Geotechnical Engineering

Solutions for Volume : I Classroom Practice Questions

Chapter- 2 02. Ans: (a)

Definitions and Properties of Soil Ww
Sol: Water content of mixed sample 
Wsolids
01. Ans: (c)
Weight of solids cannot change weight of
Sol: Volume of solids in sample A:
solids in sample of water content 50%
Total volume V = Vs + Vv
Ww1
Vv Water content, w 
Void ratio, e  Wsolid1
Vs
Ww
Vs = Vv 0.5 
Wsolids1
Total volume V = 1 m3
0.5 Wsolids1  Ww
 Vs = 1 – Vs
Total weight of sample, W = 1 kg
1
Vs  m3 Ws + Ww = 1 kg
2
0.5 Ws = 1 – Ws
Volume of solids in sample B:
1
Ws   0.667 kg
Total volume, V = Vs + Vv 1.5
1 = Vs + Vv Weight of solids in sample of water content
Vv = 1 – Vs 80%
Vv Ww
Void ratio, e  w  0.8 Ws  Ww
Vs Ws
0.8 Ws = 1 – Ws
1.5 Vs = Vv
1.5 Vs = 1 – Vs 1
Ws   0.556 kg
2.5 Vs = 1 1.8
1  Total weight of mix = 2 kg
Vs   0.4 m 3
2.5 Solids weight of mix = 0.667 + 0.556
After compaction solids volume cannot = 1.223
change total volume after compaction V = 1 Ww 2  1.223
m3  water content of mix = 
Vs = 0.4 + 0.5 = 0.9 m3 Ws 1.223

Vv 0.1 = 63.6%
Porosity, n    0 .1
V 1

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 :2: CIVIL - Postal Coaching Solutions

03. Ans: (d) 06. Ans: (c)

Sol:  = d (1 + w) d is constant Sol:  1 = 1.66;
1+w w1 = 8%
2 1 w2  1 .1  2 = 1.15
  2 
1 1  w1 1.8 1.05 w2 = 6%
2 = 1.88 gm/cc  3 = 1.82
w3 = 14%
Common data for Questions 04 & 05 v3 = 100 m3
04. Ans: (b) 2 field

Sol: In Borrow pit 3

1
 = 1.75 g/cc
Borrow pit
w1 = 12%
G = 2.7; V1 = ? v 1 1  e1  d 3
 
After compaction v 3 1  e 3  d1

w2  18% 1 1.66
 d1   1.537
1  w1 1  0.08
 d 2  1.65 g / cc
1.15
V2 = 1000 m3  d2   1.084
1  0.06
V1  d 2 1.82
  d3  1.59
V2  d1 1  0.14

 1.75 V1  d 3
 d1   1.56 
1  w 1  0.12 V3  d1
V1 1.65
 V1 1.59
1000 1.56 
100 1.54
V1 = 1056 m3 V1 = 104.3 m3
1.596
05. Ans: (c) V2  100  147.2 m 3
1.084
Sol: Amount of water to be added 147.2
No. of truck load  = 24.5 = 25 nos.
=  d 2 V[w2  w1] 6

= 1.65  1000 [0.18 – 0.12]

= 99 tons ( ∵ 1g/cc = 1t/m3)
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 :3: Geotechnical Engineering

07. Ans: (c) 195 195

  g / cc
Sol: 5 3 125
air 195 G  0.44 G
dV  
V 125 1  0.44 G
Water dw
G = 2.07
solids ds
e = 0.51
09. Ans: (c)
Sr = 80%
Sol: e  Sr = 0.44 G
dw = 1 m
e = 0.44 G
d 1
S r  w   0.80 e = 0.44  2.07
dv dv
 e = 0.92
dv = 1.25
d v 1.25
e   0 .5 10. Ans: 48 mm
ds ds
Sol:
ds = 2.5
da
Total d = ds + dv = 2.5 + 1.25
d = 300 mm
dv
dw
= 3.75 m
Solids ds

Common data for Questions 08 & 09

e
n  0.4
08. Ans: (d) 1 e
dv = nd = 0.4  300 = 1200 mm
Sol: Volume of cube = 53 = 125 cm3
dw
Wd = 135 g ; W = 195 g s
dv
W  Wd
water content  100 dw = sdv = 0.6  120 = 72 mm
Wd
da = dv – dw = 120 – 72 = 48 mm
e  Sr = w G
 rainfall depth required = 48 mm
e = 0.44 G
 sat G  e

w 1 e
Saturated wt of cube
 sat 
volume of cube

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 :4: CIVIL - Postal Coaching Solutions

11. Ans: 11.87% Vs + Vv = V

Sol: To find initial porosity Vv = V – Vs
 w .G = 1.2 – 0.875
d 
1 e = 0.325
9.80  2.67 0.325
16  Final porosity, n 2  100  27%
1 e 1.2
e = 0.637
e 0.637 Reduction in porosity = 38.8% – 27% = 11.8 %
n1    0.388  38.8%
1  e 1  0.637
Vv Vv = 0.325
e  0.637
Vs V=1m 3

0.611+0.05+0.21
V V = 0.875 m3
n  v  0.388  v  Vv  0.388
V 1
Coarse sand
Vs = V – Vv = 1 – 0.388 = 0.611 m3
Dry silty soil:
Assignment Solutions
s = G. w
= 2.67  9.80 = 26.16 kN/m3 01. Ans: (a)
Ws 5.5 Sol:   1 + w
Vs   = 0.21 m3
 s 26.16 2 1 w2

Wet Clay: 1 1  w1
Ww 2.12 1  w 2
Water content, w  
Ws 2.24 1.12
W  Ws w2 = 0.06 = 6%
0.1 
Ws
Ws = 1.3636 kN 02. Ans: (b)
1.3636 Sol: wt of sample = 0.18 kg
Vs 
2.55  9.8 Volume = 104m3
= 0.0545 m3  d = 1600 kg/m3
After compaction: water added additionally = 0.02 kg
3
Total volume, V = 1.2 m
WS W
Vs = 0.611 + 0.21 + 0.0545 = 0.875 m3 d   1600  S4
V 10
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 :5: Geotechnical Engineering

Ws = 0.16 kg 04. Ans: (d)

wt of water present initially = 0.18 – 0.16 1.876
Sol: S r   0.8345
= 0.02 kg 2.25
Total wt of water present = 0.02 + 0.02 kg S r  83.45%
= 0.04 kg
Ww 05. Ans: 528
Final water content  100
Ws Sol:
1m
0.04
 100 = 25%
0.16
sat = 2.08 g/cc
Common data for Questions 03 & 04 2.2 m  = 1.84 g/cc
03. Ans: (c)
Sol: Wt of clay = 34.62 gm = W
Given dry wt = 20.36 gm = Wd
Volume = 24.66 cc
G = 2.68 Volume of soil = 1  2.2
Net wt = 34.62 – 20.36 = 2.2  106 cm3
W= 14.26 gms
Initial cut of soil = V1
W  Wd
Water content of soil  100 Final cut of soil = V 2
Wd
14.26
w 100 = 70% Draining of water (change in weight)
20.36
W 34.62 = V (1 – 2)
  1.403
V 24.66 = 2.2  106 (2.08 – 1.84)
wG
e = 528  103 gm
Sr
[Link] = 0.70  2.68 = 1.876
Volume of water = 528  103 cm3
 G  e.S r 
  w   = 528 lit
 1 e 
 2.68  1.876 
1.403  1  
 1 e
e = 2.25
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 :6: CIVIL - Postal Coaching Solutions

06. Ans: Wd = 240.45 and Ww = 28.85

Chapter- 4
Sol: 45mm
Index Properties of Soil

90mm 01. Ans: (a)

Sol: At L.L wL = 60%,
w L .G
e1   0.6 G
Volume of soil S
 ws = 25%, e2 = 0.25 G
=  45 2  90  143138.81 mm3
4 V1 1  e1
3 
= 143.13 cm V2 1  e 2
w = 1 gm/cc 10 1  0.6G

 w .G 6.5 1  0.25G
 d  (1  n a )
1  w.G G = 2.5
1 2.72
 (1  0.18) = 1.68 gm/cc
1  0.12  2.72 Common data for Questions 02 & 03
  = 1.68 (1 + 0.12) = 1.88 gm/cc 02. Ans: (a) V

 weight of dry solids Sol:

VL
Wd = d  V
0.4VL


Vp
= 1.68  143.13
0.2Vp


Vd
= 240.45 gm
w
wp wL
Weight of soil ws
25% 50%
=V
= 1.68  143.13 VL – Vp = 0.4 VL – 0.2 Vp
= 269.3 gm 0.6VL = 0.8 Vp
Weight of water 0.8
 VL  Vp
Ww = w  Ws 0.6
= 0.12  240.45  VL  1.33Vp
= 28.85 gm Vp = 0.2 Vp + Vd
0.8 Vp = Vd
wp  ws wL  wp

Vp  Vd VL  VP

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 :7: Geotechnical Engineering

25  w s 50  25 On oven drying, mass specific gravity


0.2VP 0.4VL  0.2VP drops to = 1.74
25  w s 25 G of clay =?

