TWO MAIN PARTS OF UTM

Where the arrangement of the test specimen and the exertion of the load is
LOADING UNIT
held
Where the variations in the application of the load and the corresponding test
CONTROL UNIT
result are obtained

LOADING UNIT
can be made either by single support or by double support
LOAD FRAME consists of a table (where the specimen is placed for the compression
test), upper crosshead, and lower crosshead

The upper crosshead is used to clamp one end of the test specimen

The lower crosshead in the load frame is the movable crosshead

UPPER CROSSHEAD AND
whose screws can be loosened for height adjustment and tightened.
LOWER CROSSHEAD
Both the crossheads have a tapered slot at the center. This slot has a
pair of racked jaws that is intended to grip and hold the tensile test
specimen.
The relative movement of the lower and upper table is measured by an
ELONGATION SCALE
elongation scale which is provided along with the loading unit.

CONTROL UNIT
This unit consists of an oil pump that provides non-pulsating oil flow into the
HYDRAULIC POWER main cylinder of the load unit.
UNIT This flow helps in the smooth application of load on the specimen.
The oil pump in a hydraulic power unit is run by an electric motor and sump.
This unit has a pendulum dynamometer unit that has a small cylinder with a
piston which moves with the non-pulsating oil flow.
The pendulum is connected to the piston by pivot lever.
The pivot lever deflects based on the load applied to the specimen.
LOAD MEASURING
This deflection is converted to the load pointer and displays as the load on the
UNIT
dial.
The range of load application can be adjusted by means of a knob in the load
measuring unit (0-100 kN; 0-250 kN; 0-500 kN and 0-1000 kN).
The accuracy of measuring unit controls the overall accuracy of the machine.
The control devices can be electric or hydraulic. A right control valve is used to
apply load on the specimen.
Electric control devices make use of switches to move the crossheads and
CONTROL DEVICES switch on/off the unit.
A hydraulic control device consists of two valves, Right Control Valve and Left
Control Valve or Release Valve.
The left control valve is used to release the load application
 FUNCTIONS OF UTM
Materials’ tensile strength is measured by their ability to withstand tension and
stretch before snapping in two when pulled from one end.
To perform the test with UTM, the sample is placed between the two jaws and
clamped firmly to perform either tension or compression test.
Tensile Test Once the sample is placed in its right position, the jaws are pulled apart to apply
tension on the sample.
The tension is applied to the sample until it reaches the fracture point.
When the fracture occurs, due to any of the test, the force applied to the
specimen is recorded to measure strength and quality of the material.
As indicated, compressive strength testing is the polar opposite of tensile
strength testing, in which an object is stretched until it breaks.
Any substance has this quality, known as compressive strength.
Bridge piers, building beams, and other structural elements can all benefit
from this test to determine their load capacities
To perform the test with UTM, the sample is placed between the two jaws and
Compression Test
clamped firmly to perform either tension or compression test.
Once the sample is placed in its right position, the jaws are pushed towards to
apply compression on the sample.
The compression is applied to the sample until it reaches the fracture point.
When the fracture occurs, due to any of the test, the force applied to the
specimen is recorded to measure strength and quality of the material.
Adhesion Tests Evaluates the adherence level of two substances.
The force needed to remove a fastener or other embedded object from a
Pull-Out Tests
material.
Bending Test Evaluates a material’s resistance to deformation when bent or flexed.
Calculates the amount of power a material loses as a result of being loaded and
Hysteresis Test
unloaded repeatedly.

GENERAL PROCEDURES
The load is transmitted hydraulically from the specimen
under test to a remote load indicator.
This approach is superior to others because it
eliminates the use of levers and knife edges, which are
vulnerable to damage from the shock generated by the
rupturing of test pieces.
A hydraulically lubricated ram is used to apply force.
The pendulum dynamometer system’s cylinder on the
control panel receives pressure from the main cylinder.
The dynamometer’s cylinder is self-lubricating as well.
The force exerted on the test piece is proportional to
the arc length of the pendulum’s swing.
The energy released by the rapid shattering of the
specimen is absorbed by the damping of the
pendulum’s return motion.

References:
https://theconstructor.org/practical-guide/universal-testing-machine-components-functions/2449/

https://www.prestogroup.com/blog/test-the-tensile-compression-both-with-utm/

https://heicoin.com/blog/what-test-can-be-performed-on-a-universal-testing-machine/