
(epue;juk;) (jw;fhypfk;)
ry;igl;L mad; (S2-)
A. Ijhd HCI Nru;f;Fk; NghJ epwkw;w mOfpa Kl;il kzKila thA ntspNaWk;.
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
2
I. ,t;thA Rz;zhk;G ePupD}lhf vt;tpj khw;wj;ijAk; juhJ.
II. H+ /KMnO4 ,d; epwj;ij ePf;FfpwJ.
MnO4- + H2S + H+
III. H+/K2Cr2O7 ,d; nrk;kQ;rs; epwj;ij khw;Wk;.
Cr2O72- + H2S + H+
IV. Br2, l2 ,d; epwj;ij ePf;Fk;. ntz;kQ;rs; fe;jff;fyq;fy; cUthFk;.
Br2 + H2S
I2 + H2S
V. Pb(CH3COO)2 Njha;j;j tbjhSld; Nrhjpf;Fk; NghJ tbjhis fupa epwkhf;Fk;.
ry;Ngw;W mad; (SO42-)
jug;gl;l ePu;f;fiurypy; Ba(NO3)2 I Nru;f;Fk; NghJ nrwpe;j HNO3 apy; fiuahj
ntz;tPo;gbT ngwg;gLk;.
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
jNah ry;Ngw;W mad; (S2O32-)
A. BaCl2 I Nru;j;jhy; Ijhd HNO3 apy; fiuaf;$ba ntz;tPo;gbT Njhd;Wk;.
BaCl2 + S2O32-
BaS2O3 + 2HNO3
B. AgNO3 my;yJ Pb(NO3)2 I Nru;f;Fk; NghJ ntz;tPo;gbT ngwg;gLk;. rpwpJ
Neuj;jpy; fupa epwkhf khWk;.
Pb(NO3)2 + S2O32-
AgNO3 + S2O32-
Viyl;L mad;fs; (Cr-, Br-, I-)
A. AgNO3 /dil HNO3 iag; gad;gLj;jp
jug;gl;l ePu;f;fiurypw;F AgNO3 /dil HNO3 Nru;j;jy;
a. Ijhd NH3 apy; fiuaf;$ba ntz;tPo;gbT (AgCl) ngwg;gLnkdpd; Cl-.cz;L.
……………………………………………………………………………………..
b. nrwpe;j NH3 apy; fiuaf;$ba nkd;kQ;rs; epw tPo;gbT (AgBr) ngwg;gbd; Br- cz;L.
……………………………………………………………………………………..
c. nrwpe;j NH3 apy; fiua Kbahj fLk; kQ;rs; tPo;gbT (Ag) ngwg;gbd; I- cz;L.
……………………………………………………………………………………..
3
B. Pb(NO3)2 /dil HNO3 iag; gad;gLj;jp
Pb(NO3)2 /dil HNO3 ia jug;gl;l ePu;f;fiurypw;F Nru;f;Fk; NghJ
a. ntz;zpwkhd PbCl2 Njhd;Wk;. fiuriy ntg;gg;gLj;Jk; NghJ tPo;gbT fiue;J kPs
Fspu;tpf;Fk; NghJ ………………cUthFnkdpd; Cl- cz;L.
b. ntz;kQ;rs; tPo;gbT PbBr2 Njhd;Wk;. fiuriy ntg;gg;gLj;Jk; NghJ tPo;gbT fiue;J
kPs Fspu;tpf;Fk; NghJ ………………cUthFnkdpd; Br- cz;L.
c. kQ;rs; epw tPo;gbT (PbI2) Njhd;Wk;. fiuriy ntg;gg;gLj;Jk; NghJ tPo;gbT fiue;J
kPs Fspu;tpf;Fk; NghJ nghd; Nghd;w Crpg;gspq;Ffs; Njhd;Wk; vdpd; ngwg;gbd; I-
cz;L.
C. con H2SO4 Ig; gad;gLj;jp jug;gl;l cg;gpw;F con H2SO4 cld; Nru;j;J ntg;ggLj;Jk; NghJ
a. ntz;Gif Njhd;Wk; vdpy; Cl- cz;L.