0.2Vp 0.53Vp  0.2Vp ws . G
e  0.40  G
25  w s 25 Sr

0.2Vp 0.33Vp  w G  e 
 sat 
1 e
ws = 9.9 ≃ 10%
G  0.40 G
1.88 
1  .4 G
03. Ans: (c) G 1  0.4 
1  0.4 G 
Sol: 1.88
V1  Vd G = 2.90
100
Vd
S.R 
w1  w s
05. Ans: (a)
Vp  Vd
Sol: ws =?
Vd
 100 e = 0.4  2.90
wp  ws
e = 1.16  e = wS G
Vp  0.8Vp
 1 1
0.8Vp ws =     100
  100  Gm G 
25  10
0.2Vp  1 1 
=   100
0.8Vp  1.74 2.90 
  100 = 22.98%
25  10
0.2 ws = 23%
  100
15  0.8
0.2 20 Common Data for Questions 06, 07 & 08
 100   1.66
12 12 06. Ans: (b)
Sol:
Common data for Questions 04, 05 & 06 Initial weight of saturated soil,
04. Ans: (c)
W1 = 95.6 gm
Sol: Gm = Mass specific gravity = 1.88
Initial volume of saturated soil,
Water content, w = 40%
V1 = 68.5cc
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 :8: CIVIL - Postal Coaching Solutions

Final dry weight = 43.5 gm = Wd To find e2:

Final dry volume = 24.1 cc = Vd e2 = wsG
ws = ? = 0.17  2.65
= 0.47
 W  Wd  v1  v d  
ws =  1     w  100
 Wd  Wd  
09. Ans: (c)
 95.6  43.5  68.5  24.1  Sol:
=     100
 43.5  43.3 
ws = 17.7% V1=100

Vd
07. Ans: (c)
Wd 43.5
Sol:  d    1.80 gm / cc
Vd 24.1
w2 wS w1=30%
 1.80
Gm  d   1.80 Given:
w 1
V1 = 100 cc,
 1 1 w1 = 30%
WS      100
 Gm G  ws = 18%
G = 2.72
 1 1
17.7      100 V2 = ?
 1.80 G 
w = 15%
G = 2.65
Let e1 be void ratio at water content of 30%
w1G 0.30  2.72
08. Ans: (c) e1 =  = 0.816
Sr 1
Sol: To find initial and final void ratio = ?
Let e2 be void ratio, at ws
To find e1:
ws G 0.18  2.72
w 95.6 e2 =  = 0.489
sat = 1  = 1.39 g/cc Sr 1
v1 68.5
V1 1  e1
2.67  e1 
1.39 = V2 1  e 2
1  e1
100  1  0.489
V2 = = 82 cc
e1 = 3.28 ≃ 3.15 1  0.816

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 :9: Geotechnical Engineering

10. Ans: 21.63%. 347 kN and w = 25.24% 11. Ans: 15.71 kN/m2, 10.1 cm
Sol: Sol:
n = 36% e max  e
(a) I D 
n 0.36 e max  e min
e   0.563
1  n 1  0.36 0.91  e
0.36 
G = 2.6 0.91  0.42
w1 = 11% e = 0.734
Let w2 be w.c @ full saturation  w .G 9.81  2.68
d  
w 2 .G 1 e 1  0.734
e  w 2  0.216  21.6%
s = 15.71 kN/m3
 G 
d  w  
1 e  (b)
 2.6  0.91  e
 9.81  = 16.31 kN/m
3
0.66 
 1  0.563  0.91  0.42
To rise w.c w1 to w2 e = 0.587
The weight of water to be added V2 1  e 2

additionally V1 1  e1
= ws(w2 – w1) AH 2 1  e 2

= d.v(w2 – w1) AH1 1  e1
= 16.31  200 (0.216 – 0.11) H 2 1  0.587

= 346 kN 1.2 1  0.734
V2 1  e 2  1.587 
  V2  1.06V1 H2    1.2 = 1.098 m
V1 1  e1  1.734 
1.06V1 1  e 2 ∆H = H2 –H2

V1 1  e1 = 10.1 cm
e2 = 0.657
w 3G
e2 
s
w 3  2.6
0.657 
1
w3 = 0.254 = 25.4%

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 : 10 : CIVIL - Postal Coaching Solutions

e max  e
Assignment Solutions Ib =
e max  e min
1 1

 d min d
50 % 
04. Ans: 1.75 1 1

Sol:  d min  d max
20% of its portion fines than 0.002 mm 1 1

WL –WP 14.71  d

IP = 60 –25 = 35 1 1

I P 35 14.71 16.68
A   1.75
f 20 d = 15.633 kN/m3

05. Ans: 85% 08. Ans: (a)

 d max  d   d min  Sol:
Sol: I P 
 d  d max   d min 

IP 
1.901.816  1.413  85% w

1.8161.90  1.413
25 blows

06. Ans: 0.33, 15, 10 w  20  log10 25

Sol: WL = 35, WP = 20, Ws = 10, W.C = 25% w = 18.6%
W  Wp 25  20 5 1
IL    
IP 35  20 15 3
= 0.33
Ip = WL –WP = 35–20 = 15
Is = Wp – Ws = 20 –10 = 10

07. Ans: 15.65

Sol: min = 14.71
max = 16.68 kN/m3
ID = 50%

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 : 11 : Geotechnical Engineering

Coarse fraction = 100 – 45 = 55%

Chapter- 5  Soil is coarse grained
Soil Classification
% passing 4.75 mm since = 58% (out of
total soil)
01. Ans: (c)
% retained or 4.75 mm since = 100 – 58%
Sol: wL = 60%
= 42% (out of total)
wP = 20%
Gravel + sand = 55%
IP of soil = wL wP
% of Gravel = 42% (out of total soil)
= 60  20 = 40%
 % retaining on 4.75 mm sieve out of
IP of A line = 0.73(wL  20%)
coarse fraction
= 0.73(60 20)
42
= 29.2   100  76%
55
As the soil lies above A line chart and its (out of coarse fraction)
liquid limit is 60%
 it is gravel
The given soil is CH.
wL = 40%, wp = 30%
02. Ans: 9%
A-line = 0.73 (wL – 20)
Sol:
= 0.73 (40 – 20) = 14.6%
Cu = 18, Cc= 2, Ip = 6
Ip = 40 – 30 = 10%
From question it is given as gravelly soil.
Point plots below A-line silty gravel (GM)
For GW, Cu > 4 and Cc = 1 – 3
18 > 4 and Cc = 2
Assignment Solutions
 Soil is GW
But lines lies 5% and 12%, border line cases 01. Ans: (b)
require dual symbol Sol: wL = 38%, wp = 25%
For GM Atterberg limits fall below A line Ip = wL – wp = 13
or Ip < 4 a = 60 – 35 = 25 = a
For GC Atterberg limits above A-line and Ip b = 60 – 15 = 45 but b = 40
>7
c = 38 – 40  C = 0
Here Ip = 6 for GC IP must be greater
d = 13 – 10 = 3  d = 3
 Soil is GW-GM
GI = 0.2  25 + 0.005  25  0 + 0 0.01 
03. Ans: (GM)
40  3 = 6.2  6
Sol: Fine fraction = 45%

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 : 12 : CIVIL - Postal Coaching Solutions

02. Ans: (c) 06. Ans:

Sol: wL = 20% wP = 15% Sol: D10 = 0.23 mm; D30 = 0.3 mm
WL < 35% → Low compressible D60 = 0.41 mm
Ip = wL – wp = 20 – 15 = 5% D302
D60
Cc  Cu 
Ip = 0.73 (wL – 20) = 0.73 (20 – 20) = 0 D 60  D10 D10
∴ from graph CL – ML Cc = 0.954 Cu = 1.78
Cu < 2
03. Ans: (c) ∴ uniformly graded
Sol:
% Finer % Finer % 09. Ans:
retained Sol: wL = 0, wP = 0
4.75 mm 850/1000 0.85 25% Ip = 0, Ip = 0.73 (0 – 20) = 0
75 µ 250/1000 0.25 85% ML (from chart)

wL = 42%, wP = 20%
Ip = wL – wP
= 42 – 20 = 22%
Ip = 0.73 (42 – 40) = 16.06
CI

04. Ans:
Sol: wL = 48%, wP = 26%
C = 25%, w = 29%
Ip = wL – wP = 48 – 26 = 22%
Ip = 0.73 (wL – 20) = 0.73 (48 – 20)
Ip = 20.44%
From chart CI

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 : 13 : Geotechnical Engineering

Common data for Questions.Q03 & Q04

Chapter- 6 03. Ans: (a)
Permeability

01. Ans: (b)

0.4 m hf = 1.2m
Sol: temperature increases, w decreases to 90% 0.8 m
&  decreases to 90%
Soil 0.8 m
0.4 m
90  w 
 w2  w ; K   
100 1   R 0.4 m

