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D&F Block

D & f block clas 12

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190 views29 pages

D&F Block

D & f block clas 12

Uploaded by

Nama Shitu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
610 1/2023) lp a s & blodk 7 Representative d- block > Transition j £ - block > Inner transihow ; Blo uk No. of Elements ; é 14 ; P : 36 ; d 40 (highest) 1 £ 28 , NOTE || Metals > Non- metals > Metaltoids ' 1 Nearly 80% ehemants are wetaly in PT. Transition _tlemonts d-block — Uamwits raving 4" ted? confiquaation. i ound _stofe, ox! wn 0.8! ny nt eg. « Fe [rj ts* adé zn. ca, rial a are not tronsiHen elements $ round state ) sho we! +2 0S.) Huds nen fe taull’s chu pvind pale ane jolated. Though AufbRV Can —be— “folate. ‘4 a) gt 4m Cat Car] ts! gq? 2 [hr] 3d!® Cua Hla ase Cu if transitien, olemont Transitien Elementa 1 Typfeal y7! 01 Non- Typical - variable 6-8 = only ons’ 0S. eg. Fe Cu, Cr, Mn, ee. teas Sc Shows only +3 0.¢ $ d- block Ht J a0 Gc a ast? a ns (a-Dgh except ; a Pd» [Kr] 55° gal? Peeeereeeeatias anaes Series 3.4 5 6 Lislaliols 3d | aS 4d_|ay¥. [ati |asv heCr hetn hace 100 feNi baCar | - | K nif | te | wt ke [os)| ir | et ‘oF oa Att | Db | Sa | oh | Hs. [mt] De | a. Brq2r |) Nb | Ho} Te eh] mali Aw | Hy Ga Id- block 2 qroup 3 ty 1a el group — 3) te, jaa Larpup - + te 12 > 19, 4230 IJ belo. No. of elements in getup - 3 > 8a Chighst ia PT } Os - hight density. ' oe =e II vu H Hs 2 lig. at @T Ww? Highest MP__in pusodic Tabhe Pd » kr) 58° 4a!l? 1 does not follow 2 cxel 6s! af't 5dt J Aufbay rub. [ox Mol = st idt KK ——» sigs ] cee net ‘ folrow bav— Aq, Au, Rala s* di x Sid!) gute Half filled ond full fitted d- orbital Roosron ¢ Canliga ration is more — stable re 1 i deckonic dishibution 2) adh exchange snenay L No. a] exchange, ssible tn d 5 confiounrater \ a & ! by 10 Se (4) 20 c & | k In Al? —> 20 2x u ' (same spin exdhanees ) ft 2 21 exchanges RIFE 4a exchange (A(te+ S tat3tre1) co up cae! ger $ - block :- Inner transition elements Af - series [> Period > 6 = qo [= ~ 7 lb ct 6 LANTHANOID SERIES ty am ite : ce 1b 1 Ci A Ce tr zNd rat Sm Eu ot poe Dy Ho abu 1 Only vadioackve 6s 6a" : Lice cal Gd] yftul | Te (yey af eats “Rest elomeni 9 Gs*od? 7 63 cS s4 at 68h as oe [xe] ¢s* 4p te 4 se el ea ie asd a 4f 4 : Sf - series 9 pesied “1 K oe SERIES Gc. 1s? 5f07'* 6d072 Gt) GC. bs afl '® 5d0l (44) No Lr tor Toe 0d ee aq ar 4 Too (Th Pa U__ NP Pu_ Am Cm &K CE Es Fm a tees ee toe All elemunts sf Sf one radioactive + ‘Clemons aftka uranium ~~ tvans- ywnowiun element Yo Which one is wot a. _tyans - uranium? ay Ct ay Nop fe) Ro c4Md, it f. Pen) Focal 2c kn 3[ z= 06 | HT — St = L (az) | - vis* 16d Hs and a chia t as* gd‘ = JITTITIPPPrrrysisisi4i997(7¢¢7r7eece56 ine, Ry pastel 45 Rebs. Wek ed 2 q2U [Rn] Is*s5$? ¢q! aoTh ( kn} 187 5F° Gd2 og Lr (Rn] Ts" Sf! 6d och fan] 1s*.5f™ dt end of Clon (maT d= Block Mop. = Generally t% down the 999. —4 [Cr < papas ! 