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SCIENTISTS IN NCERT BIOLOGY:

(Note: Chapters without any Scientists have been excluded)

Chapter Name of Scientists Contribution

• Father of Genetics.
• He conducted hybridization experiments on garden peas (Pisum
Gregor Mendel
sativum)
• Proposed Laws of Inheritance.
de Vries, Correns &
Independently rediscovered Mendel’s results.
von Tschermak
• Proposed Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance.
Walter Sutton &
1. Principles of • Sutton united chromosomal segregation with Mendelian
Theodore Boveri
Inheritance and principles and called it the chromosomal theory of inheritance.
Variation • Proved chromosomal theory of inheritance using fruit flies
Thomas Hunt (Drosophila melanogaster).
Morgan • Coined the terms linkage and recombination.
• He studied about sex-linked genes in Drosophila.
He mapped gene positions on chromosomes using recombination
Alfred Sturtevant
frequencies.
Henking Discovered X chromosome. He called it X body.
Langdon Down First described Down’s syndrome.
Friedrich Miescher Identified DNA and named it Nuclein.
James Watson & • Proposed double helix model of DNA.
Francis Crick • Proposed Semi-conservative model of DNA replication.
Maurice Wilkins &
Produced X-ray diffraction data of DNA.
Rosalind Franklin
Proposed a rule which states that in DNA, the ratio of A to T and the
Erwin Chargaff
ratio of G to C are equal.
• Proposed Central dogma of Molecular Biology.
Francis Crick • Postulated about an adapter molecule that can read the code
and to link with amino acids.
Conducted Transforming Principle Experiment using
2. Molecular Basis Frederick Griffith
Streptococcus pneumoniae and mice.
of Inheritance
Oswald Avery, Conducted experiment for Biochemical characterization of
Colin MacLeod & transforming principle to determine the biochemical nature of
Maclyn McCarty ‘transforming principle’ in Griffith’s experiment.
Alfred Hershey & Conducted Blender Experiment to prove DNA is the genetic
Martha Chase material.
Matthew Meselson
Experimentally proved Semi-conservative model.
& Franklin Stahl
Performed similar experiments on Vicia faba (faba beans) using
radioactive thymidine to detect distribution of newly synthesized
Taylor
DNA in the chromosomes. It proved that the DNA in chromosomes
also replicate semi-conservatively.

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Chapter Name of Scientists Full form

Suggested that for coding 20 amino acids, the code should be made
George Gamow
up of 3 nucleotides. Thus, there are 64 codons.
Har Gobind Developed a chemical method in synthesizing RNA molecules with
Khorana defined combinations of bases (homopolymers & copolymers).
Marshall Nirenberg Developed cell-free system for protein synthesis.
Francois Jacob & First elucidated Lac operon (an operon that controls lactose
Jacque Monod metabolism in bacteria).
• Developed a method that is used to sequence DNA fragments in
automated DNA sequencers
Frederick Sanger
• He has also developed method for sequencing of amino acids in
proteins.
Alec Jeffreys Developed DNA fingerprinting (DNA profiling)
Disproved Theory of spontaneous generation (Abiogenesis). He
Louis Pasteur
demonstrated that life comes only from pre-existing life.
Oparin & Haldane Proposed Theory of chemical evolution.
S.L Miller Experimentally proved theory of chemical evolution.
Ernst Haeckel Proposed Embryological evidences of evolution.
Karl Ernst von Baer Rejected Embryological evidences of evolution.
3. Evolution Lamarck Proposed Theory of Inheritance of acquired characters (Lamarckism).
Charles Darwin Proposed Theory of Natural selection (Darwinism).
Alfred Wallace Proposed Natural selection (similar conclusions of Darwin).
Thomas Malthus Studied on populations. It influenced Darwin.
Hugo de Vries Proposed Mutation Theory of evolution.
Hardy & Weinberg Proposed Hardy-Weinberg principle about genetic equilibrium.
4. Human Health Hippocrates Proposed Good humour hypothesis.
and Diseases William Harvey Disproved Good humour hypothesis.
Discovered the first antibiotic Penicillin from a mould Penicillium
Alexander Fleming
5. Microbes in notatum.
Human Welfare Earnest Chain and Established full potential of Penicillin as an effective antibiotic.
Howard Florey Fleming, Chain & Florey were awarded Nobel Prize (1945).
6. Biotechnology- Stanley Cohen &
Principles and Produced first recombinant DNA (rDNA).
Herbert Boyer
Processes
Conducted experiments on the rocky sea coasts of Scotland, using 2
Connell barnacle species, Balanus & Chthamalus. It is known as Connell’s field
experiments.
7. Organisms and
Gause Proposed Competitive Exclusion Principle.
Populations
Showed that five closely related species of warblers living on a tree
MacArthur could avoid competition and co-exist due to behavioural differences
in their foraging activities.
8. Ecosystem Robert Costanza Put price tags on nature’s life-support services.
Edward Wilson Popularized the term ‘biodiversity’.
9. Biodiversity and
Proposed a Global estimate of species diversity on earth. According
Conservation Robert May
to this about 7 million species would have on earth.