75
2  1
100
K 2  w 2 1 h f 1 .2
  i  1
K 1  w1  2 L 1 .2
Loss of head for a seepage length of 0.8 m
K 2 90 100
  is hf = i  L = 1  0.8 = 0.8 m
K 1 100 75
Pressure head at R is 0.4 m
K2 = 1.2 K1
Assuming datum at d/s water surface,
K2 = 20% (increases by 20%)
Elevation head at R is zero
i.e., Datum head = 0
–4 3
02. Ans: 1.35  10 m /sec/m P
Total head at R = Z
Sol: H = 7 m, H1 = 2 m, h = 3 m, L = 40 m w
h 3 = 0.4 + 0 = 0.4
i   0.075
L 40
If Datum head is chosen at bottom of soil,
k = 0.09 cm/sec = 0.09  10–2 m/sec
then Datum (or) Elevation head = 0.4 m
Q A
 ki Pressure head = 0.4
1m 1
Total head at R = 0.4 + 0.4 = 0.8
0.09  10 2  0.075  2  1

1m
04. Ans: (a)
= 1.35  10–4 m3/sec/m
Sol: Discharge velocity, V = k. i = k 1 = k
V k
Seepage velocity, Vs    2k
n 0.50

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 : 14 : CIVIL - Postal Coaching Solutions

05. Ans: 0.183 cm/sec and 0.094 cm/sec 0.5384 3 1.667

   0.9
1.5384 0.667 3
Sol: Weight of water collected in 1 minute
k2 = 0.094 cm/sec
= 6.18 N

Weight = volume  density

Assignment Solutions
6.18 = volume  9810
01. Ans: (d)
6.18
Volume   6.3 10 4 m3/min e3
9810 Sol: k
1 e
Q = 1.05  10–5 m3/sec k 2 0.6 3 1.48
 
k 1 1.6 0.483
Q = kiA
k2 = 1.80  0.02 = 0.036 cm/sec
26 
1.05  10 5  k    0.075 2
20 4
02. Ans: (b)
k at 25C  1.83  10 3 m / sec = 0.183 cm/sec Sol: Z1 = Z2 = Z3 = Z
k1 = 1  10–2 cm/sec
 e3  1
k     k2 = 1  10–1 cm/sec
1 e  
k3 = 1  10–2 cm/sec
At 25C at 20C k1z1  k 2 z 2  k 3z3
kH 
z1  z 2  z 3
K = 0.183 cm/sec k2 =?
1  102  1  101  1  102
n = 40% n2 = 35%   0.04
3

n 0.35 KH = 0.04
e e2   0.5384
n 1 0.65 z1  z 2  z 3
kv 
z1 z 2 z 3
v1  0.9v 20C v 20C  
k1 k 2 k 3

zzz 3
k 2  e 3   1  e  1   2
      z z z 10  10  102
k 1  1  e  2  e 3 1  2  
10 2 101 10 2
kv = 0.0143
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 : 15 : Geotechnical Engineering

kH 0.04  
  2.79  2.8 k  k o  w 
k v 0.0143   

ko = absolute/incitric permeability
04. Ans: 20
Sol: k = 8.0 m/day, 1
4  10 7  k o 
0.09110 4
h = 21.6 m,
ko = 0.36  10–11
Q = 162 lit/day

L = 96.3 m,

A = 180 cm2 , x = ?

Q = kiA

h
162  10 3  8  .180 10 4
x
 
21.6
162  10 3  8   180  10 4
x

x = 19.2 m

x 19.2
%  100   100
 96.3

% of length of the pipe is filled with sand

= 19.33

% ≃20%

05. Ans: (d)

CD102
 w 
Sol: Permeability, k   
1  e   

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 w G 10  2.65
Chapter- 7 d    18.92 kN / m 3
1 e 1  0 .4
Effective Stress
Effective stress below G.L =?

01. Ans: (d)  =   u

Sol: For wider area, effective stress remain same = (118.92)+(221.785)+(203) (510)
with the increase of depth. = 72.49 kN/m2
 Effective stress at 2 m = 36 kN/m2
04. Ans: (d)
02. Ans: (a)
2m
Sol: 3m

5m

sat = 20 kN/m3 5m
Increase in effective stresses = final
Effective vertical stress at 5 m depth below effective stress – initial effective stress
 = (sat – w) h = change in effective stresses
= (20 – 10)5 = (d – w) (3 – 2)
= 50 kPa = (16 – 10) 1
= 6 kPa
03. Ans: (d)
Sol: 05. Ans: (c)
G.L
Sol:
1m
W.T 1
hc  where D10 in cm, hc = cm
2m Sand e = 0.4, G = 2.65 D10

3m h c2 (D10 )1 0.006
Clay sat = 20 KN/m3  
h c1 (D10 ) 2 0.01

h c2  0.6  60
 ( G  e)
 sat of sand  w = 36 cm
1 e
10 (2.65  0.4)
  21.785 kN / m 3
1  0.4

d of soil above water table = ?

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 : 17 : Geotechnical Engineering

06. Ans:  at 9 m depth of soil below G.L = ?

Sol: Take dia of voids 20% of effective grain Effective stress after capillary rise at 9m = 
size.  =   u
20
d 0.002  0.0004 mm  0.00004 cm = (217)+(220)+(185)69.81
100  = 105.14
0.3 0.3 Increase in effective stress = 105.14  102.14
hc    7500 cm  75 m
d 0.00004
 = 3 kN/m2
2
P = –wh = –7510 = –750 kN/m

Common Data for Questions Q 09 & Q 10

Common Data for Questions Q 07 & Q 08

 = 17 kN/m3 G.L 2m
G.L
Clay
Sand 3m 4m Stand
W.T  = 19.5 KN/m3
4m pipe
sat = 20 kN/m3
2m Sand  = 18.5 KN/m3

5m Clay sat = 18 kN/m3 Impermeable rock

09. Ans: (d)

Sol: Effective stress at a depth of 6m =?
07. Ans: (b) w = 10 kN/m2
Sol:  at 9m depth below G.L = ?  =   u
 =   u = (19.5) 4 + (18.52)(810)
= (173)+(201)+(185)(69.81)  = 35 kN/m2
 = 102.14 kN/m2

10. Ans: (a)

08. Ans: (a)
Sol:  =? when artesian head in the stand is
Sol:
2m reduced by 1m
4m 1m Sand Total stress remains same.
Capillary rise
1m
Pore water pressure decreases by10 kN/m2
5m Clay  Effective stress increases by 10 kN/m2
 = 10 kN/m2

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Assignment Solutions Chapter- 8

Seepage Pressure and
Critical Hydraulic Gradient
02. 2. , u,  t/m2
sat = 2t/m3 depth = 5m
01. Ans: (c)
Sol:
5m sat = 2t/m
3

3m
y
9m H
 = sat  5 u = w  5  =2  5 – 5 clay 6m
=25 u=15 =5 t/m3 (H-y)
 = 10 t/m3 u=5

 = 10 t/m3, u = 5t/m3,  = 5 t/m3 sand  wh a

05. Ans:
Sol: To find depth of safe excavation:
 = 20 kN-m3

d sat = 20 kN/m3
Downward pressure = uplift pressure
 = 20  d u = w  d  =  – u  (H  y) = w ha
u = 10d  = (20 – 10)d
20 (9 – y) = 10  6
 = 100 = (20 – 10)d
d = 10 m y=6m
Maximum depth of trench will be
06. Ans: (b)
excavated without failure is 6 m.
Sol:
3m b = 18 kN/m
3
3  18 3  18
02. Ans: (c)
w = 10 kN/m 3

10m
Sol: 20 (9 – 7) = w ha
sat = 20 kN/m3
20  2
 = 3  18 + 20  7  = 124 w  7 ha  4m
u = 10  7
10
 =  – u Water table to be lowered = 6 – 4 = 2m
 = 3  18 + 20  7 = 194 kN/m3
u = 7  10 = 70 kN/m3
 = 194 – 70 = 124 kN/m3
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 : 19 : Geotechnical Engineering

03. Ans: 35 05. Ans: 32 kPa & 7.2m

Sol: Given Sol: 
Net head causing flow h = 5 m X= depth of water
4 m of failure occur
h 5
Hydraulic gradient i =  1
Z Z
 Z=5m Sand unit weight
2m
 = 18 kN/m3 
Seepage length Z = 5 m
Sand unit weight
sat = 20 kN/m3
2m