4 Ka -1> [2 7 £4 > 4g] 4 pee Kovder disrupt 7 Ka, group = tl Cu > Au > Ay | 4 ‘ F « Lait ably mp. inc. reaches to max of Gr < fond " then Stoxli ~ de cneasi = Ry No. of unpaired e- 4% “fnitially and = after the 'wdd ol ede paixing we « Ataxti and no. ot unpaired er Atti @ ! d£vwasing e | ‘ e | teoblen with Mn - Cd) has ten bp than Cr, Fe, Co, Ni 4a | - due to inebtective packing. : have high tensile strength , ductility 2 6 “a thormal and alectyicds a Conductivity, vnetallic “Wwaitye. im yoith the Hi % Hoey. hove erie more. i a Abutc. at no 1 | | 6d eed + ketineld conbrction - Ad sd a Lanthanold contyactia When we travel fom _ oraup- Size deowases gradually” reaches to mini. and ian ‘ Veing 0 less size diff. blw 4d and sd olemonts as Compared to 34 6 4d | petson V i due to Lanthanoid contraction (poor thielding of 4f o-) A456 Ze (4d) 4 size 160 pw ond GH) (C9) Size 9 154 pm [as due to Lonthanoid _ContracHen . Hf ond hy > size simian + | due to Actinid contraction ( Poor biel ng of ot e- ) Oxtdahon, Staley Se ali V_tr Ni Ca Zn Mat Ge Co 42 42 42 2) 2) GD +) G2) +3 +3 43 G43 GD) GD) 43 \ 4) +4 +4 +4 th +4 th oly 10S. _&3) +5 +5 non typical €A) +6 +6 ~ AronsiHion demaat &) © 2 mot commen 0.5, ellhighest 0.5 is eywal te group no. (+i!) group 1) oll highest 9.s 42 Mn (+1) (No. of 0.8. is also mah) Atlin ad, +l] Mn (Sc ts\Mn) no- of 0.8 1% and after than no. of O:$ Lae, Nn to Zn RM Mn jnp. of Mp unpaired e- incatos. ond ; often, that pay About : ~ 4 | 4 atom H2/ KS ml! ‘ 3 a V>Ti>Ni>Co>fe > Gr HG >Sc>aw ‘ i 4 < Hl a « weal. metallic e bonding 4 Lonisabien * a At Za_as hiégt Ley Ye sti fl gt } 8+ uke" _fs__removed pon a conbignaten 2 A: || Ge hoy Wight 16a. } om o Rk: |iin cw al ie- sis tempvedl rem 1° con fioatioge aL [mb Wet TES ~ ca e- s removed fron dio contig? = ch Sy Mn- 127 [> Mn howe Wighey 16) volue than chromium le- fs removed frou Sit conti guna” in Mn. > ‘A Cr nos hights 16 _ value then Mn ant o- {s removed fom 4% canfiga” (Stale) e c hos towet 18), 12, and 1€4 e777 T TTT ZI [7- Size-So > Tr > (Zn vrtr (Cad) = Mn = Pe Foy = ‘fe QO lunich of the fol. pair have same sive ? (4)\| Cy Ae 2a b)' fe & Co 6)|| Co @ Ni (4) za & Ti ol due to tes tire Aifborunbe ind block most oll OAL of "p-blouk clement, ) a 2 So aE Matt 8 Lomi t yae iy misting These SRP are not possible for Se. 8c shows only ‘+3 0S. fe 3 iS hee With exceplian of Mn and Zn £° value increases when we move. ult tp cla: (Ti to zn) or feducling power dew SVVVIBIRZyyysxsg ep eweeee Te