……………………………………………………………………………………..
b. nrq;fgpy epw thA ntspNaw;wk; cz;L vdpd; Br- cz;L vdyhk;
……………………………………………………………………………………..
c. Cjh (,Uz;l fgpyk;) thA ntspNaw;wk; mtjhdpf;fg;gbd; I- cz;L vdyhk;.
……………………………………………………………………………………..
D. MnO2/ Con H2SO4 gad;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; NtWgLj;jy;
jug;gl;l cg;gpw;F MnO2 / Con H2SO4 Nru;j;J ntg;g gLj;Jk;NghJ
a. nkd;gr;ir epwkhd thA ntspNaw;wj;ij jUk; vdpd; Cl- cz;L
…………………………………………………………………………
b. nrq;fgpy epw thA ntspNaw;wk; mtjhdpf;fg;gbd; Br- cz;L
…………………………………………………………………………
c. Cjh epwthA ntspNaw;wk; vdpd; I- cz;L
…………………………………………………………………………
Viyl;L mad;fspd; cWjpg;ghl;Lr;Nrhjid
1. Cl- mad;fSf;fhd Nrhjid/FNuhiky; FNshiul;Lr;Nrhjid
jpz;k FNshiul;Lf;F K2Cr2O7 Nru;j;J gpd; nrwpe;j H2SO4 Nru;j;J R+lhf;Fk;NghJ nre;epwkhd
vz;nza; jd;ikahd Mtp ntspNAWk;. ,t;thAtpid Ba(OH)2 fiurYf;F Nru;f;Fk;NghJ
kQ;rs; tPo;gbT Njhd;Wkhapd; Cl- cz;L vdyhk;
…………………………………………………………………………
4
2. Br- kw;Wk; I- mad;fSf;fhd cWjpg;ghl;Lr;Nrhjid
FNshupd; ePu; gupNrhjid
jug;gl;l Viyl;L ePu;fiurYf;F FNshupd; ePu;> CCl4 Nru;j;J FYf;fp mtjhdpf;Fk;NghJ
a. nrk;kQ;rs; epw CCl4 gil mtjhdpf;fg;gbd; Br- cz;L vdyhk;.
………………………………………………………………….
b. Cjhepw CCl4 gil mtjhdpf;fg;gbd; I- cz;L
…………………………………………………………………
iej;jpNuw; mad;fSf;fhd Nrhjid (NO3-)
a. ,J nrwpe;j H2SO4 cld; ntg;gg;gLj;jg;gl fgpy epw thA ntspNaWk;.
b. fgpy tisa Nrhjid
jug;gl;l ePu;fiurYf;F Gjpjhf jahupf;fg;gl;l FeSO4 Nru;j;J gpd; Fohapd; Rtu; Xuk; topNa
nrwpe;j H2SO4 Ir;Nru;f;Fk;NghJ ,U fiury;fSk; re;jpf;Fk; ,lj;jpy; fgpy tisak;
Njhd;Wk; vdpy; NO3- cz;L vdyhk;.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Fwpg;G :-
fiurypy; Br-, I- fhzg;gLkhapd; nrwpe;j H2SO4 cld; fLk; epwKs;s Br2, I2 cUthtjhy;
,r;Nrhjid Fog;gg;gLk;;. mt;thW vdpd; Kjypy; Ag2SO4 fiury; (AgNO3 my;y) ,l;L
AgBr, AgI vd;gtw;iw tPo;gbthf tbj;J mfw;wp gpd; fgpy tisa Nrhjidia
Nkw;nfhs;sNtz;Lk;.