5m  Silty clay unit weight

Hw = 19 kN/m3 4m
70% Ps = ?
Z
Sand
Soil 30%

wh = 10  5 = 50 kPa I. At bottom of silty clay

Entry point Total stress
 = 18  2 + 20  2 + 4  19
For 100%  50 kPa = 152 kPa
50 Pore water pressure
For 70%   70  35kPa
100 U = (4 + 2 + 2 + 4)  10 = 120 kPa
Effective stress  =  – u
04. Ans: 1.91 m = 152 – 120 = 32 kPa
Sol:
Depth of soil layer = 1200 mm II. At x m of water failure occur. That is
ic effective stress = 0
FOS against piping =
i Total stress  = 152 kPa
(G  1)(1  n ) Pore water pressure u = 10 (x + 2 + 2 + 4)
z
i
 = 0
1.65  0.7
i –u=0
2
 152 = 10 [x + 2 + 2 + 4]
h
 0.5775  x = 7.2 m
z
z = 3.1168 m
Additional depth of coarse sand
= 3.1168 – 1.2 = 1.9168 m
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 : 20 : CIVIL - Postal Coaching Solutions

06. Ans: 2.2 & 10.38 kN/m3 08. Ans: (c)

Sol: Sol:
V Upward seepage force per unit volume
Vs 
n wh  A wh  A
    wi
V = Vs .n = 2.4  10 cm/sec–4
volume Az
V = k.i = 9.81  0.75
 h  hB  = 7.3575 kN/m3
V  k A 
 L 
 5  hB  09. Ans: (c)
2.4  10 4  1.2  10 3  
 14  Sol:
hB = 2.2 m Critical state
i = 0.2 Down ward force = upward seepage force
Fb sat  2 + wh = w  4.5
V = 1m3 w
Fs 19  2 + wh = w  4.5
=

Fg
w (4.5 – h) = 38
Resultant
(Fg – Fb)
 h = 0.63 m

Resultant   ' 2 (i w ) 2  10.377 kN

Assignment Solutions
07. Ans: (d)
01. Ans: (d)
Sol:
ic
Total stress at point A Sol: F.O.S 
i
= 0.7  9.81 + 20.6  1
G 1
= 27.467 KPa ic   (G  1)(1  n )
1 e
Neutral stress at point A = wh = 1.65  0.65
h = total head at point A = 1.0725
h = 1 + 0.7 + 0.75 = 2.45
h 0.85
 Effective stresses at point A,  =  – u i   0.68
z 1.25
= 27.467 – 9.81  2.45 1.0725
F  1.577
= 3.4325 KPa 0.68

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 : 21 : Geotechnical Engineering

02. Ans: (c)

Sol: G = 2.62, e = 0.62, z = 2.5 m
Chapter- 9
Seepage Analysis
G  1 2.62  1
ic   =1
1  e 1  0.62
Hydraulic head = 1  2.5 m = 2.5 m 01. Ans: 0.0086
Sol:
04. Ans: (c) The quantity of flow into the pond per m2
Sol: area
ic = (G – 1) (1 – n) Q = ki
= (1.6 (1 – 0.375) h head loss 5m
i   1
=1 z depth of clay 5m
 Q = 10–5  10–2  1 = 10–7 m3/sec
= 10–7  3600  24 m3/day
= 0.0086 m3/day

02. Ans: (a)

Sol: Given:
Kx = 3.45 m/day; Ky = 1.5 m/day
B = 100 m
Scale factor = 1:25 in vertical direction
Kx

100m Ky

Ky
bB
Kx

1 .5
b  100  65.93 m
3.45
65.93
For scale 1:25, b   2.63 m
25

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 : 22 : CIVIL - Postal Coaching Solutions

03. Ans: (b)  Piezeometric head at point

Sol: H = 18, Nd = 9, n = 3, h=? c = 4.5 – 5  0.566
H = 1. 6667 m
H 
Nd  Piezeometric head at point
18 d = 4.5 – 5  0.566
h = H  n. H  18  3 12 m
9
= 1.6667 m
04. Ans: (d) (B) The rate of seepage through channel II per
Sol: unit length
Equivalent permeability k  k x k y Nf
q  kH
Nd
 6 1.39  1.39
Nf = 1, Nd = 6
= 3.404 m/day
1
N q  4  10 3  10 2  3.4 
 Seepage per unit width, q  kH f 6
Nd
= 2.266  10–5 m3/sec/m
5
 3.404  9 
8 06. Ans: (a)
= 19.152 m3/day/m Sol:
 Total seepage = q  b = 19.152  50 ic
3 FOS against piping =
= 957.6 m /day i exit
G 1
05. Ans: 3.933 , 3.367, 1.666, 1.6667, ic   1.083
1 e
Q = 2.266710–5 m3/sec/m H
i exit 
Sol: b
(A) Total head loss h = (4.5 – 1.1) = 3.4 H 4.2
H    0.525
3.4 Nd 8
Head loss per one flow net   0.566 m
6 0.525
i exit   0.3181
 Piezeometric head at point 1.65
a = 4.5 – 0.566 1.083
FOS   3.4
= 3.933 m 0.3181
 Piezeometric head at point
b = 4.5 – 2  0.566
= 3.367 m
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 : 23 : Geotechnical Engineering

02. Ans: (d)

Chapter- 10
Sol:
Stress Distribution 3 3

01. Ans: (b)

3
Sol: 4m
2
Total load = 200t
1
2m 200
Load on each column =  66.66 t
3
1
At centre:
Z = I q
Z=5m 2 3
Q1
To Calculate I: Q2 3m 3m Q3
L B
m n
Z Z 3m
 Z1
2 1 2m
m n  Z2  Z3
5 5
m = 0.4 n = 0.2  Z   Z1   Z2   Z3
From Table, I = 0.0328 Q 3 66.66 3
 Z1   2  7.95 t / m 2
 Z  0.0328  8  Z 2
2  2 2 
At corner of 1  2 rectangle
 0.2624  (5 / 2)
 
 
 Z at centre = 0.2624  4 = 1.05 t/m2 Q 3  1 
 Z2  2  
Z 2   r  2 
 1  Z  
At corner:    
From given table, I = 0.0931 (5 / 2)
 
4  
m   0.8 66.66 3  1 
5  2
2 2   3  2 
2 1    
n   0.4   2  
5
 Z2 = 0.417 t/m2 =  Z3
Z = 0.0931  8 = 0.744 t/m2
 Z = 7.95 + 0.417 + 0.417
 Z = 8.78 t/m2
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 : 24 : CIVIL - Postal Coaching Solutions

03. Ans: (c) 05. Ans: 7.41 m

Sol: Sol: Vertical stress due to circular loaded area
4    
3/ 2
1
  q 1    
2 
3   1  (r / z)  
3
q = 20 kN/m
  1  
3/ 2

0.1q  q 1    
2 
  1  (2 / z)  
Z at centre =?
Z = 10 m Z = 7.41 m
  
3/ 2
   
3/ 2

       
  1     1   06. Ans: 83.05 kPa
 Z  20 1   2    20 1   2  
  1   4      1   3    Sol:
   10    
   10   
      8m
1.5m
1
3m 3
2
Z = 1.56 kPa = 1.56 kN/m 2

Total vertical stress

04. Ans: (d) = stresses at 1 + stresses at 2 + stresses at
Sol: section 3
1.5
  v1   v 2   v3
1
Z = 100 kN/m2  v1   v 2  qI
L 8
n   2.67
3 z 3
B 1.5
2 m   0.5
Z = ? Z 3
 m = 0.5, n = 2.67  I = 0.1365
 v1   v 2  0.1365  200  27.3
Z = 4  Z of small rectangle (11.5)
Vertical stress in circular area
= 4  100 = 400 kN/m2
  1  
3/ 2

 v3  q 1    
2 
  1  (r / z)  

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 : 25 : Geotechnical Engineering

   
3/ 2

    Assignment Solutions
  1  
 200 1   2  
  1   1.5   
   3    01. Ans: (a)
 
Sol:
= 56.89 KPa 4m

Vertical stress in semi-circular area 2m z z2

V 3 z4 z3
 = 28.44 KPa
2
 Total vertical stresses L 4
m   0.8
z 5
= 27.3 + 27.3 + 28.44
B 2
= 83.05 KPa n   0.4
z 5
 z   z1   z 2   z3   z 4
07. Ans:18.7 kPa
 z1  Iq
Sol: Take h = 10 m 3m
m = 0.8, n = 0.4, I = 0.0931
1.5m 600
10m q  18.75 kN / m 2
8 4
  z1  0.0931 18.75

 1.5 
1 = 1.7456 kN/m2
  tan   = 8.53
 10   Total pressure z = 4  1.7456
= 0.148 radians = 7 kN/m2
q
z  (2  sin 2)

100
 (2  0.148  sin 2(8.53))

= 18.76 kPa

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 : 26 : CIVIL - Postal Coaching Solutions

02. Ans: (a)

Chapter- 11 Sol: H1 = 1 cm,
Consolidation
 f 1  2 kg / cm 2
, 01  1 kg / cm 2 ,
H2 = ?
01. Ans: 147.86 mm & 2.86 years
f 2  4 kg / cm 2 , 02  2 kg / cm 2
Sol:
d = H = 8 m = 800 cm   
H  log10  f 
For a settlement 120 mm in 2 years  0 
Cv = 6  10–3 cm2/s
 f 
Sf =?, t90 = ? log10  1 
H1  0 
Cv t   1 
Tv  H 2  f 
d2 log10  2 
 0 
6  10 3  2  365  24  60  60  2 
  0.5913
800 2 2
log10  
Since Tv > 0.282 1  1   H  1 cm