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Chapter Name of Scientists Full form

Alexander von His studies in South American jungles showed that species richness
Humboldt increases with the size of the explored area, but only up to a limit.
According to him, plots with more species shows less year-to-year
David Tilman
variation in total biomass.
Proposed Rivet popper hypothesis. It is an analogy used to
Paul Ehrlich
understand the importance of biodiversity.
Ahmed Khan
(a plastic sack Developed Polyblend (a fine powder of recycled modified plastic. It
10. Environmental manufacturer in is mixed with the bitumen and is used to lay roads).
Bangalore)
Issues
Ramesh Chandra
(Deleted Chapter) He included bee-keeping, dairy management, water harvesting,
Dagar (a farmer in
composting & agriculture in Integrated Organic Farming.
Sonipat, Haryana)

Scientists in Class 11 Biology

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SCIENTISTS IN NCERT BIOLOGY:

CLASS 11
(Note: Chapters without any Scientists have been excluded)

Chapter Name of Scientist Contribution

• Wrote the book Systema Naturae.
1. The Living World Carl Linnaeus
• Proposed Binomial nomenclature.
Classified plants to trees, shrubs & herbs and animals into 2
Aristotle
groups- those with red blood & without red blood.
Carl Linnaeus Proposed Two Kingdom classification- Plantae & Animalia.
R.H. Whittaker Proposed Five Kingdom Classification.
Discovered virus. He recognized certain microbes that cause
Dmitri Ivanowsky
mosaic disease of tobacco.
2. Biological • Demonstrated that the extract of the infected tobacco plants
Classification cause infection in healthy plants.
M.W. Beijerinek
• He named new pathogen as virus and the fluid as Contagium
vivum fluidum (infectious living fluid).
Showed that viruses could be crystallized and crystals consist
W.M. Stanley
largely of proteins.
• Discovered viroid.
T.O. Diener
• He found that it caused potato spindle tuber disease.
Proposed Artificial system of classification based on the
Carl Linnaeus
androecium structure.
3. Plant Kingdom
George Bentham & Proposed Natural classification systems of Classification for
Joseph Dalton Hooker flowering plants
Robert Hooke Discovered cell.
Anton Von
First observed and described a live cell.
Leeuwenhoek
Matthias Schleiden Observed that all plants are composed of cells.
• Found that cells have a plasma membrane.
• Found that plant cells have cell wall.
Theodore Schwann • He proposed a hypothesis that animals and plants are
4. Cell the Unit of composed of cells and products of cells.
Life • Schleiden & Schwann formulated the cell theory.
First explained that cells divide and new cells are formed from
Rudolf Virchow pre-existing cells (Omnis cellula-e cellula). He modified the
cell theory.
Singer & Nicolson Proposed Fluid mosaic model of cell membrane.
Camillo Golgi First observed Golgi apparatus.
George Palade First observed ribosome.
Robert Brown Discovered cell Nucleus.
5. Biomolecules Watson & Crick Double helix model of DNA
6. Mineral Nutrition Julius von Sachs Demonstrated the technique of hydroponics (growing plants
(Deleted Chapter) in a defined nutrient solution without soil).

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Chapter Name of Scientist Contribution

• Performed bell jar experiments to prove the role of air in
Joseph Priestley the growth of green plants.
• Discovered oxygen.
• Conducted the same experiment of Priestley by placing in
darkness and sunlight. He showed that sunlight is essential
Jan Ingenhousz to the plant for purifying the air fouled by burning candles or
animals.
• He showed that only the green part of plants releases O2.
He proved that
• Glucose is produced when plants grow and it is usually
Julius von Sachs stored as starch.
7. Photosynthesis • Chlorophyll is located in special bodies (chloroplasts).
• Glucose is made in the green parts of plants.
First described action spectrum of photosynthesis using
T.W Engelmann a prism to split light and illuminate a green alga, Cladophora,
suspended in aerobic bacteria.
Studied purple and green bacteria, demonstrating that
photosynthesis is a light-dependent reaction where hydrogen
Cornelius van Niel
reduces CO2 to carbohydrates. He inferred that the O2 evolved
by plants comes from H2O, not CO2.
Hatch and Slack First described C4 pathway (Hatch & Slack pathway)
Blackman Proposed Blackman’s Law of Limiting Factors
Gustav Embden, Otto
8. Respiration in Proposed the scheme of glycolysis (EMP pathway).
Meyerhof & J. Parnas
Plants
Hans Krebs First elucidated TCA cycle (Krebs’ cycle).
Observed that the coleoptiles of canary grass grow towards the
Charles Darwin & his
light source (phototropism). The tip of coleoptile causes the
son Francis Darwin
bending of the entire coleoptile.
F.W. Went Isolated Auxin from tips of coleoptiles of oat seedlings.
He exposed a rice seedling to sterile filtrates of Gibberalla
E. Kurosawa fujikuroi. It showed the symptoms of ‘bakane’ disease. The
active substances were later identified as gibberellic acid.
• Discovered Cytokinins.
9. Plant Growth &
• Observed that from the internodal segments of tobacco
Development
stems, the callus proliferated only if the nutrients medium
F. Skoog & Miller was supplemented with extracts of vascular tissues/ yeast
extract/ coconut milk/ DNA.
• Later they identified and crystallized the active substance
and termed as kinetin.
Found that ripened oranges released a volatile substance that
H.H Cousins hastened the ripening of stored bananas. This substance was
ethylene.

Scientists in Class 12 Biology

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