Electric Potential and Capacitance # Relation between Electric Field & Electric Potential

# Electric Potential : Electric potential at a point is defined as Uniform Electric Field

E
amount of work done in from
bringing a unit positive charge
> 2 -

V =
Wext(1 + 2)
infinity to that point against electrostatic field. ,

je V = 1
↑ ext
NexE-Weof # It is a scalar quantity .

Fext >

Ye V =
Fo
To
Du
volt or J/C
-

>
#- SI unit is
7
90
Electric Potential difference : between two point is defined as
FexF-Fer -9E -Ex
Here Av
-D DV =
=
=

the amount of work done required to move a unit the test

charge from one point to other point against electrostatic field . # Non-Uniform Electric Field

A- B YA- Y =ext
90
8
E
To
Go We
D dV = -

E dr .

# Electric potential due to a point charge

Y Av =
E. ar
-

e
r V =
q
a u
,

Point(Source) #Sor In Cartesian form

charge E =

EY + Ey + EzR i xY + yj + zk
=

# Electric Potential due to group of charges : The electric potential d dui + dyj
=
+ dzk
at a point due to a
group of charges a · AV -ED
T
= =

-Ende-Eydy-Ezdz
is equal to the
algebraic sum of the

electric potentials due to individual

↑ P Partially differentiate

Ex Ey E -
charges -E -G
=
at that point.
=
rz
=

v =
V + Va + Vy92 · 22

E is
Note : Negative sign shows that the direction of the

# Electric Potential due to an electric dipole direction of decreasing potential·

P At axial point

!
V =
1 #Electric Potential Energy : The amount of work done required to
er 4/Er2 assemble the point charges in a
system from
infinity against

At
-

q
D II equatorial pin electrostatic field is called electrostatic potential energy.
S &
Electric Potential energy of
V= 0 a system of two point charges.
U = 19 , 92 distance between 9 and 92
he =

#Electric potential at PROSO ↑ iTE Viz

any point V =
Rpcoso = o

Sunil Jangra Physics

p2 45Er2 Electric Potential
energy of a
system of n point charges .

=
# Equipotential Surface : A surface on which the electric U

potential is constant is known as equipotential surface .

Properties of an equipotential Surface

=>
Electric field lines are
always perpendicular to an Potential Energy of a
system of two point charge in

equipotential Surface. external field : - (9 , 192)

=>
Work done in

to another on an
moving an

equipotential
electric
charge
surface is
from
zero ·
one point
i r
,2

=>
Two equipotential surfaces can never intersect one the amount of work done to carry charge a , from infinity to

another · position vector i W

,
=
9 Y(r) X(r) -- Potential due external
for Equipotential surface
,

M
the single field .
charge . due to dipole .

Now the amount of work done to

carry charge a from infinity
& >
to position vector (2) We GeV(E2)
=

Also the work done

against the field due to a , is given by
Ig =92 (E) Potential due to ext field
~
-
↓ - .

4 Eor2

Total work done =

W + We+
Wg 9 v(n)
=

,
+
92V(r) + 9
For Uniform 4842
Electric This amount of work done is stored in terms of potential energy
.
field . ieu =
q , v(r) + 92V() +
4842
# Electrostatics of Conductors - means behaviour of conductor effect of dielectric
in an electric field. When a conductor is placed in electric E =
E.
E
field , then I 0 G
following points observed > +
-

are
-

-
V Ed
Ed
V
=
E
= =
·
The free the surface of conductor
>
charges reside over Ei t
-
-
.

>
t
The net charge inside the conductor is
-

- zero.
V

↓ 10 C C KC
> =
= =

-
1) Inside a conductor electric field is zero .

>
, >
Eo
dielectric
-

> There
-

is no electric lines of force inside the conductor .

Electric field at the surface of Capacitance of P

a arallel plate capacitor with dielectric slab
>
-

a
charged conductor is given
E
by = T surface charge density of dielectric constant K
= .

↑
in
=
Unit Vector
outward
Normal

direction
to

.
the Surface + 0 Ed
-
-

⑤ Partially filled
Completely filled
+ C Bot
K
C
-

= =

The electric field is normal surface of t d +

the
charge t
>
-

over +
.
k
-

A
t
F
>
-

The electric potential inside the conductor and over its surface
-

t Metallic Conductor K=
remains same ·
-

t
# Electrostatic
Bott
:9t is the phenomenon of C
shielding protecting
-

a certain region of space from external electric field. S d

= + -
-

1) Dielectric Dielectrics non-conducting substances

-- are
Combination of Capacitors
.

They have no (or negligible number of) charge carriers. Series - +2 + C

= 0 Va+ V
V= V =
V +
+ ,

# Polar molecule : A polar molecule is one in which the centre

of positive and
negative charges are separated (even when there & -
-

is no external field)) A polar molecule has a permanent dipole Y

moment ·

eg water (H2O) and HCl

Parallel +
-c ,
p,
D Non-polar molecule A non-polar molecule is

VOTEC
in which the
: one V
=
centers of positive and negative charges Coincide ·
A non-polar
molecule has no permanent dipole moment ·
e .

g O2
& H2
↓) Dielectric Polarization =
Electric dipole moment ⑨ A

volume
+
3XE Netsusceptibility
-

5 =
of the dielectric medium .
v

Sunil Jangra Physics

capacitors charged # When two to different potentials are

Capacitance : Capacitance (C) of a capacitor is the ratio of

by conducting connected a wire.
①
charge (6) given and the potential (v) to which it is raised 4 flows from the higher n
Charge one at
.

i e
&
.

C =
S1 unit-farad (F) potential to other at lower potential till

their potentials become equal .

Then Common Potential (V)
t +
G
Capacitance of a spherical conductor
&
t
V= total
Charge = C , V, + GeVe
r
#4
Sor / total Capacity G + C2

for Earth r =
R =
6400km =
6 4.
X10m -
t
# Some
energy is lost in this process in the form of Heat .
Which
+
i e
.

C =
TIMF
+
is given by U
, -Uz = CC (V-Vel
2 (C, + (2)
Capacitor : A condenser or a capacitor is a device that stores
Energy stored in a Capacitor Energy density
. It
electric
charge is consists of two conductors separated by
an insulator or dielectric. The two conductors
carry equal 8 =V u = U
Volume =
M E

opposite charges 10
is
·

# When a dielectric slab of dielectric constant K introduced

NOTE :
Charge on Capacitor
between the plates of a
charged parallel plate capacitor .

equal to the charge on +ve plate/conductors .

# Battery remains connected Battery is disconnected .

# Capacitance of an air filled parallel plates Capacitor .

V =
V (P D remains constant) 0 %0
.
=
(remains same (
+O 0
-

C =
kCo (C4es) C =
KCo ((Yes)
+ -

C EoA Q kQo(O +es) (POD Des

X
= =
V =

+
A
air C Cremains
&
-
E =
Eo unchanged
- U KU (Energytes) (E
Eo(des) U Vo (bes)
= = =
S

a
.
o ·