Tv = 1.781 – 0.933 log10 (100 – U%) H 4
log10  
0.5913 = 1.781 – 0.933 log10 (100 – U%) 2
U = 81.16%
s 03. Ans: (c)
 U
sf Sol: t1 = 4 yrs, S1 = 80 mm
120 t2 = 9 yrs, S2 = ?
 81.16   100
sf For both conditions, soil is same
sf = 147.86 mm (Degree of consolidation).
S
U  100
(b) Sf

Tv  1.781  0.953 log10 (100  90%) Sf  same for both

= 0.848 H = 80 mm ; t1 = 4 yrs
= 60% (less than)
C t 6  10 3  t
Tv  v2  0.848  t2 = 9 yrs
d 120 2
2
 t = 2.86 years S  U 
U  100  Tv   
Sf 4  100 

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 : 27 : Geotechnical Engineering

t  2 05. Ans: (c)

 Cv  U
d2 4 d 2mv
Sol: t 
 t  U2  t  s2 K
2 2
t S  t2 d   m v 2   K1 
 
 1  1 
t1
  2   m   K 
t 2  S2   d1   v1   2 
2 t1 = 15 yrs, d2 = 2 d1 , K2 = 3K1,
4  80 2 
   2   S 2 120 mm mv2 = 4 mv1
9  S2 
2
 2  4 1
t 2  15       
 1   1  3
04. Ans: 120 mm
t2 = 80 yrs
Sol:

2m Common data for Questions 06 & 07

clay
6m
3.5 m 06. Ans: (a)
2
20
1 Sol: d1   10mm , U1=50%, t1= 45min [lab]
2
d2 = 5000 mm, U2 =50%, t2 =? [field]
w = 10 kN/m3, sat = 19.3 kN/m3, q = 500 kN
Same U, Tv
CC = 0.36, e0 = 0.92, Sf = 120
t  d2
CC   
Sf  H 0 log10  f 
1 e 0  0  t 2 d 22

t1 d12
0.36   
Sf  4  log 10  f 
1  0.92   0  2
 5000 
q 500 t 2  45  11250000 min
'    10 
(B  Z) 2
(3.5  2) 2
 = 16.528 kN/m2 = 21.4 years

f = o + 

07. Ans: (b)
= 37.2 + 16.528
Sol: t2 = 4  21.4 = 85.6 yrs
= 53.728 kN/m2
0.36  53.728 
Sf '  4   log 10   = 120 mm
1.92  16.528 
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 : 28 : CIVIL - Postal Coaching Solutions

Common data for Questions 08 & 09 Cvt

Tv 
80 d2
U  26.6%
300 t 1 Tv1 (S / 360) 2
 
Cvt t 2 Tv 2 (90 / 360) 2
Tv 
d2
9
 S2  90 2 
26.62  C v2t 4
4 d
S = 135 mm
Cv 
2

d 225
Common data for Questions 11 & 12
08. Ans: (b) 11. Ans: (b)
C  Sol: sat = 18 kN/m3
Sol: Tv  2v  t   25  0.35
d 225 sat = 20 kN/m3
U = 65% w = 10 kN/m3
S Depth = 4 m ;  = 19 kN/m3
100  0.65
300
S = 195 mm a) Immedidately after load
 = q + (18  5) + (20  3)
09. Ans: (d)
= 226 kPa
Sol: At U% = 70%, Tv = 0.403
U = Ustatic + Udynamic
C
Tv  2v  t = 8w + q = 156
d
  = 70 kPa = 70 kN/m2
0.403   t  t  28.8yrs
225 12. Ans: (c)
Sol: Many years after (At the end of
10. Ans: (c) consolidation)
Sol: NOTE: The time is measured from middle  = 226 kPa
of construction period
U = 80 ( U = 0)
t = 5 yrs,
 = 146 kPa
S = 90 mm,
Sf = 360

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 : 29 : Geotechnical Engineering

Rec (1)
L 80
  2
13. Ans: 422.7 mm B 40

Sol: I = 0.77
qn
Si  B(1   2 )I
Es
Preliminary analysis Detailed investigation
150
H1 H2 = 1.2H1  40(1  0.5 2 )0.77  0.231
15 10 3

 ''  24KPa  '2  '1  w Rec (2)

= 24 + 9.81 L
 1
= 33.81 KPa B

Sf1 = 250 mm Sf2 =? 150

Si   40(1  0.5 2 )  0.56
15 10 3
Rec (3)
Sf = mv H∆ L 40
 2
Sf  H. ∆ assuming ‘mv’ remains same B 20
s f1 Si = 0.115
H '
 1  Total settlement
s f2 H 2 '
Si  Si1  Si 2  Si3  0.514 m
250 H1 24
  Sf 2  422 mm
Sf 2 1.2H33.81
Assignment Solutions
14. Ans: 514.5 mm
Sol: 01. Ans: (b)
40 m
Cc  ' f 
Sol: sf  H log ' 
1
qn
1  eo  o 
20 m
120 m
2  ' f 
X 3 40 m s f  log 
60 m  ' o 
 200 
qn = 150 KPa log 
s f2  50  log 4
 = 0.5 (for soft clay)   2
s f1  50  log 2
log 
Es = 15 MN/m2 = 15  106 N/m2  25 
= 15  103 kN/m2
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 : 30 : CIVIL - Postal Coaching Solutions

s f 2  2  16  32 mm t2  5 
2

 
36  10 
02. Ans: (c)
t2 = 9 months
e 0.7  0.6
Sol: a v    0.2 m 2 / t
 17.5  17 Chapter- 12
Compaction
03. Ans: (d)
Cv t
Sol: Tv  01. Ans: (c)
d2
Sol:
Degree of consolidation is same Tv1  Tv 2
Cv t Cv t
 2 0.05m2
d2 d
t t
2
 2
d d
Energy given by rammer per m3 of soil in
300 t
2
 2 the field
(2.5) 5
40 1.5
t = 4  300 = 1200 days  = 4000 kgm/m3
0.05  0.3
Energy given in IS light compaction test in
05. Ans: (a)
kg-m/m3 of volume of soil
e 0 .3
Sol: C c    0 .3 Satandard value 595 kJ/m3
 '   100 
log  log  = 60673.11 kg-m/m3
 ' o   10 
 No. of purses required

06. Ans : (c) 60673.11

  15.16  16 No' s
4000
Sol: For same degree of consolidation, t  d2
2 02. Ans: (b)
t d 
 2   2  Sol: emax = 0.75, e = 0.50, emin = 0.35
t1  d1 
G = 2.67
Site x Site y  w .G
d field 
d1=10 m d2 = 2.5 m for top half clay 1 e
t1= 36 d2 = 5 m for bottom half clay 10  2.67
  17.8 kN.m
d2 = 5 m (higher value is considered) 1  0.5

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 : 31 : Geotechnical Engineering

wG 10  2.67 Chapter- 13

 d lab    19.77 kN.m
1  e min 1  0.35 Shear Strength
17.8
Relation compaction =  100
19.77 01. Ans: (a)
= 90% Sol: Direct stress, 1 = 5 Kg/cm2
All round stress, 3 = 3.2 Kg/cm2
Assignment Solutions Shear on failure plane, f = 0.9
=?
01. Ans: (d) 1   3
 max   0 .9
Sol: 2
Maximum dry density that can be achieved  f   max    0
without air voids. Another method:
 G 1   3
d  w f  sin 2  f
1  wG 2
10  2.6
 5  3.2  
1  0.14  2.6 0.9  sin 2  45  
2  2
= 19.06 kN/m3
 
1  sin 2 45  
 2
02. Ans: 1.1
1 = cos
(1  n a ) w G
Sol: d  =0
1  wG
(1  n a )  1 2.67
1.85  02. Ans: 34.37 kN/m2
1  0.16  2.67
na = 1.1% Sol:
UCC test
An undrained test (∆V = 0)
V1
A2 
L1  L
Divided by L1
A1 A A1
A2   1 
L 1   1  0.1
1
L1

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 : 32 : CIVIL - Postal Coaching Solutions

 / 4 d2 05. Ans:  = 55.4, n = 338.72 kN/m2

A2  = 21.81 cm2
1  0.1  = 128.56 kN/m2
Q 150 Sol: 3 = 250 kN/m2
qu   = 6.87 N/cm2
A 2 21.81 d = 275 kN/m2
= 68.7 kN/m2 1 = 3 + d
q = 250 + 275 = 525 kN/m2
C u  u = 34.37 kN/m2
2
C = 0 (for N.C clay in C.D test)
 ''   3'   'd  525 kN / m 2
Common data for Questions 03 & 04
 ''   3' tan 2 (45   / 2)  2C' tan(45   / 2)
03 & 04 Ans: (c) & (b)
 ''   3' tan 2 (45   / 2)
Sol: Given:
Unconfined compressive test ( = 0) 525  250  tan 2 (45   / 2)
qu = 1.2 kg/cm2 45 + /2 = 55.4
f = 50 On the failure plane
Cohesion of soil =? 1   3 1   3
  cos 2f
  2 2
f =  45  
 2 = 338.72 kN/m2