value of 6° for Mn _Ni_ond 2n_o/ more trend. negative than _oxpecred fram the trend . & Mn2t & stabi lig of the. half -filled 4% swestuolf gaa 322° Zt? 3 com ad iid? configu" mitt os hig tve’ 4Snyd H dae Cu hoa ‘tve’ SRP volue Due to Infgh value of enthal atomisation( Jah) ond 1€, ‘ond low Aiga HY (eve) buy Cu2* and Ni 2* have same ond highest ove Any (2121 Kd mol"! ) SRP of Metal depends on + SgH = +¥e AfH 2 Ve Syudt = - ve [Density Tv i cu Se 6 Cu density eee LL We, pe with eweeption of Zn in 3d sae rrer reper rie p Misty 7 Ge 7 PMn> Or AEN VS Tse al @ which ove is least likely to exist? tee: w tutu = 2 Cub, Call, CuSrr Wtury, Nast SS) eFy21- k , , » Aa | egy om copper(t) compounds are cas » | "in “ot sol" and wndenge dis preportionati an] ~— ~ 2Cyt ——— Ga te - n- factor ~ | - 7 y Ri || The stability of Cu? fag.) nator thon 4," cas) : [is duc fo” the much more nenative Sad 4 ; | of Cu** (o4.) than Cut, which mire than “ nd Cu. ‘ riamspensakes shor the 2 \e of yas | All Cut halides are. kno wh except the lodide , rks | Gu** oxidises I" te Ie , atu2* + 4I°— CT, yy tly , » Agiid- block metals thows Huir highutk 6.5 with ‘do 1 uv , ond ‘F only. , Ril due to smal! size and high Ent of ‘o'_ond ‘F L _AslHighest 0-S of d- block metals is more ctuble with i ‘as Lompar ed to ‘¢' "e:ldue ‘to multiple bond forin®™ lendeneg of “0! te ip ; +7 tg, Ma a not _chable while Wino” _is_sfable RT th — & tir —F Mn ZN Ses £ F 0 outoumost shel > mox.'n’ Lei Onl Me Triyalent_i > Cott ac [ar] TW [iyi | 34 AS co™™ Carl | | Inf TT 2Se- as | ne 3 wz fis BY) [_o* [arl | wht Tt ft ft] | thee 4s 3d neq | w= S24 om | peat rl fw ae NES Ui O Teper ya fe stad +5 ad HL nz2r Ha = Jat) = Te — i re" [ie] & Lat |] 5 7 sid§ gg ae Colour of D- bout fons > ag. sol” J i Mainly due to d-d transition (cet) |icaladctas ion: dor d!° configu” | 4 SeSt Ti** Zn?* — sats ow ligule ! a? Clg al* ie white H an Curt pa relia ag. fed? 9 yeltesy oy. feat, nig, ? Gren ps Se Lt i. “Te ¥% " ag. Mart 2 tar! 24, Ty oes _ yt (a) 2 Ivfotet} [at vit (a?) © Greeny | as. vit (d') © Glued cr 3* (a?) 4 | violet | aq min (44) 4 iviolet! Noles MW0q” (rermangaale) —5.0;** (pichromada) | L, parr pe ur ay ‘pan i rorange 5 Mal? 9 d° GF d? Cr 047" Cyettow) + kb (ouaach fen) a ve three fons have coutig® Color is not due to d-d — M047" (Mangnate ion) trangitien but _due_ I | ET (a) Change Sandler apecty a To. Ma 0g colour is duet 3 : ded onsitien. a depend s on _i-¢. -polour dapends an: | Size of central mutol ion | central ietal jor 2 oxidation no. of - Centval ‘mutal atom . Formation lex | coordi nat’on. rds: 1.1] Small size Central metal ion or Central metal atom dust poor Adding of pay 2. IIHigh lonie Charge Availability of U4- orbitals fer Lond orn He extios Ability fo_odert multi len 0.8. 