Nyrhf gupNrhjid Fohia FYf;fpdhYk; NO thA jg;gpr;nry;tjhy; fgpytisak;
Njhd;whJ Nghfyhk;.
c. mNkhdpah Nrhjid
jug;gl;l iejNuw;W nfhz;l fiurYf;F rpwpJ mYkpa J}s; my;yJ ehfj;J}s; (Njtjhtpd;
fyg;G cNyhfk; rpwe;jJ) ,l;L NaOH Nru;j;J R+lhf;Fk;NghJ neRyupd; Nrhjidg;nghUis
fgpy epwkhf;Fk; mNkhdpah thA ntspg;gLk;.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
5
Fwpg;G
Vw;fdNt NH4+ cg;Gf;fs; ,Ug;gpd; Kjypy; kpif NaOH Nru;j;J mNkhdpah ntspNaw;wk;
epw;Fk; tiu ed;F R+lhf;Ff.
gpd;G mYkpdpa J}s; Nru;j;J kPz;Lk; R+lhf;Fk;NghJ mNkhdpah thA ntspNaWk;.
d. fhu cNyhf iej;jpNuw;Wf;fs; jtpu Vida cNyhf iej;jpNuw;Wf;fspd; jpz;k cg;Gf;fs;
ntg;gkhf;Fk;NghJ nrq;fgpy epw NO2 thA ntspNaWk;.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
iej;jpiuw; mad;fSf;fhd Nrhjid (NO2-)
a. iej;jpiuw; mad; nfhz;l fiurYf;F Ijhd HCl Nru;f;fg;gLk;NghJ fgpy epw thA
ntspNaWk;.
2NO2- + 2H+ H2O + NO + NO2
RahjPd HNO2 ,N2O3 Njhd;wpkiwtjhy; ePyepwk; Njhd;wpkiwtijf; fhzyhk;
b. fgpy tisa Nrhjid
jug;gl;l ePu;fiurYf;F CH3COOH Nru;j;J gpd; Gjpjhf jahupf;fg;gl;l FeSO4 Nru;f;Fk;NghJ
,U fiury;fSk; re;jpf;Fk; ,lj;jpy; fgpy tisak; Njhd;Wk; vdpy; NO2- cz;L vdyhk;.
2NO2- + 2H+ H2O + NO + NO2
,q;F con H2SO4 gad;gLj;jf;$lhJ
c. mkpy KMnO4 fiuriyAk; iej;jpiuw;Wf;fs; epwk; ePf;Fk;
5NO2- + 6H+ + 2MnO4- 2Mn2+ + 5NO3- +3H2O
nghRNgw;W maDf;fhd Nrhjid - PO43-
a. fiurYf;F BaCl2 Nru;f;f dil HNO3 / dil CH3COOH ,y; fiuaf;$ba nts;is tPo;gbT
Njhd;Wk;
Ba2+ + PO43- Ba3(PO4)2
b. rpwpJ fiurYf;F nrwp HNO3 ,l;L gpd; (NH4)2MoO4 (ammonium moliybdate) fiury; Nru;f;f
kQ;rs; tPo;gbT Njhd;Wk;.
jNahraidl;L mad; (SCN-) Thiocyanide
a. AgNO3 fiurYld; ntz;tPo;gbit jUk;. ,J HCl kw;Wk; HNO3 ,y; fiuaf;$baJ.
AgNO3 + SCN- AgSCN + NO3-
b. FeCl3 fiurYld; FUjpr;rptg;G epwkhd fiuriyj;jUk;
Fe3+ + SCN - (FeSCN)2+
6
Xl;rNyw;W mad; Oxalate C2O42-
1. Ijhd H2SO4 cld; vt;tpj thA ntspNaw;wj;ijAk; juhJ. vdpDk; nrwpe;j H2SO4 cld;
thA ntspNaw;wj;ij jUk;.
C2O42- + dil H2SO4 H2C2O4 + SO4 2-
C2O42- + dil H2SO4 H2C2O4
2. Ngupak; GNshiul; Nru;f;fg;gLk;NghJ HCl, HNO3 ,y; fiuaf;$ba ntz; tPo;gbT BaC2O4
ngwg;gLfpwJ.
C2O42- + BaF2
BaC2O4 + 2HCl
3. H+ KMnO4 ,d; epwj;ij ePf;FfpwJ. K2Cr2O7 ,d; epwj;ij khw;Wk; C2O42- jho;j;Jk; fUtp
jhd; CO2 thf xl;rpNaw;wg;gLk;.
MnO4 - + C2O4 2- + H+
Cr2O72 - + C2O4 2- + H+ .
CaC2O4 CaCO3 + CO (5400C)