  1   3
  f  sin 2 f
1 = 3 tan 2  45    2C tan 45   2
 2  2
= 128.56 kN/m2
 f = 50

50 = 45 + 06. Ans: Cu = 0, u = 15.8, C = 0,  = 22
2
Sol: 3 = 200 kN/m2
52=
 = 10 d = 150 kN/m2

  uf = 75 kN/m2
qu = 2 Cu tan  45   if  > 0
 2 NCC in Cu test Cu = 0 & C = 0
  To find, 1u & 11
u =?
qu = 2 Cu tan  45   if  = 0
 2
1 = 3 + d = 200 + 150
 10 
1.20 = 2 Cu tan  45   = 350 kN/m2
 2
Cu = 0.5 kg/cm2
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 : 33 : Geotechnical Engineering

 u 
350 = 200 tan  2  45    2(0) ∆u3 = 445 – 350 = 95
2 
∆u3 = B ∆3
350   
 tan 2  45  u  B = 0.95
200  2 
∆d = 575 kN/m2
u = 15.8
∆ud = 640 – 445 = 195 kN/m2
To find 
  ∆ud = AB  ∆d
11  13  45  
 2 195 = A 0.95  575
  A = 0.357
(1 u) = (3 u)tan2  45  2 

  09. Ans: 78.20 kN/m2

275 = (125) tan2  45  2  Sol:
3m
o
 = 22
5m ∆1

07. Ans: B = 0.70 & A = 0.228

Sol: Change = final value – Initial value ∆3 = ½ ∆1
In consolidation stage:
∆1 = 3 = 48.6 KPa
2
u3 = 10 – (– 60) = 70 kN/m
∆3 = ½ ∆1 = 24.3
3 = 100 – 0 = 100 kN/m2
∆d = (∆1 – ∆3)
u3 = B   3  B = 0.7
= 48.6 – 24.3 = 24.3
In shearing stage (or) failure stage
∆u = B (∆3 + A ∆d)
ud = –70 – 10 = –80 kN/m2
= 31.29 KPa
∵ u = Pore water pressure
To find  =  – u
2
d = 500 kN/m = 8  16.2 – 31.29 = 98.31 KPa
 ud = AB d S = C +  tan
– 80 = A  0.7  500 = 50 + 98.31  tan (16)
 A = – 0.228 = 78.18 KPa

08. Ans: B = 0.95 & A = 0.357

Sol:  3  800  700  100
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 : 34 : CIVIL - Postal Coaching Solutions

03. Ans: (b)

Assignment Solutions qu
Sol: qu = 100 ,Cu = = 50
2
01. Ans: 3 = 100; For UU test, u = 0 or tan f = 1
Sol: D = 75 mm, L = 150 mm; T = 64 N-m 1 = 3 + 2Cu
T = 16 N.m = 100+250 = 200
H d
T  C u d 2   
 2 6 07. Ans: (a)
150 75  Sol:
64  103 N  mm  C u   752   
 2 6
 75 
64  103  C u 752 75  
 6
Cu = 4.139 N/mm2 900

4.139  103
 6
kN/m2 100 0 200
10 (3) (1)
∴ Cu = 41.39 kPa (undisturbed)
R=150
undisturbed strength
∴ Sensitivity  Angle of internal friction () = ?
Re moulded strength
Direction of failure envelop in CD test of
41.39
 4 NCC
10.347
50
sin  
150
02. Ans: (a)
1
Sol: ∆ud = 130 kN/m2   sin 1  
3
∆3 = 250 – 100 = 150 kN/m2

∆u3 = B ∆3
130
B
150
B = 0.87

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 : 35 : Geotechnical Engineering

02. Ans: (167 kN/m)

Chapter- 14
Sol: Given:
Earth Pressure

C=5KN/m2
01. Ans: 316.7 kN
3m  = 0
Sol: Given: sat = 20
 = 30 3 =30 Sand(i.e. C=0)
=18kN/m 2m
sat=18kN/m3
7.5m
=20
4.5m =24kN/m3 To find: Total active thrust on the back
a) At top:
As there is water K a1  1, K a 2  0.33
Fig. (1)
So v  0
1 1  sin 20
ka  , k a1   0.49 h = Ka (0)
3 1  sin 20
 at top v = 0, Pa =0 h = 0
 at 3 m below, v = 18  3 = 54 kN/m2
Pa  K a1  v  2 C1 K a1   10 kPa
1
Pa  54   18 kN/m2
3 b) At 3 m depth:
 at 3m just below Pa1  54  0.49  26.46 a) Just above:
At 7.5 m, v = 18  3 + 4.5  14 = 117 kN/m2 v  3    3 (20  10)  30 kPa
Pa 2  0.49(117)  10  4.5
= 102.33 kN/m2 Pa  K a1 v  2 C1 K a1   w h
Total active thrust
= 1 (30) – 2 (5) (1) + 10  3
1  26.46  102.33 
  18  3   4.5 = 50 kPa
2  2 
= 316.77 kN/m b) Just below:
Pa  K a 2 v  2 C 2 K a 2   w h
0

= 0.33 (30) – 2 (0) 0.33 + 10  3

18

26.46
= 39.9  40 kPa
c) At bottom:
v  3    2  
102.33 v  3 (20  10)  2 (18  10)  46 kpa

Pa  K a 2 v  2 C 2 K a 2   w h
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 : 36 : CIVIL - Postal Coaching Solutions

= 0.33 (46) – 2 (0) K a 2 + 10  5

2m 1 19.44 kPa
= 65.18 kPa
2m 15.62 kPa
2 36.96 kPa
10 kpa x 24.1 kPa
3
4m 80 kPa
90.4 kPa
Active Pressure distribution
50 kpa

40 kpa 1  sin 35 o
K a1   0.27
1  sin 35 o

1  sin 40 o
K a2   0.217
1  sin 40 o
65.18 kpa
To compute force:
1  sin 30 o 1
F = Pa  A K a3  
1  sin 30 o 3
2C 
ZC  K a  where there is no water
  Pressure at top:
F = Pa = area of +ve portion of diagram v = q
1  1 Pa = v  K a1 = 10.8 kPa
   50  2.5   (40  65.4)  2
2  2
Pressure at a depth 2 m
F = 167 kN/m
Case (a): Just above the 2 m depth

03. Ans. 7.23 m v = q + a  2

Sol: = 40 + 16  2 = 72 kPa
q = 40 kPa Pa = v K a 2 = 72  0.27
o
 =35
2m d =16 kN/m2 = 19.44 kPa
 = 40o Case (b): Just below 2 m depth
2m d = 19.5 kN/m2
v = 72 kPa
 = 30o
4m Pa = v ka2 = 72  0.217
sat = 20.5 kN/m2
= 15.62 kPa
Pressure at a depth 4 m depth

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 : 37 : Geotechnical Engineering

Case (a) : Just above the 4 m depth

Assignment Solutions
v = q +  d1  2   d 2  2

= 40 + 16  2 + 19.5  2 = 111 kPa 01. Ans:

Pa = v K a 2 = 111  0.217 = 24.1 kPa Sol: Pa = vka = 2c k a  0

 v k a  2c k a
Case(b) : Just below the 4 m depth 2c
∴ v   2c tan 
v = 111 kPa ka
1 1
Pa = v K a 3 = 111   36.96 kPa ka 
3 tan 2 
Pressure at base:
02. Ans: 161.66 kN/m
v = q +  d1  2   d 2  2     4
1  sin 1
Sol: 1= 30o; k a1   0.333
= 40 + 16  2 + 19.5  2 + (20.5 – 9.81) 4 1  sin 1
= 153.76 kPa 1  sin  2
2 = 10o; ka2   0.704
Pa = v K a 3 + w  4 = 90.4 kPa 1  sin  2

In the third layer : At Pa= 80 kPa At top:  v  q  10 kN / m 2

v  40  216  19.5  20.5  9.81x Pa = k a1 v  2c1 k a1

= 111+10.69 x (x = depth in the third = 0.33310 – 0= 3.33 kN/m2

layer at which pa = 80 kPa) At 3 m depth: v = q + 1z1

80 = v  K a 3   w  x = 10 + 15  3 = 55 kN/m2
(a) Just above the 3 m depth,
1
80  111  10.69x   9.81x Pa = k a1 v  2 C1 k a1
3
 x = 3.23 m = 0.333  55 – 0 = 18.32 kN/m2
From top = 2 + 2 + x = 7.23 m (b) Just below the 3 m depth,
Pa = k a 2  v  2C 2 k a 2

= 0.704  55 – 210 0.704 = 21.94 kN/m2

At 6 m depth: v = q   1 z 1   2 z 2
= 10+153+203 = 115 kN/m2

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 : 38 : CIVIL - Postal Coaching Solutions