2 Av Lit, to form Complexes . + «** "formation Lrcdenstit t. | Non - stoichiomutay'c. 2.||\These ave sformed wher Amal oto bike Cy ‘i Tar or_¥ Ot Trapped: Inside the metallic 3.|| These ove ‘harder than asent | matal +] They nofain their wetally yi 6. “Test out chemi inca Lenductivit ¢ || Some borides axa “as ond ay Diamond | 7 || Tho do nok follow tains “of constant _ ¢ ; preport Alloy Formation by _D D- block |The hove siz aanging blw +157- Brom C+ Zn bronze Ur + Sw Gouman silver, Cut Zn + Ni On, Oxides and _oxdions [Ka oF oxides o¢ 0-6] +2 +4 Mad Mn0,_ Basit Amphotudc ah +3 +6 cro C0, CrOy | Basic Am photesic Addic, I i (Ref. NCERT Page No -10s) Cw) "Potagsi : (K2 Cre On), Fee ears, ——————— Kr colown 2 “Orange | Orange | Prepaxatlon Fe Cr, 0, + Na,co, + 0, =] chuewite ove | Caq-) (4) i 0 1 ial Mixed oxide Na CrOg it £290 | t i 3 2 (402 Cr,0; 4.) = | fitfer — filtrate. Fe, 03 es) NarCr04 a9.) pe NasCr pO, cay.) —) saburated —Lorange) so" thwer 4en soluble 1 oO : | LT Cro SES r- ‘or; “4 Cro Chromate ton on” (pH >7 7 ; Celtow ) dichromate jon Laven) ae Exciens 60 = Covaeny of CA sf | Uses | [ s | Used in_leather Industay and _o1 _an_oxldant for und s i M = Compt man azo a (eens ) Linkage. Cr 04 *T chromate) Crs0,** (dichromate 1. Yetlous 1 3 [Link]* - colour due to chang aad? - coleun y due fo : | Frampor tpeckro. tionrher pectin i ae 7 te! ' § 7 5 d a : I e e sp? - Td ! NX a Ss — [ OYA TS , 0 o_O x0! =o @. Oo . , I fu0 Reyer de fal 4 All Or-0 BL au vot ewal ’ I BO +6 be =) 1g) How many \¢r-0 bend 7 ba Due_te Length one. sual gn_Cr,0)" i ee fen) Witnoge 4 Creo! BE yn 4 ZKA)6 26 4)3 ; ore apal iE : 2 | Cr, 0,7" oxldisi in, aes modium only y | a = facor = 6 i Cry 0)*~ 2 Cr3t , » g | C56,* + FF ey Crt » ers at t Gre Bt 14eHt 4 cre dt + 2cret +10 Cr,027 + ms =H rst So ted, 7 = 2e7 x3 au? 7 Oro, * t3hS | ——> 2hr3t 438 + 1420 ce el bem Cryo?” + Gott ———+_cy3t_+ fa sat wentt CAO 4 3Sntt ——>+ acy 8t_t36n4* t 120 Cr,0)>" ——4_ Cy3t Reduction Oxide en’, fet® ____4 feat Fomous Joule Sn2t — Snftt Stannows Stanwic gt aa Sip Sulphide Sulphur ge ere ee lodide lodine. —+b Che 0927 tBL7 tynt ——>2Cr>+ +31, + Jur0 | kMnO4 3 (eunple ) MnO. + KOH +0, —~—, tatinde ¥ CPyrolusite) + = Kmn O4 Lab: Mate re ie = gate $ pwr S20g t Heo ——> Mag” + $0427 6 ow 4 ay ra Hee Hi S104 a FRA ran (Perovodisalphate RY era Tuasengs alee Teduced « ? che Leia Pe i sf 1 , Commercfal production + 7 Mind, Fused with Kon oxidised Mn O42 a with atr_ or KNU; (mang te ion) 7 Electrolytic _oxi dation in: alkaline 7 AGlution. 7 A , KMnOq: 7 l y |_Mn 0,2 ‘ Mn 0g ~ | mang n | Peumanganale fe a a 5 a. Purples , u oO - 0. Lt , 2] a! " ! 