Essay on Transpiration Pull and Cohesion Theory
Introduction
Transpiration pull and cohesion theory explain the movement of water from the roots to the
leaves of plants, driven by transpiration. Transpiration is the process by which water is lost
from the aerial parts of the plant, primarily through stomata, tiny openings on the leaves. As
water evaporates from the leaves, a negative pressure is created, which pulls water upward
from the roots. This movement is essential for nutrient transport and maintaining the turgidity
of cells.
The Mechanism of Transpiration Pull
1. Water Loss through Transpiration: Transpiration begins when water vapor evaporates
from the mesophyll cells in the leaves into the air spaces, eventually diffusing out through
stomata. This water loss creates a low-water potential (negative pressure) in the leaf’s air
spaces and mesophyll cells.
2. Formation of Negative Pressure (Tension): As water evaporates from the leaf surface, the
water potential within the leaf becomes more negative. The loss of water from mesophyll
cells causes them to draw water from adjacent cells, creating a continuous pull on the water
column. This negative pressure or tension extends down to the xylem vessels, which are
long tubes that carry water throughout the plant.
3. Cohesion of Water Molecules: Water molecules are cohesive, meaning they are attracted
to each other due to hydrogen bonding. This cohesion creates a continuous water column in
the xylem vessels from the roots to the leaves. The cohesive forces ensure that when water
is lost at the leaves due to transpiration, the entire column of water is pulled upwards in a
single continuous stream.
4. Adhesion to Xylem Walls: Water molecules also exhibit adhesion, meaning they are
attracted to other substances like the walls of the xylem vessels. This adhesion helps
counteract the force of gravity and ensures that water remains within the vessels as it moves
upwards.
5. Root Pressure and Absorption: Although transpiration pull is the primary mechanism for
water transport, root pressure also plays a role in certain conditions. Water is absorbed by
the roots from the soil through osmosis, driven by the concentration gradient between the
root cells and the soil. Root pressure pushes water into the xylem vessels, though this
pressure is only significant in smaller plants or when transpiration rates are low.
Cohesion-Tension Theory
The cohesion-tension theory explains how transpiration pull, combined with the cohesion
and adhesion of water molecules, facilitates the upward movement of water through the
xylem. The theory emphasizes the role of transpiration in creating a negative pressure
gradient and the ability of water molecules to form a continuous column through cohesive
forces. Additionally, adhesion to the xylem walls prevents the water column from collapsing
under tension.
The cohesion-tension theory is supported by the following key concepts:
Cohesion: Water molecules stick together due to hydrogen bonding.
Tension: The negative pressure created by transpiration draws water up.
Adhesion: Water molecules adhere to the walls of the xylem, aiding the upward movement.
Diagram: Transpiration Pull and Cohesion in a Plant
Below is a simplified diagram of the process:
[ DIAGRAM ]
1. Water evaporates from mesophyll cells in the leaf.
2. Water vapor diffuses out of the stomata (transpiration).
3. A negative pressure (tension) is created in the leaf.
4. Water is pulled from the xylem vessels into the mesophyll cells.
5. Cohesion of water molecules maintains a continuous water column in the xylem.
6. Water is absorbed from the soil into the roots.
7. Adhesion between water molecules and xylem walls assists in upward movement.
[Root] ------- [Xylem] ------- [Leaf] --------- [Stomata]
(Cohesion) (Tension)
(Adhesion)
Conclusion
The transpiration pull and cohesion theory is fundamental to understanding how water and
dissolved nutrients move upward in plants. This movement is driven by the evaporation of
water from leaves (transpiration), which generates a negative pressure that pulls water
through the plant’s vascular system. The cohesive and adhesive properties of water ensure
the continuity of this process, which is crucial for plant health, growth, and survival.
Let me know if you would like me to generate the diagram!