Pa = k a 2  v  2C 2 k a 2
Chapter- 15
= 0.704  115 –2  10 0.704 Stability of Slopes
= 64.18 kN/m2
3.33 kPa 01. Ans:
Sol:  = 35, sat = 19 kN/m3
Pa1
i = 28, w = 9.8 kN/m3
18.32 kPa
h1
21.94 kPa
Pa
1.5m
h Pa 2 4m
h2
64.18 kPa

The active pressure diagram is shown in the Against translational failure,

figure. Total active force, C  rz tan  cos i
FOS 
Pa = Pa1  Pa 2 rz cos i sin i
0  r1.5  4  1.5r ' tan  cos 2 i
1 
 3.33  18.32 3  1 21.94  64.183 r1.5  4.15r 'cos i sin i
2 2
= 32.48 + 129.18 = 161.66 kN/m

19  1.5  2.5  19  9.8 tan 35 cos 2 28
19  1.5  2.5  19cos 28 sin 28
03. Ans: (d)
= 0.89
kp
Sol: ko = 0.5, ?
ka
02. Ans: 4.77
ko = 1 – sin = 0.5 Sol:
 = 30 Infinite slope, seepage parallel to slope
1  sin  C' z cos 2 i tan '
ka  F Z = Hc
1  sin   sat z cos i sin i
1  sin  1  1 / 2 3 / 2 25  8  H c cos 2 (35 o ) tan(28 o )
kp    3
1  sin  1  1 / 2 1 / 2 1
18  H c cos(35 o ) sin(35 o )
1  1/ 2 1/ 2 1
ka    Hc = 4.77
1  1/ 2 3 / 2 3
kp 3
 9
ka 1/ 3
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 : 39 : Geotechnical Engineering

03. Ans: 1.184, 2.66 04. Ans: Fc = 1.16 & F = 1.2

Sol:
Sol: Given:
C = 50 kN/m2
 = 10o  = 255 kN/m2 , t = 840 kN Cutting is to be made in soil
Slope of soil = 25
10m
x 60 Depth of soil = 25 m
A
Cohesion soil C = 0.35 kg/cm2
10m
Angle  = 15
Bulk density  = 2 gm/cc
B
N = I.1 a) FOS w.r.t cohesion, if FOS desired with
respect to friction = 1.5
= 255  1.04  1 = 265.2
As we know
(2r )  60
L̂   10.47 tan  tan 15 
360 FS   1.5 
tan  m tan  m
C.L̂  N tan  C.L̂  N tan 
F  tan 15 
T T tan  m 
1.5
50 10.47  255(10.47) tan10
F m = 10, Sn = 0.06
840
C
= 1.1836 Sn 
FC  H
w.r. to height
3500
4C 0.06 = FC = 1.16
HC  FC  2000  25
 ka
b) If FOS with respect to cohesion is 1.5, then
4C    4  50 what is FOS with respect to friction = ?
 tan 45    tan 50  13.24 m
  2 18 (F = ?)
H=R–x C
Sn 
= 10 – R cos 60o = 5 FC  H
3500
H C 13.24 Sn 
F   2.67 1.5  2000  25
H 5 Sn = 0.049  0.05
 m = 12.5
tan  tan 15 
F   1.2
tan  m tan 12  5

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 : 40 : CIVIL - Postal Coaching Solutions

05. Ans: 3.56 & 1.18

To find F if FC = 1
Sol: Given:
C  tan 
A new canal is excavated with Sm   ; ( = 15)
FC F
Depth of canal h = 5 m
30 100  tan 15
2 39.25  
C = 1.4 t/m ;  = 15 1 F
sat = 1.945 t/m3 F = 2.89
Slope of bank = 1 : 1
To find FC if F = 1
C  tan 
To find: Sm  
FC F
a) FOS w.r.t cohesion when canal runs full = ?
30 26.79
39.25    FC = 2.40
b) If it is suddenly emptied, FOS = ? FC 1
C
a) Sn 
Fc  1 H Assignment Solutions
1.4
0.083   FC = 3.56
FC (1.945 1) 5
01. Ans: (a)
0
For  = 15 ; Sn = 0.083 Sol: Taylor’s stability number
For  = 7.50 ; Sn = 0.122 c
Sn 
FH

b) m   15  7.5
 sat When running full condition  = submerged
C 15
Sn  0.046 
FC  sat H 1.5  9  H
submerged = sat – w = 19 – 10 = 9 kN/m3
1.4
FC  1.179 H = 24 m
0.122  1.945  5

02. Ans: (d)

06. Ans: Fc = 2.4 & F = 2.89
S C   tan 
Sol: Given: Sol: FOS  
T T
Embankment is to be made of a soil
C'  ' z cos 2 i tan '
Shear parameters of soil: 
 sat z cos i sin i
C = 30 KN/m2 ;  = 15

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 : 41 : Geotechnical Engineering

10  10  5  cos 2 10  tan 25
 = 1.90 Chapter- 16
20  5 cos10  sin 10
Bearing Capacity of Soil
03. Ans: 1.06
Re sisting moment
Sol: F.O.S  01. Ans: 2.54, 2.03
Driving moment
Sol:
C LR
 u (a)
W.x 1.2 m

50 18   68 18 3m
 180 = 1.06
2060  8.8 Net ultimate bearing capacity
qnu = CNc + (Nq – 1) D + 0.4 BN
C = 0, Nq = 22, N = 20
qnu = 21  17  1.2 + 0.4  17  3  20
= 836.4 KPa
q nu
Safe bearing capacity q s   D
F
836.4
350   17 1.2
F
F = 2.54

(b)

qnu = (Nq – 1)D + 0.4 BN

= 21  17  1.2 + 0.4 (20 – 9.81) 3  20
= 672.96
Safe bearing capacity
q nu
qs   D
F
672.96
350   17 1.2
F
F = 2.04
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 : 42 : CIVIL - Postal Coaching Solutions

02. Ans: (b) B

ex   0.85  1  0.85  0.15 m
Sol: Given: 2
Depth = 1m ey = 0

Square plate = 30 cm2 Mayer of’s equation:

Load = 7.2 tones qu = CNcScdcic + DfNqsqdqiq + 0.5BNSdi

Sp settlement = 25 mm qu = 0 + 18  1  33.3  1.314  1.113 
0.444 + 0.5  18  2  37.16  1.314 
To find:
1.113  0.02
If settlement is limited for 10 mm
= 408.78 kPa
Allowable bearing pressure=?
qnu = qu – Df = 408.78 – 18  1 = 390.78
7.2
q1  2
 80 t / m 2 kPa
(0.3)
S2 = 10 mm q nu 390.78
q ns    130.26 kPa
F 3
q=?
Net sate load
(S  q in case of granular soils)
Qna = Aqns = 3.4  130.26 = 442.88 kN
S2 q 2

S1 q1
04. Ans:
10 q 2
 Sol: For design safety, qn ≤ qna
25 80
q2 = 32 t/m2 (smaller of qns and qnp)
If qnp is not given, then qna = qns

03. Ans: qn ≤ qns

Sol: qn =? or qg ≤ qs
Q = P cos 30 Gross load = co. load + 5% [Link]
B = B –2ex = 1.7 m 5
 1962  1962
L = L – 2ey = 2 m 100

A = BL = 3.4 m2 = 2060.1 kN

Q s 2060.1
qg   2
kN/m2
0.85 ex A 1.5
= 915.6 kPa
B/2 B/2
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 : 43 : Geotechnical Engineering

q n  D f FOS = 3; clay = 19 kN/m3

qs   D f
F For safety qn  qna
1.3N c  D f N q  1  0.4BN r Where, qna net allowable bearing capacity
qs   D f of soil which is smaller of qns & qnp
F
According to skemptons;
0  20.6  Df  22  1  0.4  20.60  2.5  20
915.6  q s   20.6  17 qnu = CNc
3
equate qg = qs For Rectangular footing;
Df = 5.01 m  D  B
Nc = 51  0.2  1  0.2 
 B  L
q nu
05. Ans: qns =
F.O.S
Sol: Qn = 152 kN/m, d = 1.2 m,
 D  14 
2 2 Nc = 51  0.2  1  0.2  
 = 18.8 kN/m , qu = 150 kN/m  14   21
q u 150 17  D
Cu    75 kN/m2 Nc = 1  0.2 
2 2 3 14 
152 17  D
∴ qn  kN-m2 qnu = 7.5× 1  0.2 
B 1 3 14 
C = 1/2 of unconfined compressive Strength  D
= 42.5 1  0.2 
 14 
q ns 
q nu 1
 CN c  
75  5.7   142.5
F F 3 q nu 42.5  D
qns =  1  0.2 
FOS 3  14 
Nc = 5.7 (for pure clay terzagi)
 D
Equate qn = qns = 14.17 1  0.2 
 14 
152
∴  142.5 Since there is a provision for basement
B floor, the footing is not back filled. Hence,
B = 1.07 m qn = qu – D
= 140–19×D
 D
06. Ans: 6.55 m 140–19×D = 14.17 1  0.2 
 14 
Sol: Given: 140–19×D = 14.17+0.202D
Size of foundation = 14m×21m 125.83 = 19.202D
Unconfined compressive strength = 15 kN/m2 D = 6.55 m
15
Cu   7.5 kN / m 2
2
Gross pressure intensity qu = 140 kN/m2
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 : 44 : CIVIL - Postal Coaching Solutions