3. Il r , rt sp3a Td we gp? Td , | 0. c O_ 2 0- 0 ' yp alial a p tc 4. dd? 2 di not c s./| colo ts hb ded | 15. Colour ip due te ; fransition. Tran: Speckya : ¢ BO 6 . 165 4.) GO 257 2 75 + 8 r + a Tl| ve: Chaat, per ‘0 atom 2) ove pen ‘OD atom ’ ec 2 -l ps 4 "a. | a Ma-0 6b & All Mn-) gl axe. equal due to reonance duc ty Resonance . : no RS { a lyhich one hove tuo types of OL. ve @eaeeeaen Min O47 2) Mngy? 3) ro,” 5) Cy0 y** eee eee 1. | Kmndg torms das, pusple daostru chine with KO, hae yo4 simile, ekape KMn04 is not. take AGluble in wsoitin (6. pe 100 at 243 k) 3.| When it heated it deconnposes at 543K ee I —$13-k Ken 04 —=———> Ka Mndg t MnO; +O, H Q 4| Vr hay inteue colour and “dt = so el ln) ererrrvigrizige¢? eae a It Was temo. dependent weale Pordmag netiom Gil KMn0¢ oft oy oxfeligi ‘ iti five wd bude mado NO in acidlc neuf | ANG oT n-fadoy 2 ‘om i Somat 5 ke ca ~ | _ | oF | Neutral or — Mn 04 — MnO is8 Basic or 1- Ise een ; es gs : | String Aik a SS ee ~ FETA |. N >A78] 4 based on ich ing power kemn Oy eS ae mae E 1! 1 i Ms —— S > SOy og Oxidation 2 S0e earns One (Sutpuite ) [2 NO,” — _No,7 I (Nityite) | 2 C1042" — > CoO, 1 Coxatale ) & [MHF + 9 Mndg + 260427 —5 My?* fico, +40 vals of Ky? wilh be)? eye 74 3! ta amnog” + 5 Cr0,*” + Jont ———> 2mntt tipco, + 84.0 NO1E Addie 9 17 —> LE Neutral # £° ——+ £0," (rodale ton) 44. + = | MnO, + 17 ———’ MnO, + 20, 2ou 4] Ht) + 2Mndg pr7 — + 2Mn0, t 107 + G0) non” b -W20 HO’ 2MnQy” tL” —+ 2Mn0, t 10,” + 204 il In —ketny Tibatien for acidic medium MU cannot be ured became King will oxidize i ‘ 4 4 ‘ C7 date Cy : used amp of Kivin Oy will be move . 4 ‘ I At equivalence pt. or ond paint _tquival ents of ond thant become, : ON, Y= NAV, yj RES ~ [in = acfachos Xo | ———____ a a —— n-fador, XM, XV, ir, xX Ms XV, [ m= moles v Moles = Mxv Volume of 0.2M KMnOy sf 0.5m €AS 401” in Addie nudium. pofuclor oxidise #00 mh of Ofalic Acid tte veduce 200k of rer Modium . n-factor, X moles n- factor, XM, xv, 5 X0.5 x20 100 = 2560 mmole 0-25 molar. VSFFPprereeicys94 oxidise 400 at of KM, eq. “to Vol. sf 6.2.M | 066M bevvbus__ bic. medium n-factor, XMo XVe ty 2 9x 0.6 x400 Bo. 240 mi x3 \ OY 120 mbt FeGda > Fert + CG Op?” L L — kG) 264 te) fe (0, Fe + AN0,7 1 I Fest fe-) ano,” +G@er) Lonthanoid comtracHon- The reaulan fee iw Qtomic ond jonic size with © incase fw atomic no. : wet Sat ao Ce FF | qld E = Actinold contraction requ base 7 atomic; & foie she colt incrore MY fue to poor Abel di! 6 A: || Elomont tp cherment contrac” is ALiqutlig higher in Sf as red fo 4t. R. Shielding of 5f is poorer than 4 | Sm Pt Cott pcTht* enEu 3? eid Sh Se Cert > sm3* > eu3t > Gy 3t > Tht [size ov | Atomic n0- a sm Ce Tb Ew Gd fu > Ce >Smi= Gd 7 Th Basic Nature of oxides (Ln (on), ) Keo Size of metal fon kb rg | Holo), e7k4 (04), 1b(0H), sm (or); tT ge&el 04); Lalo); > Sm (od); >}70/oH), > €F Ex (on) > Yblor) [[ Common 05 = +3 | cln*t 9 Reducing Agent : At 3 Oxtdisi a ‘eisiniy—tejente éu2t acs fke RA, [Xe] 6s" 4£" R IL ° Ye = GA) L ke] 4fF full filed 4 [Link]* Aels Uke OA J a a [xe] bs 4f1 Thtta [ke] 4f7 ° € = 1.14V (te Teas L “4Eunn, Strong A. +. “used as a, ancbytical \ feagent good tT —— = Boek Sm) Samaniuim is yess much Uf Pigielelialaa a tibbifing odth ‘e2" Ly ‘ax’ 95 Cha) P Nd i to ae Pe exhibit tg OS. but only tin OxXid gs, lons havi £° and f!* contig notion y parades; >f-f trancitiod ie 0 ss 2) Diamagnotic -\ no unpaired 9-7 PaPeere Jey <0 Lonthonoldi iy about 600K) mal! ) ”? LE, fs obauk 1200 KI mat! hich i member of thir resi. aw reactive, to Calcium Similan but with increasing Zs they behave more Like atumnium . At] All Ln ane strong &A. al] e° | thie - RV be -24. Cat gy at ls tang 8f qdeqqqqrerwee' 272.0V | > weakest RA in Ly senies | z 3 | fa > m ° w Ey \ | All frpm aq. sot” and” berate Ne gad bn have cten dency to_displace 47 fons Ln forms three types of carbides LnCp | Ln ts tn 3c The by Sronidies ot. Ln ang, definite compounds not just —_aydnated oxides Naou Cold), , in (04), » definite lamp. At (on), 9 41,05 .% 420 Felon), ? Pes0, x20 t trap init conapourdy ATE ELLL Te a alialine earth mofal oxtder © oxida & hapdro eles ane bale Ske xi des « Ln, Sy 3 t 3 i a x“ vw Vl 7 [Lan EE : “ Junes 7 ‘ Misch metall - (#95 /:) Ln muted ‘ (57) Tren 4 trace of 5, C, Ca and AL a 4 oll Mischmelat js wed tn Maes bared alloy to produce oulleli shel gud” Agnter fiat. Py ‘ a | The best si use ot the Ln iy 5 tho production allo Stee bor ak and pes. N 5 ; -« «Mixed oxides of_to on employed a, catalysts ( in__p i . © (Some ndividsal Ln _oxldes axe __used an | | phosphor. in television purou ond sini, | Iaioresy surface. e by [The Actinoids| [Common 9.8. = +3 [Thorium (Cth) shows only 1 0.59 44? SACs Nephuniam (Np) and Plutonium (Pu) shows no. of 6.5. in Sf -senied. aSYonqge 2 +3 to +7 In magnitude also, they have highest 0S. As Hyduoxides of _Actinoids ane mone basic than. Lanthonoides R2 | Actineides ang Lovger in size than Ln 4.|| AcHnoides have silvery appeanance but displas. v a vaniely of Structures RT & jadoils juneqularitian in notallic madi which ane fan * greater. than in| anthanidy | e || Hydrochloric acid attacks atl metals buf most ono Mightly ted nitfic add ousing to the form" potective oxide Layers aliale — have no acHen 2 | Magmttic properties of the actinetds ane more complex thon those ge of the Ln. Ae | Actineids chow higher 10. of oxidation S}otes as Compared, te Ln In Sf oF Actinelds the outer em ane Joosely hold eo fe. je & Lem.

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