= 30  5.7 + 20  2  1
Assignment Solutions
= 211 KPa
qu at W.T 1 m below the G.L
01. Ans: (c) = CNc + aDNq
Sol: 20 1  (20  9.81)
a 
Unconfined compressive strength q = 2Cu 2
100 = 2Cu = 15.095
Cu = 50 kN/m2 qu = 30  5.7 + 15.095  2
= 201.19 KPa
 According to skempton’s theory
% reduction in ultimate bearing capacity
Net ultimate bearing capacity
211  201.19
qnu = CNc  100
211
for rectangular footing = 4.64%
 0  B
N C  51  0.2 1  0.2 
 B  L

  2   1
N C  51  0.2  1  0.2 
  1   2
= 7.7
 qnu = 50  5.7
= 385 kN/m2

06. Ans: 211 kPa; 201 kPa; 4.74%

2m

q 60
C   30 KPa
2 2
Ultimate bearing capacity
qu = CNc + DNq + 0.5 BN
u = 0, Nc = 5.7, Nq = 1, N = 0
 qu at W.T 2 m below the G.L

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 : 45 : Geotechnical Engineering

Given:
Chapter- 17 L = 20 m
Pile Foundation
 = 500 mm = 0.05 m
 = 0.4
01. Ans: Qu = 134.3 kN F = 2.5
Sol: Given: Nc = 9 ; u = 0
Diameter of bored concrete pile = 30cm
Length passes through stiff fissures = 6.50m To find:
Depth of shrinkage & swelling=1.50m Qsafe = ?
Average undrained stress of clay = 50 kPa 1
below pile = 100 kPa Q safe  [A b CN C  A s C]
F
 = 0.3 At base:
 
 0.5 2009(0.5)50.450
2
To find:
4 
Ultimate load capacity = ? 1     
Qsafe  0.5 5 0.4 70
Qu = Ab C Nc + As  C 2.5 
 0.550.4100 
= 0.0701009+4.710.350   0.550.4200] 
 
= 134.3 kN
= (353.25+1318)
 AS =  d l
qu = 1672.26
= 3.1450.3
q u 1672.05
= 4.71 m2 qs    669 kN
F 2 .5

02. Ans: 669 kN

Sol: 03. Ans: 813.41 kN
Non-homogeneous Sol:

81 kN/m2
5 Cu = 50
EL=0
5 Cu = 70
EL = 5
5 Cu = 100
EL = 10 Critical depth = 15  diameter
5 Cu = 200 = 15  0.3 = 4.5 m
EL = 15

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 : 46 : CIVIL - Postal Coaching Solutions

Effective vertical pressure  'v  4.5 18 Qgb = (4.5)2  9  180 + 4  4.5 10  110
= 81 kN/m2 = 52605 kN
 Qu = Abfb + Asfs Qg = 27390.6 kN
 2  take minimum of two 
  d   'v  N q  A s . v k tan   
4  i.e., Q & Q 
 gi gb 

 1 
  0.32  81 137  2  tan 40  81 4.5  81 7.5  05. Ans: S = 2.18d
4 2 
  0 .3 Sol:
= 784.40 + 1249.12 Given:
Qu = 2033.52 n = 16 pile group
Q u 2033.52  = 0.6
 safe load capacity  
F 2.5  
Q gi  n  d 2  C  9  d  L  0.6C
= 813.40 kN 4 
(neglect end bearing)
04. Ans: (Qg = 27390.6 kN) = n [dL  0.6 C]
Sol: Given: Qgb = 4(3S + d)  L  C
n = 25
L = 12 – 2 = 10 m For optimum spacing
Dia = 0.5 m Qgi = Qgb (g = 100%)
S = 1 m c/c 16[dl  0.6C] = 4(3S + d)  L  C
C = 180 kPa 4d  0.6 = 3S + d
Cavg = 110 kPa 6.54 d = 3 S
 = 0.45 S = 2.18 d

B0 = L0 = 4S + d
= 4.5 m 06. Ans. 635 kN

 Sol:  Method:
Q gi  n[ (0.5) 2 180  9
4 Qu = Ab  C  Nc + As  va  2c
   0.5 10  0.45 100]
 = constant = 0.15,
= 27390.76 kN
Dia = 0.4 m,  = 18 kN/m3 , F.O.S = 3

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 : 47 : Geotechnical Engineering

Depth (H) = 25 m, Nc = 9 for pile in clay S = penetration of pile per hammer blow
va  Average effective vertical pressure C = constant
For drop hammer, C = 2.54 cm, for steam
along the pile length
hammer C = 0.254 cm
0  H 0  18  25
va   Factor of safety = 6
2 2
Applications:
= 225 kPa
 This formula is more applicable to piles

Q u  0.4 2   80  9 +   0.4  25  0.15 driven into cohesionless soil.
4
 If the pile is driven into saturated loose
 (225 + 2  80) sand and silt, liquefaction might result,
= 1904.74 kN reducing the pile capacity. So it is not
applicable to saturated loose sand.
Safe load (or) Allowable load 4  5 pile group
Qu 1904.74 Diameter of each pile = 0.3 m
Q safe  
F.O.S 3 C/C spacing = 0.9 m
= 635 kN capacity of a single pile = 500 kN

07. Ans: 68.25%; 6825 kN

Sol: Engineering News formula for Drop
Hammer:
It is based on the assumption that kinetic 0.9

energy delivered by the hammer during

driving operation is equal to work done on
the pile.
According to Engineering New’s formula,
According to converse Labarre formula:
W.h.h
Qs 
FS  C    n  1 m  m  1 n 
g  1  .
Where, 90  mn 
QS =Safe Pile capacity m  no. of rows of piles = 4
W = Weight of hammer n  [Link] piles in each row= 5
h = height of drop d
  tan 1    18.43
h = Efficiency of pile hammer s
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 : 48 : CIVIL - Postal Coaching Solutions

18.43  (5  1)4  5(4  1)   3.667   54.33  52.64 

g = 1   0.027  log 
90  45   1  1.05   52.64 
18.43 16  15  = 14.8 mm ≃ 15 mm
= 1
90  20 
g  68.25 %
Capacity of free standing pile group
Assignment Solutions
 g  Qgi  n  0.6825 500 20  682.5 kN
01. Ans: (c)
Sol: Load carring capacity q = fsAs
q = C DL
= 0.7  4    0.3  10
= 26.389 t
08. Ans: 15 mm
q 26.389
Sol: Safe load    10.55 t
500 kN F 2.5

2/3 (5) = 3.333 05. Ans: (c)

Sol: Qg = (n. Qi). g
 'o 1 1.8335 m
2
3.667
= 9 × 200 × 0.8 = 1440 kN
A

07. Ans: 251.8 kN

 'O at point A
Wh h b
= (3.333 + 1.8335) (20 – 9.81) Sol: Q 
 C
= 52.6466 kN/m2 F S  
 2
Cross-section area at A = (1.2 + 1.8335)2
= 9.202 m2 3500  0.8  0.476

500  2.54 
   54.33 kN / m 2 4  9
9.202  6 
 Settlement of clay layer = 251.8 kN
 H   '

Sf  C c   log f

 1  eo   
'
o 

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 : 49 : Geotechnical Engineering

Chapter- 19
Chapter- 18 Sheet Piles
Soil Exploration

02. Ans: (c) 01. Ans: 98.7 kN

1  sin 
Sol: N = 6 + 6 + 8 + 7 = 27 Sol: k a   0.259
1  sin 
N = CNN = 1  27 = 27  = 20 kN/m3
H = 6.5 m
 N'15 
N"  15     21  = 36
 2 
C=0
03. Ans: 14
0.5
Sol: Corrected value N = CNN 1
1.5
CN=correction factor for over burden 2
pressure 3
1.5

 1905  1.5
C N  0.77 log10  '  4
 o  1.5
5
 'o  2 18  (18  9.81)  3
P = 0.65 Ka H
2
= 60.57 kN/m
P= 21.93 kN/m2
 1905 
C N  0.77 log10    1.153
 60.57  Total pressure acting P = 21.93 kN/m2  Height 
N = 1.153  12 = 13.8 ≃ 14 Width
P = 21.936.53
P = 427.7 kN

P = 0.65 Ka H

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 : 50 : CIVIL - Postal Coaching Solutions

The average load taken by the strut Strut (2) taken load = 1.53P
427.7 = 1.5321.93 kN
=  85.55 kN
5 = 98.68 kN
But in the problem they asked maximum load
taken by the strut
struts (1) (2) (3) (4) are taken maximum loads, (5)
struts are taken minimum load.

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